The volume at standard pressure will be 293 mL.
To find the volume of gas at standard pressure, we need to use the ideal gas law, which states that PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.
Since the temperature remains constant, we can rearrange the equation to solve for the volume at standard pressure:
(P₁V₁) / P₂ = V₂
Where P₁ is the initial pressure, V₁ is the initial volume, P₂ is the final pressure (standard pressure), and V₂ is the final volume (what we're solving for).
Plugging in the given values, we get:
(112 kPa)(259 mL) / (1 atm) = V₂
Simplifying and converting units of pressure and volume, we get:
(112000 Pa)(0.259 L) / (1.01325 × 10⁵ Pa) = V₂
Solving for V₂, we get:
V₂ = 0.293 L = 293 mL
Rounding to 3 significant figures, we get that the volume at standard pressure will be 293 mL.
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your friend, a male soccer player weighing 86 kg, is trying to determine how many carbohydrates should be consumed 2 hours before his soccer game. based on his weight, how many grams of carbohydrate would you recommend for your friend 2 hours before the soccer game?A. 86-344 gramsB. 129-286 gramsC. 150-377 gramsD. 172-425 grams
It is advised that your friend take 172-425 grams of carbs, dependant on his size of 86 kg, two hours before to his soccer match. The ideal choice is D.
What makes a carbohydrate healthy?As a result of the vitamins, nutrients, and dietary fiber they provide, full grain, berries, and vegetables are regarded as healthy carbohydrates. Contrarily, processed or refined carbohydrates like white spaghetti, sweetened beverages, and desserts have little to no nutritious benefit and therefore to be avoided altogether.
What purposes do carbs serve?Carbohydrates carry out a variety of essential functions in your body. They are the main source of fuel for your brain's calorific values and give you energy for daily chores.
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what happen when chlorine gas is passed into concentrated solution of naoh
Answer: By Stoichiometry, 3 moles of chlorine gas reacts with 6 moles of sodium hydroxide solution to form 5 moles of sodium chloride, 1 mole of sodium chlorate (V) and 3 moles of water. Hence, the reaction between chlorine gas and hot, concentrated NaOH solution yields Sodium chloride and sodium chlorate(V).
Explanation: Hope it helps :)
Some animals hunt by _______ or sneaking up on their prey. It a nine letter word and there a m in the second place
Answer:
Some animals hunt by Camouflage or sneaking up on their prey.
how did the periodic table get its name?
a. the periodic table got its name from the way the elements are arranged in periods called groups.
b. the periodic table got its name from the way the elements are arranged in rows which are called periods.
c. the periodic table got its name from the way the elements are arranged in rows which are called periodic groups.
d. the periodic table got its name from the way the elements are arranged in rows which are called groups.
Answer:
no te engiendo mi panahellow
Answer:
b
Explanation:
b. the periodic table got its name from the way the elements are arranged in rows which are called periods.
select the compound(s) can undergo an aldol addition reaction in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide? question 18 options: 2,2-bromopentanal pentanal 2-methyl pentanal 3-chloropentanal
Option 1 is correct compound. 2-bromopentanal and pentanal do not have alpha-hydrogens and therefore cannot undergo aldol addition reaction in aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Out of the given options, only 2-methyl pentanal and 3-chloropentanal can undergo aldol addition reaction in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide. This is because both of these compounds have alpha-hydrogens (hydrogens attached to the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl group), which are necessary for the aldol reaction to occur.
Aldol condensations play an important role in the creation of organic compounds because they provide a dependable way to create carbon-carbon bonds. For instance, the Robinson annulation reaction sequence results in aldol condensation, and the Wieland-Miescher ketone product is an essential component in a variety of chemical synthesis processes.
In the aldol reaction between 2-bromopentanal pentanal and a 2-methyl pentanal, the mechanism for the aldol addition product and the aldol condensation product is described .
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The complete question is
select the compound(s) can undergo an aldol addition reaction in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide? options: 1. ,2-bromopentanal pentanal option 2. 2-methyl pentanal option 3. 3-chloropentanal
if 6 moles of a a compound produce 84 J of energy, what is the h reaction in j/mol
The enthalpy of the reaction is 14 J/mol.
