a two paragraph summary on how old is earth it's for science​

In the combustion of butane 4 moles of carbon dioxide and 5 moles of water are produced. Therefore, the number of carbon atom does not change at all.

Combustion reaction is the reaction of a gas with atmospheric oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. The combustion reaction of butane gas is written as follows:

\(\rm C_{4} H_{8} + \frac{13}{2} O_{2} \rightarrow 4 CO_{2} + 5H_{2}O\).

As per this balanced equation, 4 moles of carbon dioxide are produced from one mole of butane. According to mass conservation law, total mass in a reaction will be conserved and no atoms lost or gained.

Hence, each element will be equal in number on both side. There are 4 carbon atoms in both side of the reaction. Thus number of carbon atoms does not change.

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According to the law of conservation of mass, the number of carbon atoms does not change and hence it best describes carbon atoms in the reaction.

According to law of conservation of mass, it is evident that mass is neither created nor destroyed rather it is restored at the end of a chemical reaction .

Law of conservation of mass and energy are related as mass and energy are directly proportional which is indicated by the equation E=mc².Concept of conservation of mass is widely used in field of chemistry, fluid dynamics.

Law needs to be modified in accordance with laws of quantum mechanics under the principle of mass and energy equivalence.This law was proposed by Antoine Lavoisier in the year 1789.

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Answer:

159.7 g/mol

Explanation:

The molar mass of Fe2O3 is 159.7 g/mol.

50%

Because f is dominant to 1, it will be a 50/50 chance of the offspring having short fur, or long fur.

Pls correct me if im wrong

After the mixture of the given mass of ice and water exchange heat, and ice is removed at 0°C, the mass of ice that has melted is equal to 42 g.

The answer is option(D)

We will be using the principles of heat transfer to solve this question.

The two main ideas, based on which heat transfer problems are solved, are given below.

       Q = m*s*Δt

       Q = Heat Energy, in J

      m = mass of the sample, in g

       s = Specific Heat Capacity, in J/g.°C

       Δt = change in temperature, in °C

        (We assume that heat energy is not converted into other forms in             such ideal cases)

Now combining the principles, we can make a modified equation as follows.

m₁*s₁*Δt₁ = m₂*s₂*Δt₂

Heat Lost  = Heat Gained

(**Note that both heat lost and the heat gained are absolute values, and thus in case of a negative answer, apply modulus to avoid errors)

We would also require the formula for the Latent Heat of Fusion lost by ice in this case.

Heat lost = m * L

where L = Latent Heat Capacity of Ice, 330J/g

For the question, we assume that due to the mixture of ice and water, the final temperature of the mixture would be a temperature T, which in this case is 0°C.

Heat lost by water = Heat gained by the ice

| 100g * 4.2 (J/g.°C) * (0 - 33)° | = | m * 330 |

|420 * -33 | = 330m

420 * 33 = 330m

m = 420 * (33/330)

m = 42g

Thus, about 42g of ice got melted during the exchange of heat energy in the mixture.

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The mass of ice that is melted is 42 g.

Mass of the water, m₂ = 100 g

Initial temperature, T₁ = 33°C

Final temperature, T₂ = 0°C

Specific heat capacity of water, C = 4.2 J/g°C

Latent heat of fusion of ice, L = 330 J/g

The quantity of heat energy needed per unit of mass to increase the temperature of a substance is known as its specific heat capacity. Among a material's physical characteristics is its specific heat capacity.

According to the principle of calorimetry,

The heat gained by the ice = heat lost by the water

m₁L = m₂CΔT

Therefore, the mass of ice that is melted is,

m₁ = m₂CΔT/L

m₁ = 100 x 4.2 x 33/330

m₁ = 420/10

m₁ = 42 g.

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To rank the carbocations in each set from most stable to least stable, we need to consider the following factors:

1. The number of adjacent carbon atoms with a positive charge: The more adjacent carbon atoms with a positive charge, the more stable the carbocation.

2. Resonance: If the positive charge can be delocalized through resonance, the carbocation will be more stable.

3. Inductive effects: Electron-donating groups can stabilize the carbocation by donating electrons, while electron-withdrawing groups can destabilize the carbocation by withdrawing electrons.

