A student creates a 1M citrate (C3H5O(COO)33-) buffer solution at pH 5.0. He then dilutes the solution to 200 mM, and adds it to his experiment. What is the pH of the 200 mM buffer solution?A. Between pH 5 and pH 7B. Greater than pH 7C. Less than pH 5D. The pH will remain close to 5

Answer:

if a non-metal takes two valence electrons then it get negatively charged to form ion.

Answer:

The nonmetal will gain a negative charge of magnitude 2

Explanation:

X be the nonmetal

On gaining two electrons

X^2-

Answer:

1 and 2

Explanation:

1. The moon blocks the sun's light from hitting the Earth. (It casts a shadow on the earth by doing so)

2. The moon moves between the Earth and the Sun. (So it blocks the sun's light)

Answer:

zRNA

Explanation:

RNA is a nucleic acid responsible for the synthesis of proteins, since it is the molecule that carries the information contained in DNA for the biological process called transcription.

There are three types of RNA, the mRNA, the tRNA and the rRNA. There is no RNA called a zRNA, however, existing RNAs have different functions. These functions are listed below:

The mRNA is called messenger RNA and is the RNA responsible for containing the DNA information that will be translated into proteins created during protein synthesis.

The tRNA is responsible for identifying the information presented by the mRNA, creating amino acids from it and transporting those amino acids in the right order to form proteins.

rRNA is also called ribosomal RNA and is responsible for creating ribosomes, which are the organelles where protein synthesis will take place.

Answer:

The alkanes comprise a series of compounds that are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds. This group of compounds comprises a homologous series with a general molecular formula of C n H 2 n+2 , where equals any integer.

Explanation:

The general formula for the alkane series is CnH2n+2

In this formula:

"Cn" shows how many carbon atoms are in the alkane molecule.

"H2n+2" shows the amount of hydrogen atoms in the alkane compound, with "n" being the number of carbon atoms.

Alkanes are a group of hydrocarbons that only have single bonds between their carbon atoms. The formula says that each carbon atom is connected to two hydrogen atoms. And the total number of hydrogen atoms in an alkane molecule is two more than double the number of carbon atoms.

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Answer:

1ohm

Explanation:

The ranking from the least to the most volume of base needed to neutralize the acids is as follows:

\(H_3AsO_4 < H_2SO_3 < H_2C_6H_6O_6 < HNO_2 < HC_2H_3O_2\).

To determine the order of acids requiring the least to the most volume of base for neutralization, we need to consider their molarities and the number of protons they can donate.

1. \(H_3AsO_4\) is a triprotic acid, meaning it can donate three protons (H+ ions) in sequential steps. It has a concentration of 0.060 M.

2. \(HC_2H_3O_2\) is a monoprotic acid, capable of donating a single proton. Its concentration is 0.15 M.

3. \(HNO_2\) is also a monoprotic acid with a concentration of 0.075 M.

4. \(H_2SO_3\) is a diprotic acid, having two protons to donate. It has a concentration of 0.060 M.

5. \(H_2C_6H_6O_6\) is another diprotic acid, with a concentration of 0.095 M.

To compare the acids, we need to consider their relative concentrations and the number of protons they can donate. Acids with higher concentrations or more protons will require more base for neutralization.

Based on the information provided, the ranking of acids in terms of the least to the most volume of base needed for complete neutralization is as follows:

1. \(H_3AsO_4\) (0.060 M) - It is the least concentrated acid on the list and a triprotic acid, meaning it can donate more protons in total. Therefore, it will require the least volume of base.

2. \(H_2SO_3\) (0.060 M) - Although it is a diprotic acid like \(H_2C_6H_6O_6\), its lower concentration suggests it will require a smaller volume of base for neutralization.

3. \(H_2C_6H_6O_6\) (0.095 M) - It is a diprotic acid but has a higher concentration compared to H2SO3, requiring a larger volume of base.

4. \(HNO_2\) (0.075 M) - It is a monoprotic acid with a higher concentration than \(H_2SO_3\), placing it in a higher position in the ranking.

5. \(HC_2H_3O_2\)(0.15 M) - It is a monoprotic acid and has the highest concentration among the acids listed, indicating that it will require the largest volume of base for complete neutralization.