The enthalpy of a reaction (ΔH) is the amount of energy transferred between a system and its surroundings during a chemical reaction at constant pressure, measured in joules per mole (J/mol). This value is important because it can tell us whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic, as well as give us information about the strength of chemical bonds within the reactants and products.To calculate the enthalpy of a reaction, we need to know the amount of energy released or absorbed (Q) and the number of moles of the compound involved in the reaction (n). We can use the equation:
ΔH = Q/n
Given that 6 moles of a compound produce 84 J of energy, we can calculate the enthalpy of the reaction as follows:
ΔH = Q/n
ΔH = 84 J / 6 mol
ΔH = 14 J/mol
This means that for every mole of the compound involved in the reaction, 14 J of energy is transferred between the system and the surroundings. Since the value is positive, we can conclude that the reaction is endothermic, meaning that it requires an input of energy to occur.It is worth noting that the enthalpy of a reaction can depend on a number of factors, such as temperature, pressure, and the specific conditions under which the reaction occurs. As such, it is important to take these factors into account when calculating or predicting enthalpy values.
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what is the conjugate acid of hpo32−
The conjugate acid of HPO₃²⁻ is H₂PO³⁻ (dihydrogen phosphite ion).
In chemistry, a conjugate acid is a species that is formed when a base accepts a proton (H⁺), while a conjugate base is a species that is formed when an acid donates a proton.
In the case of HPO₃²⁻, it can accept a proton to form H₂PO³⁻ (dihydrogen phosphite ion), making H₂PO³⁻ the conjugate acid of HPO₃²⁻.
The general formula for determining the conjugate acid of a base is:
Base + H⁺ → Conjugate acid
In this case, the base is HPO₃²⁻ and the conjugate acid is H₂PO³⁻:
HPO₃²⁻ + H⁺ → H₂PO³⁻
Therefore, the conjugate acid of HPO₃²⁻ is H₂PO³⁻.
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Question 23 (3 points)
If a piece of aluminum has a density of 2.70 g/mL and its mass is 8.1 g. What is its volume?
Answer:
The answer is 3.0 mLExplanation:
The volume of a substance when given the density and mass can be found by using the formula
\(volume = \frac{mass}{density} \\ \)
From the question
mass of aluminum = 8.1 g
density = 2.7 g/mL
It's volume is
\(volume = \frac{8.1}{2.7} \\ \)
We have the final answer as
3.0 mLHope this helps you
How do we know if molecules have kinetic energy?
Calculate the wavelength (in nm) of the orange light emitted by a neon sign with a frequency of 4.92 × 1014 Hz.
The energy of orange light emitted, per photon is 3.25 × 10-¹⁹ J
Given data in the question;
Frequency; f = 4.92× 10¹⁴ Hz
Energy of the orange light emitted; E = ?
Photon energy is energy carried by a single photon, which is represented by the expression:
E = hf
Where:
E = photon energy,
h = Planck's constants ( 6.626×10-³⁴ JHz-¹ )
f = frequency
substitute our values into equation
E= (6.626 × 10-³⁴ J / Hz) * (4.92× 10¹⁴ Hz
= 3.25 × 10-¹⁹ J
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The wavelength (in nm) of the orange light emitted by a neon sign with a frequency of 4.92 × 1014 Hz is 609.2 nm
What are frequencies and wavelengths?
The wavelength, which will also apply to troughs, is the separation between two wave crests. The frequency is measured in cycles per second (Hz), which is the quantity of vibrations that cross a specific area in a second (Hertz).
Each photon of orange light emits 3.25 10-19 J of energy.
the information in the query;
F = 4.92 1014 Hz is the frequency.
Energy of the released orange light: E =?
A single photon carries energy, and this is referred to as photon energy.
E = hf
Where: h = Planck's constants (6.62610-34 ),
E = photon energy
Substituting our values into the equation f = frequency
E= (6.626 × 10-³⁴ J / Hz) * (4.92× 10¹⁴ Hz)
= 3.25 × 10-¹⁹ J
E = hc/λ
6.626 × 10-³⁴ JHz-1 * 3.00 × 108 m/s/3.25 × 10-¹⁹ J
λ = 609.2 nm
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Which line on the graph (1, 2, or 3) represents the system at dynamic equilibrium? Explain your answer.