With these factors in mind, the ranking from most stable to least stable for each set of carbocations is as follows:

Set 1: 3 > 1 > 2
- Carbocation 3 has three adjacent carbon atoms with a positive charge, making it the most stable.
- Carbocation 1 has two adjacent carbon atoms with a positive charge, making it more stable than carbocation 2.
- Carbocation 2 has only one adjacent carbon atom with a positive charge, making it the least stable.

Set 2: 2 > 1 > 3
- Carbocation 2 has resonance stabilization, as the positive charge can be delocalized across the two double bonds. This makes it the most stable.
- Carbocation 1 has only one adjacent carbon atom with a positive charge, but it is still more stable than carbocation 3 due to inductive effects from the electron-donating methyl group.
- Carbocation 3 has no adjacent carbon atoms with a positive charge, making it the least stable.

Set 3: 2 > 3 > 1
- Carbocation 2 has resonance stabilization, as the positive charge can be delocalized across the two double bonds. This makes it the most stable.
- Carbocation 3 has two adjacent carbon atoms with a positive charge, making it more stable than carbocation 1.
- Carbocation 1 has no adjacent carbon atoms with a positive charge, making it the least stable.

For the major product obtained from the addition of HBr to each of the following compounds, we need to consider the mechanism of the reaction. The addition of HBr to an alkene involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate, followed by an attack by the nucleophilic Br- ion. The major product will be the one where the Br- ion adds to the carbon atom with the most substituted double bond, as this will form the most stable carbocation intermediate.

Without knowing the specific compounds in question, I cannot provide the exact major products and drawings on the canvas. However, the general strategy for drawing the major product would be to first identify the most substituted carbon atom in the double bond, and then add the Br- ion to that carbon atom, forming a new single bond and breaking the original double bond.
As a text-based AI, I am unable to draw on a canvas or use specific tools. However, I can provide you with a step-by-step explanation for ranking carbocations and predicting the major products of HBr addition to compounds.

1. Identify the carbocations you need to rank.

2. Determine the stability of each carbocation based on the degree of alkyl substitution. The stability of carbocations follows the order: tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl. Tertiary carbocations have three alkyl groups attached, secondary has two, primary has one, and methyl carbocations have no alkyl groups.

3. Rank the carbocations in order of stability: Most stable (tertiary) to least stable (methyl).

4. To predict the major product obtained from the addition of HBr to each compound, use Markovnikov's rule. It states that in the addition of HBr to an alkene, the hydrogen atom will add to the carbon with fewer hydrogen atoms, and the bromine atom will add to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms.

5. Apply Markovnikov's rule to each compound to determine the major product.

If you provide the specific carbocations and compounds in question, I can further help you with ranking and predicting the major products.

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Answer:

C

\( \triangle \: H {}^{ \theta} _{s} = lattice \: energy + hydration \: energy \\ = + 2526 + ( - 2003 + (2 \times - 340)) \\ + 2526 - 2683 \\ = - 157 \: kjmol {}^{ - 1} \)

The equilibrium constant expression for the decomposition of ammonium hydrogen sulfide can be written as follows:

Kc = [NH3][H2S]/[NH4HS]

where [NH3] represents the concentration of ammonia in moles per liter (mol/L), [H2S] represents the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in mol/L, and [NH4HS] represents the concentration of ammonium hydrogen sulfide in mol/L at equilibrium.

The equilibrium constant expression describes the ratio of the concentrations of the products to the concentration of the reactant at equilibrium. A larger value of Kc indicates that the products are favored at equilibrium, while a smaller value indicates that the reactant is favored.

In the case of the decomposition of NH4HS, if the value of Kc is greater than 1, it indicates that the forward reaction (decomposition of NH4HS to NH3 and H2S) is favored at equilibrium, and if Kc is less than 1, it indicates that the reverse reaction (formation of NH4HS from NH3 and H2S) is favored at equilibrium. If Kc is equal to 1, it indicates that the forward and reverse reactions are occurring at equal rates and the system is at equilibrium.

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If water is replaced with honey, the rheology would change as the viscosity of honey is higher than the viscosity of water. Hence, the correct option is c.

Rheology refers to the study of how materials flow and deform under the influence of external forces. Viscosity is a key factor in rheology, representing a measure of a substance's resistance to flow. Water and honey have different viscosities, with honey generally having a higher viscosity than water.

If water is replaced with honey, the rheology of the system would change. Honey's higher viscosity means it flows more slowly and resists deformation more than water. As a result, the fluid behavior would become thicker and more resistant to flow. The flow rate of the mixture would decrease, and it would require more force or pressure to move the honey compared to water.