Therefore, the ranking from the least to the most volume of base needed to neutralize the acids is as follows:

\(H_3AsO_4 < H_2SO_3 < H_2C_6H_6O_6 < HNO_2 < HC_2H_3O_2\).

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Answer:

the top one is 100.000 and bottom one is 100.000

Explanation:

Two anti-bonding orbitals and six electrons in bonding orbitals make up the bond order of the given molecule, which is 2. In the orbital theory, the bonding orbital is used to describe interactions.

The formula for determining bond order is given below. 1/2 (electrons in bonding molecular orbitals - electrons in antibonding molecular orbitals) (electrons in bonding molecular orbitals - electrons in antibonding molecular orbitals) Bond length and strength are revealed by bond order. A shorter bond length is typically correlated with higher bond order. The fact that there are more bonds between the atoms explains this.

Half of the difference between the number of bonding and antibonding electrons is another definition of bond order in molecular orbital theory.

Bond order is 1/2. (electrons in bonding orbitals - electrons in anti-bonding orbitals.)

Bond order is 1/2. (6-2)

bond order is two.

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Explanation:

It should be decreasing, and the potential energy increasing, since Law of Conversation of Energy, right?

Also, if you think about what happens when it goes down, it loses potential and gains kinetic, so maybe the opposite should happen when it goes up.

Answer:

it's decreasing

Explanation:

as you know a roller coaster loses speed as it ascends and the kinetic energy is proportional to the speed according to it's formula

KE=(mv^2)/2

where m is the mass and v is the speed

True. The athlete breaks open an instant ice pack and it almost immediately gets very cold as the chemicals inside react.

Identify the chemicals as the system. The chemicals are the system. The following items are part of the system or surroundings, and the process is exothermic. When the instant ice pack is broken, it causes a chemical reaction to occur, which creates cold energy that is released into the surroundings. When a chemical reaction absorbs heat from its surroundings, it is referred to as an endothermic reaction. Heat is released into the environment during an exothermic reaction. In this scenario, the process is exothermic because the reaction produces cold energy that is released into the surroundings.

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The product composition at equilibrium of cracking pure n-butane to produce olefins is determined by the equilibrium constants.

At equilibrium, the product composition of cracking pure n-butane to produce olefins is determined by the equilibrium constants, K1 and KII.

Using these constants, we can calculate the mole fractions of the products.

The mole fraction of \(C_2H_4\) is calculated by using the formula, (1 + K1/\(KII)^{(-1/2)\), which gives a value of 0.526.

The mole fraction of \(C_2H_6\) is calculated by using the formula, K1/(1 + K1/KII), which gives a value of 0.297.

The mole fraction of \(C_3H_6\) is calculated by using the formula, KII/(1 + K1/KII), which gives a value of 0.146.

The mole fraction of \(CH_4\) is calculated by using the formula, (1 + K1/\(KII)^{(-1/2),\) which gives a value of 0.031.

Therefore, at equilibrium, the product composition is 52.6% \(C_2H_4\), 29.7% \(C_2H_6\), 14.6% \(C_3H_6\), and 3.1% \(CH_4\).

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At equilibrium, the product composition will be 50.1% C2H4, 49.9% C3H6, and negligible amounts of C2H6 and CH4. This is due to the high equilibrium constant for reaction II.

The equilibrium constant expression for each reaction is given by K1 = [C2H4][C2H6] and KII = [C3H6][CH4]/[C4H10]. Assuming x is the extent of reaction for both reactions, the equilibrium concentrations are [C4H10] = P - x, [C2H4] = [C2H6] = x/2, and [C3H6] = [CH4] = xII. Substituting these into the equilibrium constant expressions and solving for x and xII gives x = 0.459 and xII = 0.000171. Therefore, the product composition is 50.1% C2H4, 49.9% C3H6, and negligible amounts of C2H6 and CH4. This is because the equilibrium constant for reaction II is much higher than that for reaction I, meaning that more C3H6 and CH4 are formed than C2H6, making C3H6 the dominant product.

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The true statement is: Dalton’s theory recognized that all matter is composed of atoms.