Answer:
line 2
Explanation:
Because it's where the products and reactants meet together.
The system at dynamic equilibrium is 2.
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction.Dynamic Equilibrium can be described because of the state of a given device wherein the reversible response taking vicinity in it stops converting the ratio of reactants and merchandise, but there may be a motion of materials between the reactants and the products.Many physical and chemical processes are reversible. A reversible system is stated to be in dynamic equilibrium while the ahead and reverse procedures arise on the same price, ensuing in no observable change within the system.
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william aston created the mass spectrograph to analyze and separated them, found 218 and found mass and percent abundance of each
The given statement " William Aston created the mass spectrograph to analyze and separated them, found 218 and found mass and percent abundance of each atoms" is false.
The mass spectrograph was not invented by William Aston. It was actually invented by J.J. Thomson in the early 20th century.
J.J. Thomson's work with the mass spectrograph led to the discovery of isotopes, which are different forms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes have different masses, and the mass spectrograph allowed scientists to separate and analyze them based on their mass-to-charge ratio.
The process of using a mass spectrograph to determine the mass and percent abundance of isotopes is known as mass spectrometry. It involves ionizing a sample, separating the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio, and detecting the ions to determine their abundance.
The completed question is given as,
State true or false
William Aston created the mass spectrograph to analyze and separated them, found 218 and found mass and percent abundance of each atoms.
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Examine the density values for several common liquids and solids given in Table 6. Sketch the results of an experiment that layered each of the liquids and solids in a 1000-mL graduated cylinder
The experiment involves layering water, ethanol, olive oil, milk, ice, and a chosen metal in a 1000-mL graduated cylinder based on their respective density values.
Water is filled up to the 500-mL mark and then ethanol is carefully added on top of it using a dropper. Similarly, olive oil, milk, and ice are added in the same manner. Finally, a layer of aluminum, iron, copper, or gold is added on top of the ice. The resulting layered mixture will have a clear separation between each substance based on their density values.
The layers will be arranged in the following order from bottom to top: water, ethanol, olive oil, milk, ice, and the chosen metal. This experiment demonstrates the concept of density and how substances with different densities can be layered based on their relative weights. It also highlights the importance of understanding density in various scientific fields such as chemistry and physics.
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C. Use the data provided in Table 2 to complete the following.
Sketch a phase diagram for O₂. The diagram should be roughly to
scale and include the Triple point and Critical point.
The triple point can be seen from the graph that has been attached here.
What is the triple point?The triple point is a special combination of temperature and pressure where the equilibrium of a substance's three phases—solid, liquid, and gas—occurs. The transition between phases happens with no discernible net change in the substance because the solid, liquid, and gas phases are in perfect equilibrium at the triple point.
A crucial reference point in thermodynamics, the triple point is frequently used to specify temperature scales and calibrate thermometers. Each substance has a specified value for temperature and pressure.
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2. Predict the shift in the reaction with each stress shift rt, shift left, or no
HEAT + Ti(s) + 2C1 (g)
a. CI, (g) is added to the system.
b. TiCk (g) is removed from the system.
TiCI (g)
c. The temperature of the container is decreased.
d. The pressure of the container is increased.,
e. Ti(s) is added to the system.
at 40 degrees celsius, calculate the ph of a solution made by mixing equal volumes of squeous solutions of 1.0m hcl and 1.2m naoh. assume volumes are additive
The pH of the solution made by mixing equal volumes of 1.0M HCl and 1.2M NaOH at 40 degrees Celsius is 7.
To calculate the pH of the solution, we first need to find the concentration of the resulting solution after mixing HCl and NaOH. Since equal volumes of 1.0M HCl and 1.2M NaOH are mixed, we can assume that the final volume of the solution is equal to the sum of the volumes of the two solutions, which is 2.0 L.
The reaction between HCl and NaOH is a neutralization reaction, which produces water and a salt (NaCl). The balanced equation is:
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Since equal volumes of HCl and NaOH are mixed, they will completely react with each other, and no excess H+ or OH- ions will be left in the solution. Thus, the resulting solution will be neutral, with a pH of 7.