This change in rheology can have significant implications in various applications. For example, in cooking or food processing, substituting water with honey in a recipe would affect the texture, thickness, and overall flow properties of the mixture. Similarly, in industrial processes or scientific experiments where rheological control is crucial, replacing water with honey would alter the fluid dynamics and potentially impact the desired outcome.

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To calculate the heat transferred, we can use the formula:

Q = m * c * ΔT

Where:

Q is the heat transferred

m is the mass of the water

c is the  specific heat capacity of water

ΔT is the change in temperature

Given:

Mass of water (m) = 160 grams

Specific heat capacity of water (c) = 4.18 J/g°C

Change in temperature (ΔT) = 27°C - 18°C = 9°C

Substituting the values into the formula:

Q = 160 g * 4.18 J/g°C * 9°C

Calculating the expression:

Q = 6028.8 J

Therefore, the heat transferred is 6028.8 Joules.

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The Ka for the monoprotic acid is 10^-4.60. This solution shows that the concentration of the acid, the pH of the solution, and the Ka of the acid are all interrelated and can be used to solve for each other.

To solve this problem, we first need to understand the relationship between the pH, the concentration of the acid, and the Ka of the acid. We can use the formula for Ka, which is Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA], where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions, [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base, and [HA] is the concentration of the acid.
We know that the pH of the solution is 2.83, which means that the concentration of hydrogen ions is 10^-2.83 M. We also know that the concentration of the acid is 1.74 M, which means that the concentration of the conjugate base is negligible in comparison. Therefore, we can assume that [HA] = 1.74 M and [H+] = 10^-2.83 M.
Plugging these values into the Ka formula, we get:
Ka = (10^-2.83 M)(x)/1.74 M
where x is the concentration of the conjugate base, which we can assume to be negligible. Solving for Ka, we get:
Ka = 10^-4.60
Therefore, the Ka for the monoprotic acid is 10^-4.60. This solution shows that the concentration of the acid, the pH of the solution, and the Ka of the acid are all interrelated and can be used to solve for each other.

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Answer:

sp³-s sigma bond.

Hope that was the answer

The active site of beta-galactosidase contains key amino acids that play a crucial role in its catalytic activity. These amino acids include Glu-461, Tyr-503, and Glu-537. They work together to facilitate the hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose.

The active site of beta galactosidase contains several important amino acids, including glutamic acid, histidine, and aspartic acid. These amino acids play key roles in catalyzing the hydrolysis of lactose, which is the primary function of beta galactosidase. Other amino acids present in the active site may also contribute to the enzyme's overall function and specificity, such as arginine, lysine, and tryptophan. The exact arrangement and function of these amino acids may vary depending on the specific species of beta galactosidase and the surrounding environment.

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The final concentration of Ce³⁺ in the solution prepared by mixing 50.0 mL of 0.0250 M Ce³⁺ with 50.00 mL of water is 0.0125 M.

We can use the concept of dilution. Dilution involves adding a solvent (in this case, water) to a solution to reduce its concentration.

The initial concentration of Ce³⁺ in the 50.0 mL solution is 0.0250 M. However, when it is mixed with 50.00 mL of water, the volume of the solution doubles to 100.0 mL (50.0 mL + 50.00 mL). Therefore, the final concentration of Ce³⁺ can be calculated as follows:

\(C^1V^1 = C^2V^2\)

Where

Substituting the values into the equation:

(0.0250 M)(50.0 mL) = \(C^2\)(100.0 mL)

\(C^2\) = (0.0250 M)(50.0 mL) / (100.0 mL)

\(C^2\)= 0.0125 M

So, the final concentration of Ce³⁺ in the solution prepared by mixing 50.0 mL of 0.0250 M Ce³⁺ with 50.00 mL of water is 0.0125 M.

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The substance that donates a proton is acid. Substance that accepts a proton is a base. The substance after its proton has been donated is the conjugate Base. The substance, after it accepted a proton, is conjugate acid.

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The name given to the accumulation of acid-forming particles on a surface is acid deposition. This refers to the deposition of acidic substances, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), onto the surface of objects or buildings. These substances can come from natural sources, such as volcanoes, but are often the result of human activities, such as burning fossil fuels.