1. The first comprehensive attempt to characterise all matter in terms of atoms and their properties was Dalton's atomic theory.

2. The laws of conservation of mass and constant composition served as the foundation for Dalton's theory.

3. In the first section of his thesis, he claims that all matter is composed of indivisible atoms.

According to the second component of the theory, the mass and characteristics of every atom in a specific element are the same.

Compounds, according to the third section, are combinations of two or more different kinds of atoms.

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Approximately 16,946 grams of H₂ needs to be collected each month to produce 909 kg of water per year in the Sabatier Reactor.

The balanced chemical equation for the electrolysis of water is:

2H₂O(l) → 2H₂(g) + O₂(g)

From the equation, we can see that 2 moles of water produce 2 moles of H₂ gas. The molar mass of water is 18.015 g/mol, and the molar mass of H₂ is 2.016 g/mol.

To calculate the number of grams of H₂ that needs to be collected each month to produce 909 kg of water per year, we can use the following steps:

Calculate the number of moles of water produced per year:

909 kg/year x (1000 g/kg) / 18.015 g/mol = 50,471.5 mol/year

Calculate the number of moles of H₂ produced per year:

50,471.5 mol/year x 2 mol H₂/mol H₂O = 100,943 mol/year

Calculate the number of moles of H₂ produced per month:

100,943 mol/year / 12 months = 8,412 mol/month

Convert the number of moles of H₂ to grams:

8,412 mol/month x 2.016 g/mol = 16,945.9 g/month

Therefore, approximately 16,946 grams of H₂ needs to be collected each month to produce 909 kg of water per year in the Sabatier Reactor.

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The first step of the reaction, we have  reaction between a nucleophile and an electrophile.

We can see that in the first step of the reaction, we have  reaction between a nucleophile and an electrophile. In this case, the electrophile would have to be an alkyl halide which produces a carbocation as show in the image attached. What we have here is quite similar or  like most of the organic reactions, this reaction occurs in a number of detailed or smaller steps and each step of the reaction is going to help to bring us closer to the end product of the entire steps of the reaction which is wat we target as we carry out the particular reaction.The second step involves the reduction of the alkyne with the use of a Lindlar catalyst. As such the reaction is poisoned and it stops at the alkyne stage rather than going on to obtain the alkane.

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Answer:

0.0188

Explanation:

using pv=nRt

where v--volume

p pressure

n number of moles

t temperature in kelvin

R molar gas constant=8.314atmmoldm^-3k^-1

4.972 × 9.583 =n × 8.314 × (31.8 + 273)

note I changed 31.8c to kelvin

making n subject of the formula

n=(4.972 × 9.583)/(8.314 ×(31.8 + 273)

n=(4.972 × 9.583)/(8.314 ×(304.8))

n=0.0188 moles

Answer:

The first one is Propane

The second one is HEPTANE

The third one is octane

The 4th is butane

the 5th is decane

The structures have been named according to IUPAC as \(\rm C_3H_8\) Propane, \(\rm C_7H_{16}\) Heptane, \(\rm C_8H_{18}\) Octane, \(\rm C_4H_{10}\) Butane, and \(\rm C_{10}H_{22}\) Decane.

The images has been the representation of the ball and stick structure of the compounds. The central balls have been the representation of the carbon atom , with small balls attached to the sticks have been the representation of the hydrogen attached.

The following structures has been given as:

The structures have been named according to IUPAC as \(\rm C_3H_8\) Propane, \(\rm C_7H_{16}\) Heptane, \(\rm C_8H_{18}\) Octane, \(\rm C_4H_{10}\) Butane, and \(\rm C_{10}H_{22}\) Decane.

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Answer:

Fossils also help us to infer why dinosaurs and other organisms became extinct. Fossils tell us that there was a mass extinction at the time of the dinosaurs. They died out about 65 million years ago, along with more than half of all the other animal and plant species. ... Without plants, dinosaurs could not survive.

Explanation:

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Answer:

b. Environmental regulatory law

Explanation:

Environmental regulatory laws are specific legal regulations and frameworks that govern the actions and practices of individuals, organizations, or industries in relation to environmental protection and conservation. These laws are designed to regulate and prevent harmful activities that can have detrimental effects on the environment, including the disposal of hazardous substances such as PCBs.