Therefore, the pH of the solution made by mixing equal volumes of 1.0M HCl and 1.2M NaOH at 40 degrees Celsius is 7.
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What is the most important criteria for using chromatography to separate components from a mixture
Answer:
this is your answer i hope it will help you if this answer is right then folow meChromatography can be quantitatively found by the retention factor. Therefore, the important criterion to use chromatography for separating components of a mixture is the difference in solubility of the liquids.
Consider the following half-reaction balanced for an acidic solution: 2H2O + SeO2 → SeO42- + 4H+ + 2e-. What is the balanced half-reaction for a basic solution?
Answer
\(SeO_2+4OH^-\rightarrow SeO^{2-}_4+2H_2O+2e^-\)Explanation
The given balanced half-reaction for an acidic solution:
\(2H_2O+SeO_2\rightarrow SeO^{2-}_4+4H^++2e^-\)What to find:
Tha balanced half-reaction for a basic solution.
Step-by-step-solution:
To balance the half-reaction for a basic solution;
1. Add OH⁻ ions to BOTH SIDES to neutralize any H⁺
\(2H_2O+SeO_2+4OH^-\rightarrow SeO^{2-}_4+4H^++4OH^-+2e^-\)2. Combine H+ and OH- to make H2O.
\(2H_2O+SeO_2+4OH^-\rightarrow SeO^{2-}_4+4H_2O+2e^-\)3. Simplify by canceling out excess H2O
\(SeO_2+4OH^-\rightarrow SeO^{2-}_4+2H_2O+2e^-\)4. Balance the charges by adding e-
\(SeO_2+4OH^-\rightarrow SeO^{2-}_4+2H_2O+2e^-\)A clinical trial was conducted to test the effectiveness of a drug for treating insomnia in older subjects. Before treatment, 21 subjects had a mean wake time of 105.0 min. After treatment, the 21 subjects had a mean wake time of 83.1 min and a standard deviation of 20.7 min. Assume that the 21 sample values appear to be from a normally distributed population and construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the mean wake time for a population with drug treatments. What does the result suggest about the mean wake time of 105.0 min before the treatment? Does the drug appear to be effective? Construct the 95% confidence interval estimate of the mean wake time for a population with the treatment. min<μ
The 95% confidence interval estimate for the mean wake time with the drug treatment is between 76.6 min and 89.6 min.
The 95% confidence interval estimate is calculated based on the sample mean and the standard deviation. In this case, the sample mean wake time after treatment is 83.1 min, and the standard deviation is 20.7 min. With these values, we can construct the confidence interval estimate.
The formula for calculating the confidence interval estimate is:
CI = sample mean ± (critical value * standard deviation / square root of sample size)
Using a 95% confidence level, the critical value is 1.96. The sample size in this case is 21.
Plugging in the values:
CI = 83.1 ± (1.96 * 20.7 / √21)
Simplifying the equation:
CI = 83.1 ± 8.08
Therefore, the 95% confidence interval estimate for the mean wake time with the drug treatment is between 76.6 min (83.1 - 8.08) and 89.6 min (83.1 + 8.08).
This result suggests that the mean wake time before the treatment, which was 105.0 min, is outside the confidence interval estimate. The confidence interval estimate does not include the value of 105.0 min, indicating that the mean wake time with the drug treatment is significantly different from the mean wake time before the treatment.
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Match the terms to their definition. 1. element one of the starting substances (ingredients) that is involved in a chemical reaction 2. heterogeneous the substance that does the dissolving 3. homogenous a substance that is made from only one type of atom. 4. product composed of dissimilar parts which can be separated easily and which are unevenly distributed in the mixture 5. reactant even distribution of parts throughout the whole mixture; not easily separated into individual components 6. solute the substance that is dissolved 7. solvent the substance created as a result of a chemical reaction
Answer:
1. Element - a substance that is made from only one type of atom
An element is made up of only one type of atoms and known for its unique properties than other elements.