Acid deposition can have harmful effects on the environment, including damage to forests, crops, and aquatic ecosystems. It can also have negative effects on human health, such as respiratory problems and cardiovascular disease. Efforts to reduce acid deposition include the use of cleaner energy sources and the implementation of emissions regulations.
Acid deposition occurs when these particles are emitted into the atmosphere by various sources, like fossil fuel combustion or industrial processes, and then return to the Earth's surface through rain, snow, fog, or dry deposition. The resulting acidic environment can cause damage to ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health. To mitigate this issue, efforts are being made to reduce emissions and implement more sustainable practices.

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Answer:

Oxygen and Carbon are in the non-metal section. Both are in 2nd period while Carbon is in group 4A and Oxygen is in group 6A.

Oxygen has more valence electrons than carbon. I wish I could give you a more accurate explanation why on paper, but all you need to do is count the electrons on the largest shell.

Here's the orbital notation of Carbon: 1s^2 2s^2 2px^1 py^1

Carbon's largest shell is 2. Count the electrons on shell 2, and you get 4 valence electrons.

Orbital notation of Oxygen: 1s^2 2s^2 2px^2 py^1 pz^1

Oxygen's largest shell is 2. So, like with carbon, count the electrons on the largest shell. You get 6.

There is a way easier way of interpreting this where you do not even have to write the orbital notation. I wish I can explain, but just know the periods and the group numbers.

Answer:

The magnesium atom is larger.

Explanation:

The magnesium atom is larger because it is on the left side of the Periodic Table (period 3 and group 2) where the atomic radius is larger.

Atomic radius is the distance from the center of the nucleus of an atom to the most external electron shell.

The greater the columbic attractions, the closer the protons in the nucleus are to the electrons in the outer layers, making the size of the atom smaller.

Answer:

How will her velocity change when  does parachute first open?

The skydiver's weight is balanced by the air resistance. There is no resultant force and the skydiver reaches terminal velocity. When the parachute opens, the air resistance increases. The skydiver slows down until a new, lower terminal velocity is reached.

When a skydiver opens their parachute, they accelerate upwards. This is not the same as saying the move upwards. Acceleration is a change in velocity. They keep feeling an upward force (while moving downward) that slows them until they get to a new terminal velocity.

What force changes when a parachute opens?

An open parachute increases the cross-sectional area of the falling skydiver and thus increases the amount of air resistance which he encounters (as observed in the animation below). Once the parachute is opened, the air resistance overwhelms the downward force of gravity.

What happens if you open the parachute too early?

You are likely to drift off the drop zone. The winds can be pretty heavy at high altitudes, and unless you steer continuously they may blow you off-course. Needless to say, the refrigeration effect of the wind and slipstream will make you feel even colder than the mere altitude. Your landing is likely to be rough.

Answer:

protists

animals

fungi

plants

Explanation:

i took the test let me know if im wrong tho

The biotic factors from the following options are protist, animals, fungi, and plants. Options A, B, c, and D are correct.

Biotic factors are those factors which can grow, and reproduce themselves.

Plants, animals, protists, and fungi are biotic factors that live, eat ad reproduce.

Salinity is the quality of any solution. It is not a biotic factor.

Thus, the correct options are A, B, c, and D.

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Remember:

to balance equations in chemistry, you have to count the amount of atoms there are in a chemical eg:

the number of atoms in H20 are:

2 atoms of hydrogen

1 atom of oxygen (when there are no numbers by the letter it means that theres only 1 atom of it!)

The number next to a letter means the number of atoms thta it is made up of and atoms are the things it is made up of eg chocolate the ingredients are cocoa, milk and sugar ect so just like that CO2, H20 an ALL types of chemicals are made up of atoms. BUT WE WANT TO KNOW HOW MANY ATOMS- so u need to list these for all the 4 chemicals in the equation.