It is important to note that specific legal jurisdictions may have variations in their environmental laws and regulations, so the categorization may vary depending on the specific legal context in which the offense occurred.

The effective nuclear charge of sulfur is 14, and the effective nuclear charge of chlorine is 15.

Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is a measure of the positive charge felt by the valence electrons. The effective nuclear charge (Zeff) of s and Cl is calculated using the simple formula zeff = z – s, where z is the atomic number and s is the screening constant. Screening constant (s) is the number of electrons between the nucleus and the valence electrons that shield the valence electrons from the full nuclear charge of the nucleus.

For sulfur (S), the atomic number is 16, and there are two electrons in the innermost shell and four electrons in the second shell. So, the number of valence electrons in sulfur is 6. The screening constant of S is 2. Effective nuclear charge of sulfur = z – s= 16 - 2= 14

For chlorine (Cl), the atomic number is 17, and there are two electrons in the innermost shell and eight electrons in the second shell and seven valence electrons. Therefore, the screening constant of Cl is 2. Effective nuclear charge of chlorine = z – s= 17 - 2= 15

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The chemical formula for ammonium carbonate is (NH₄)₂CO₃. Therefore, option (C) is correct.

When heated, ammonium carbonate, also known as (\(NH_{4}\))2\(CO_{3}\), rapidly breaks down into ammonia and carbon dioxide. It functions as a smelling salt and a leavening agent. Ammonium carbonate, often known as baker's ammonia, was used before baking soda and baking powder as leaveners.

Sal volatile contains ammonium carbonate, and salt of hartshorn when baked emits a strong odour. At standard pressure and temperature, two processes lead to the gradual breakdown of ammonium carbonate. The pure ammonium carbonate sample will combine with different byproducts.

Upon spontaneous dissociation, ammonium carbonate can separate into ammonium bicarbonate and ammonia. which results in the addition of more ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water.

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Answer:Select the correct formula for the polyatomic ion. You can find a list of common polyatomic ions by clicking here.

The formula for the ammonium ion:

ANSWER:

NH4+

Explanation:

Answer:

exoplanet: a planet that orbits a star outside the solar system.

pulsar: a celestial source of pulsating electromagnetic radiation (such as radio waves)

Explanation:

exoplanet: a planet that orbits a star outside the solar system.

pulsar: a celestial source of pulsating electromagnetic radiation (such as radio waves)

Answer:

11: D

12: C

last picture: A

Explanation:

hope this helps

The reaction with S_N₂mechanism is likely to be faster than the reaction with S_N₂ mechanism. This is because the carbocation intermediate formed in S_N₁ mechanism is more stable.

The pair of reactions given below is:

CH₃Cl + NaOH→CH₃OH + NaCl

CH₃I + NaOH→CH₃OH + NaI

The type of substitution mechanism:

The first reaction involves S_N₁ mechanism (unimolecular nucleophilic substitution). The second reaction involves S_N₂ mechanism (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution).

Prediction of the reaction that will occur at a faster rate:

The reaction with S_N₁ mechanism is likely to be faster. The rate of this reaction mainly depends on the stability of the carbocation intermediate formed after the initial step. In this case,CH₃Cl reacts to form a tertiary carbocation which is more stable than the primary carbocation formed in CH₃I.

Drawing the correct organic product:

CH₃Cl + NaOH→CH₃OH + NaCl

CH₃I + NaOH→CH_3OH + NaI

CH₃C reacts with NaOHin an S_N₁ mechanism to produceCH₃OH and NaCl.


CH₃ reacts withNaOH in an S_N₂mechanism to produce CH₃OH and NaCI.


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Covalent bonds have a low melting point and high boiling point, but ionic bonds have very high melting and boiling points.

When two atoms exchange an electron pair, they form an interatomic connection known as a covalent bond in chemistry. The electrical interaction of their protons for the identical electrons is what causes the binding.

A covalent bond is formed when two atoms exchange one or even more pairs of electrons. The two two atoms are concurrently drawing these electrons to them. When the difference in two atoms' electronegativities is too low for an electron transfer to happen, a covalent bond is created.