2. Heterogeneous - composed of dissimilar parts which can be separated easily and which are unevenly distributed in the mixture
3.Homogenous - even distribution of parts throughout the whole mixture; not easily separated into individual components.
4. Product - the substance created as a result of a chemical reaction
Products are the final substance that created as a result of a chemical reaction.
5. Reactant - one of the starting substances (ingredients) that is involved in a chemical reaction
Reactants are the starting substance that takes part in a chemical reaction.
6. Solute - the substance that is being dissolved.
A Solute is a substance that is being dissolved in the solvent to make a solution.
7. Solvent - the substance that does the dissolving
A solvent is the medium in which the solute is being dissolved to make the solution.
A homogeneous mixture, like a solution, has an even distribution of its components throughout the whole mixture. It is not easily separated into individual components. On the other hand, a heterogeneous mixture, like a mixture of oil and water, has dissimilar parts that can be separated easily, and the components are unevenly distributed in the mixture.
1. Reactant: one of the starting substances (ingredients) that is involved in a chemical reaction.
2. Solvent: the substance that does the dissolving.
3. Solute: the substance that is dissolved.
4. Homogeneous: even distribution of parts throughout the whole mixture; not easily separated into individual components.
5. Heterogeneous: composed of dissimilar parts which can be separated easily and which are unevenly distributed in the mixture.
6. Element: a substance that is made from only one type of atom.
7. Product: the substance created as a result of a chemical reaction.
Let's match the terms to their definitions:
1. Element: A substance that is made from only one type of atom.
2. Reactant: One of the starting substances (ingredients) that is involved in a chemical reaction.
3. Product: The substance created as a result of a chemical reaction.
4. Solute: The substance that is dissolved.
5. Solvent: The substance that does the dissolving.
6. Homogeneous: Even distribution of parts throughout the whole mixture; not easily separated into individual components.
7. Heterogeneous: Composed of dissimilar parts which can be separated easily and which are unevenly distributed in the mixture.
For example, if we consider the reaction between hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2) to form water (H2O), hydrogen gas and oxygen gas would be the reactants. Water would be the product. In this reaction, hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are the starting substances that undergo a chemical reaction to form water.
In a solution, such as saltwater, the salt (solute) dissolves in the water (solvent). The salt is the substance that is dissolved, and the water is the substance that does the dissolving.
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I’ll mark brainliest
What is the most direct evidence in this photo of millions of years of
deposition?
A. The smooth, clear rock layers
B. The mountains in the background
C. The water at the bottom of the canyon
D. Rock that is red in some places
Answer:
The answer is A. Here is proof. Plz mark brainliest.
Explanation:
my mom is yelling at me Bc of all my missing assignments Ik that’s a me problem but pls help me
Pls
all about Henry Mosléy?
Answer:
Henry Moseley was an English physicist whose contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number.
A 1.0 L container is filled with gas at 2.5 atm. Later the gas is transferred into a larger 3.0 L container. Determine the pressure of the gas in the larger container if the temperature of the gas also changed from 350 K to 298 K.
A. 2.1 atm
B. 0.98 atm
C. 0.83 atm
D. 0.71 atm
The pressure of the gas in the larger container if the temperature of the gas also changed from 350 K to 298 K is 0.71 atm (option D).
How to calculate pressure?The pressure of a gas can be calculated using the combined gas law equation as follows;
PaVa/Ta = PbVb/Tb
Where;
Pa, Ta and Va = initial pressure, volume and temperaturePb, Vb and Tb = final pressure, volume and temperatureAccording to this question, a 1.0 L container is filled with gas at 2.5 atm. The gas is later transferred into a larger 3.0 L container.
2.5 × 1/350 = Pb × 3/298
0.00714 × 298 = 3Pb
Pb = 0.71 atm
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How do amphetamines work? (select all that apply)
A. bind to and block dopamine transporters; allow dopamine to remain in the synaptic cleft longer
B. cause the dopamine transporter to run in reverse; increase the dopamine concentration in the synaptic cleft
C. bind to and block serotonin transporters; allow serotonin to remain in the synaptic cleft longer
D. increase norepinephrine concentrations in the synaptic cleft
Amphetamines work by primarily binding to and blocking dopamine and norepinephrine transporters, thereby increasing the concentration of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. They can also have effects on serotonin transporters, but to a lesser extent. This prolonged presence of dopamine and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft leads to increased neurotransmission and stimulation of the central nervous system.