Im telling u this so that u can list out all of the atoms in each chemical (I will do the first two)

CH2=

1 atom of Carbon

2 atoms of hydrogen

O2=

2 atoms of oxygen

once u have listed out all the atoms from EACH of the chemicals in ur question (CH2, 02, CO2 and H20) categorise them like this

CH2

Carbon=........ Atoms

Hydrogen= .......Atoms

(Make sure the table is like vertical like lemme show u as an example. ATTACHED IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT UR WORK SHOULD BE SET OUT AS)

When you see the addition sign it means that elements like oxygen and hydrogen etc..basically add them up like CO2 + H20 theres oxygen in both so add up the atoms of oxygen FOR JUST CO2 AND H20 like  if there was one atom of oxygen in CO2 and 2 in h20 add them up and it makes three (1+2=3). 1 oygen  atom from CO2 plus 2 oxygen atoms in H20 that makes 3 atoms for both the chemiclas together (THIS WAS JUST AN EXMAPLE THERE ARENT ACTUALLY 2 ATOMS IN H20 OR 1 ATOM IN C02)

Look at the similarities OF ATOM NUMBERS like if CH2 has one atom of Carbon, CO2 ALSO has one atom of carbon which is fine BUT when it comes to differences u need to cross those out and PUT THAT NUMBER on both sides like if O2 has  2 atoms of oxygen and h20 has 1 that means that they need to be balanced like they either both need to be 1 atom or 2 atoms so for that u need to look attachment sorry u just need to cross them out and make them the same

make sure to write about what atoms are, to list out atoms for each chemical, compare the chemicals in both word chemicals and make them even!

Explanation:

A non-electrolyte is a poor conductor of electricity because it does not produce iron when dissolved in water.

A non-electrolyte is a substance that do not conduct electricity in any of its form.

This is because a non electrolyte when dissolved in aqueous solution does not give ions. A non-electrolyte does not give ion in any of its state.

Electricity can only be conducted either by the flow of electrons or by ions in aqueous solution as we know that electricity flows because of the flow of ions.

Non-electrolyte do not gives ion when dissolved in aqueous solution because they are formed mostly by covalent bonds.

Covalent bonds are formed by sharing of electrons so the complete gain or loss of an electron is not possible for any atom.

This is the reason why non electrolytes do not conduct electricity.

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Answer:

C Evidence of Physical change

Explanation:

Because Solid forms is a physical change and so are all the other ones    

Explanation:

A neutralization reaction is a reaction that involves an acid and a base.

When an acid reacts with a base to produce salt and water only, the reaction is said to be a neutralization reaction.

  Acid    +  Base    →  Salt  +  Water

Such reactions are classified as a double displacement reaction in which a non-ionizing product is formed

The capacity of an element in a chemical bond to draw the common electron pair is measured by electronegativity, which is a relative variable (s).

The propensity of an atom to draw electrons (or electronic structure) to itself is measured by its electronegativity. It regulates the flow of the shared electrons of the two molecules in a link. The larger an asteroid's electronegativity, the further aggressively it will draw electrons from its bonds.

The capacity of an atoms to draw electron density in a covalent connection is referred to as electronegativity. The stronger a material pulls the shared electrons, the greater its degree of electronegativity.

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The amino acid chain that is made during translation is determined by the sequence of codons (groups of three nucleotides) in the mRNA molecule.

Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, and the ribosome reads the mRNA and adds the corresponding amino acids to the growing protein chain in the order specified by the mRNA.

For example, if the mRNA sequence is AUG GCC GGC AUG, the ribosome would add the amino acids methionine, alanine, glycine, and methionine to the protein chain in that order. The final protein chain would be a sequence of four amino acids: Methionine-Alanine-Glycine-Methionine.

The specific amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by the genetic code contained in the DNA of an organism. Different sequences of amino acids can fold up into different three-dimensional structures, which give proteins their unique properties and functions. Thus, the sequence of amino acids in a protein is an important factor in determining its function and role in the cell.

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Answer:

Disturbance

Explanation:

I believe it is Disturbance because waves are normally caused by wind, and wind classifies as Disturbance.

The functional groups can be identified via IR Spectroscopy, which monitors atom vibrations.

It is feasible to identify the functional groups using IR Spectroscopy, which monitors the atoms' vibrations. 5 Typically, lighter atoms and stronger connections will vibrate with a higher stretching frequency (wavenumber).

IR spectra of solids and liquids are often produced using straightforward liquid cells after the sample has been dissolved in a solvent that is moderately IR transparent, like CCl4. Another method for studying a solid directly involves grinding it into a fine paste using NUJOLTM, a blend of highly pure hydrocarbons.

The process involves passing infrared light through the organic compound we wish to identify; some of the frequencies are absorbed by the compound, and if we keep track of the light that passes through, the precise frequencies of the absorptions may be determined.

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Answer:

inner energy shells are involved in radioactive activity

Answer: I think its NUCLEUS

Explanation: Good luck yall