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Explanation:

A balanced equation demonstrates the conservation of mass by having the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the arrow. enjoy

Answer:

It show that no atoms have been gained or lost during reaction

Explanation:

The two everyday examples of the thermal energy of a substance being decreased are:

Instant cold pack

Cooling food

Thermal energy is the total internal energy of an object or substance, arising from the motion and vibration of its atoms and molecules. It is a type of kinetic energy that is associated with the temperature of the object or substance. Thermal energy is often measured in units of joules (J) or calories (cal). It can be transferred from one object or substance to another through the processes of conduction, convection, and radiation.

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C) Presence of ribosomes

The correct option is C) Presence of ribosomes.

Ribosomes are normally absent from the cytoplasm of the axon terminal, whereas they are present in the cytoplasm of the axon. Protein synthesis is carried out by ribosomes, and the fact that they are found in the cytoplasm suggests that protein synthesis can also take place in the axon. Protein synthesis is typically not necessary in the axon terminal, as this structure's main job is to release neurotransmitters and promote communication with nearby neurons or target cells. Due to the absence of ribosomes in the axon terminal, protein synthesis differs between the axon and axon terminal.

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--The question is incomplete, the complete question is:

"Identify an important difference between the cytoplasm of the axon and that of the axon terminal. Choose the correct option. A) Protein content of the membrane differs from the soma B) Occurrence of protein synthesis C) Presence of ribosomes D) Large numbers of mitochondria"--

a) The maximum observable range of redshifts that produces Lyman-alpha line is 0 ≤ z ≤ 10.6

b) i) identifying the galaxy with a radio source, ii) looking for other Lyman lines, iii) a coincidence with a continuum break

c)The maximum redshift range over which galaxies can be found using this strategy is z = 7 to z = 15.5.

d)Earth's atmosphere absorbs the radiation, and the laboratory conditions are not the same as interstellar conditions.

a) Lyman-alpha line is produced by the hydrogen atoms that have electrons that are in the ground state being raised to the first excited state. Over a certain range of redshifts, the Lyman-alpha line is redshifted to longer wavelengths that are observable by an optical spectrograph. The maximum observable range of redshifts that produces Lyman-alpha line is 0 ≤ z ≤ 10.6 (depending on the exact details of the galaxy's emission profile).

b) Observing the galaxy in the infrared can help in the identification of the Lyman-alpha line as it is shifted to longer wavelengths. Three ways to increase confidence in the correct identification of the Lyman-alpha line are:

i) identifying the galaxy with a radio source, ii) looking for other Lyman lines, iii) a coincidence with a continuum break.

c) The strategy that needs to be adopted is to look for the Lyman limit, which is the point at which the spectrum is cut off by the absorption of all hydrogen in the galaxy. To be certain that the line you detect is the Lyman-alpha line, you need to look for a decrement in the flux of the galaxy at wavelengths shorter than the line and a decrement in the flux at wavelengths longer than the line. This is because the Lyman limit will be shifted to longer wavelengths at higher redshifts, so to maximize the redshift range over which galaxies can be found, you need to search for the Lyman limit at the longest wavelength possible. The maximum redshift range over which galaxies can be found using this strategy is z = 7 to z = 15.5.

d) The reason why such lines can be seen from interstellar gas but not the Earth's atmosphere or in the laboratory is that the Earth's atmosphere absorbs the radiation, and the laboratory conditions are not the same as interstellar conditions. The forbidden lines from the interstellar gas are not affected by dust absorption because they are produced in regions where dust is not present.

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Option A, BF, does not violate the octet rule, option B, XeO, satisfies the octet rule for all atoms, option C, Ne, is a noble gas and already has a complete octet, and option D, AICI3, has complete octets for both the atoms and does not violate any rules.

The incorrect Lewis structure is likely to be the one that violates the octet rule, has an incomplete octet or has an odd number of electrons.

In the given options, only option E, NH, violates the octet rule. Nitrogen has five valence electrons and each hydrogen has one valence electron. If we draw the Lewis structure for NH, we get three lone pairs on nitrogen and one unpaired electron.

This makes a total of nine valence electrons, which is one more than the total available. Therefore, NH does not follow the octet rule and is the incorrect Lewis structure.

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