Amphetamines, such as Adderall or methamphetamine, exert their effects by targeting neurotransmitter transporters. The most significant impact is on dopamine transporters (option A). Amphetamines bind to dopamine transporters and block their activity, preventing the reuptake of dopamine into presynaptic neurons. As a result, dopamine remains in the synaptic cleft for a longer time, increasing its concentration and enhancing dopamine signaling.
In addition to affecting dopamine, amphetamines also influence norepinephrine (noradrenaline) levels in the synaptic cleft (option D). They bind to norepinephrine transporters and inhibit their function, leading to increased norepinephrine concentration in the synapse.
While amphetamines can have some impact on serotonin transporters (option C), their effects on serotonin are relatively weaker compared to dopamine and norepinephrine. The precise mechanism of how amphetamines affect serotonin transporters is still not fully understood.
Overall, the primary mechanism of action of amphetamines involves increased dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations in the synaptic cleft, resulting in enhanced neurotransmission and stimulation of the central nervous system.
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60.61 g of CuNO3 is dissolved in water to make a 0.400 M solution. What is the volume of the solution in liters?
Answer:
According to mole concept,
Number of moles (n)= Given mass of Cu(NO3)2/Molar mass of Cu(NO3)2
= 3.13/187.56
= 0.01668 moles
Molarity (M) = Number of moles of solute (n) / Volume of solution in Liters (V)
Volume of solution in Liters (V) = Number of moles of solute (n) / Molarity (M)
= 0.01668/0.75
= 0.02224 L
= 22.24 mL
Thus, volume of the solution is 22.24 mL.
- | Question 2 Part of a reactivity series is: increasing reactivity (a) (c) sodium calcium magnesium aluminium zinc iron hydrogen copper Carbon is used in blast furnaces to obtain iron and zinc from their oxides, but electrolysis has to be used to obtain aluminium from its oxide. Draw an arrow on the reactivity series above to show where carbon fits into the series. (b) Predict the method of extraction used to obtain calcium from its ore and explain your answer. The formula for zinc oxide is ZnO. Write a balanced equation for the extraction of zinc in the blast furnace. (1) (2) (2) (Total 5 marks)
Answer:
a. The reactivity series is:
increasing reactivity:
(c) sodium
calcium
magnesium
aluminium
zinc
iron
hydrogen
copper
Carbon fits into the series between iron and hydrogen.
b. The method of extraction used to obtain calcium from its ore is electrolysis. This is because calcium is too reactive to be extracted by reduction with carbon.
c. The balanced equation for the extraction of zinc in the blast furnace is:
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
I hope this helps!
Molecules are
close and
barely move
They keep
one shape
What is one common reaction to all hydrocarbons?
Answer:
Common properties of hydrocarbons are the facts that they produce steam, carbon dioxide and heat during combustion and that oxygen is required for combustion to take place. The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, burns as follows: CH4 + 2 O2 → 2 H2O + CO2 + energy.
Explanation:
what is the reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles?
Nuclear Fusion is the reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles
What is atomic nucleus?The tiny, compact area of protons and neutrons at the heart of an atom is known as the atomic nucleus. The strongest known basic force, often known as the strong force, is what holds these things together. Despite making up far less than.01 percent of the atom's volume, the nucleus normally takes up more than 99.9% of its mass.
Within a few minutes after the Big Bang, nucleosynthesis started. Protons and neutrons were then formed from a quark-gluon plasma, a concentrated soup of quarks and gluons. The neutron-proton merger produced the deuterium isotope's nuclei after the cosmos somewhat cooled. Protons and neutrons make up every atomic nucleus, and the quantity of protons determines the size of the nucleus.Each chemical element has different isotopes, which are determined by the chemical element and the neutron count.
Nuclear Fusion Is A Reaction In Which Two Or More Atomic Nuclei Are Combined To Form One Or More Different Atomic Nuclei AND SUBATOMIC PARTICLES.
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