Aluminum sulfate, known as cake alum, has a wide range of uses, from dyeing leather and cloth to purifying sewage. In aqueous solution, it reacts with base to form a white precipitate.
(a) Write balanced total and net ionic equations for its reaction with aqueous NaOH.

The term spontaneous in a chemical reaction refers to a process that occurs naturally and without any external influence, driven by a decrease in Gibbs free energy.


In chemistry, a spontaneous reaction is one that can proceed on its own without the need for an external force or energy input. This natural tendency for a reaction to occur is determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). If ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous and favors the formation of products.

If ΔG is positive, the reaction is non-spontaneous and favors the reactants. The Gibbs free energy depends on factors such as the change in enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS), as well as the temperature of the system. A spontaneous reaction does not necessarily imply that it occurs rapidly; it may still have a slow reaction rate depending on factors like activation energy and catalyst presence.

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Answer:0

Explanation: zero because it is the most stable form of oxygen in its standard state

Answer:

Preparation of Bases

By the direct union of a metal with oxygen Some metals when heated in air or oxygen form the oxides of the metals. ... By the action of water or steam on some active metals Some active metals like sodium and potassium react with cold water to form hydroxides with the evolution of hydrogen gas.

A calorimetry experiment may be used to directly estimate the enthalpy of combustion of magnesium. The following is an outline of the procedure:

Set up a calorimeter: To measure the heat emitted during the interaction of magnesium with oxygen, a bomb calorimeter or a constant-volume calorimeter can be employed.

Prepare a magnesium sample: A weighted magnesium sample is inserted in the calorimeter.

Start the process: Oxygen is supplied into the calorimeter, and the magnesium-oxygen reaction is started. Exothermic reactions release heat into the calorimeter.

Measure the temperature change: A thermometer or a temperature probe is used to measure the temperature change in the calorimeter.

Determine the enthalpy of combustion: The following equation is used to calculate the enthalpy of combustion:

ΔH = q/n

The heating value of a material, generally a fuel or food, is the amount of heat created when a specific amount of it is burned. The calorific value is the total amount of energy produced as heat when a material completely burns with oxygen under normal circumstances. The enthalpy of combustion is the change in enthalpy of a system when one mole of a material is entirely burned in oxygen or air at a specific temperature.

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Based on the mass ratio, the mass of H₂ produced is 3.51 g of H₂.

What is the mass ratio of a reaction?

The mass ratio of a reaction is the ratio of the masses of the reactants as well as as products in a balanced equation of a reaction.

The equation of the reaction is given below;

2 AI + 6 HCI → 2 AICI₃ + 3 H₂

From the reaction equation, 2 * 27 g of Al produces 3 * 2 g of H₂

32.25 g of Al will produce: 6/55 * 32.25 g of H₂

Therefore, mass of H₂ produced is 3.51 g of H₂.

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The electrostatic potential energy between an electron and a proton that are separated by 53pm is 4.27 × 10^-18 J.

The electrostatic potential energy between two charged particles can be calculated using the

formula U = k*q1*q2/r,

where:

k is the Coulomb constant,

q1 and q2 are the charges of the two particles, and

r is the distance between them.

In this case, we have q1 = -1.60*10^-19 C (charge of the electron), q2 = 1.60*10^-19 C (charge of the proton), and r = 53 pm = 5.3*10^-10 m. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

U = (8.99*10^9 N m2/C2)*(-1.60*10^-19 C)*(1.60*10^-19 C)/(5.3*10^-10 m)

U = 4.27 × 10^-18 J

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The third law of thermodynamics describes the entropy of a: solid.

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a pure crystalline substance approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273.15 degrees Celsius). This law implies that at absolute zero, a perfectly ordered and pure crystalline solid will have zero entropy.

The third law of thermodynamics is not specific to liquids or gases but applies to solids. In a solid, the molecules are highly ordered and have fixed positions in a regular lattice structure. As the temperature decreases towards absolute zero, the thermal motion of the molecules reduces, and the system becomes more ordered, resulting in a decrease in entropy.

In contrast, liquids and gases have higher entropy compared to solids at absolute zero because their molecules have more freedom of movement and are not as tightly arranged. Therefore, the third law of thermodynamics specifically addresses the entropy of solids and does not apply to liquids or gases.

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Answer:

TRUE

Explanation:

Humans and many animals are responsible for air pollution. Even natural processess such as excreting feces results in release of methane, CO2 etc which contribute to air pollution

Humans are not the only animals that pollute the air. This statement is True.

Substance that alters the natural properties of the atmosphere, whether it be chemical, physical, or biological, is considered an air pollutant. Air pollution can occur inside or outdoors. Common causes of air pollution include motor vehicles, industrial operations, household combustion appliances, and forest fires.

Although there are certain natural processes that can produce air pollution, such as sulfur and chlorine gases from volcanic activity, smoke and ash from wildfires, dust storms, and biological degradation, manmade causes account for the majority of pollution in the atmosphere.

Particles that are both solid and liquid, as well as certain gases that are suspended in the air, are what produce air pollution. These gases and particles can be produced by industries, volcanoes, wildfires, dust, pollen, and vehicle and truck emissions.

Thus, Humans are not the only animals that pollute the air. This statement is True.

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Answer:

Transparent Color

Explanation:

Hydrogen bonds here in water provides a lot of benefits which includes cohesion, releasing heat when forming, Also because of the fact that water molecules are polar, they form hydrogen molecules and give water some characteristics which ranges from high boiling point, relative gravity, adhesion ad also cohesion. It is also known that oxygen atom attracts the electrons more strongly than the hydrogen.

   A transparent colour falls in no place and do not really have any correlation in oxygen and hydrogen relationship.

The presence of hydrogen bonds in molecules affects the bulk properties of the molecules.

Though the question is incomplete but I will try to help you the much I can. hydrogen bonding is said to occur in molecules where hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine.

The presence of hydrogen bonding in molecules affects its bulk properties such as melting and boiling points, density and surface tension.

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A brownfield is a property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.

A “brownfield” generally refers to a parcel of land that was previously used for industrial purposes and which is contaminated by low concentrations of hazardous chemicals.

A brownfield development requires more work and investment upfront: existing structures may have to be demolished, materials must be removed, and developers may have to engage in extensive environmental cleanup to remove pollutants.

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4.70 × 10²⁴ atoms Ge

Math

Pre-Algebra

Order of Operations: BPEMDAS

Chemistry

Atomic Structure

Step 1: Define

7.80 mol Ge

Step 2: Identify Conversions

Avogadro's Number

Step 3: Convert

\(\displaystyle 7.80 \ mol \ Ge(\frac{6.022 \cdot 10^{23} \ atoms \ Ge}{1 \ mol \ Ge} )\) = 4.69716 × 10²⁴ atoms Ge

Step 4: Check

We are given 3 sig figs. Follow sig fig rules and round.

4.69716 × 10²⁴ atoms Ge ≈ 4.70 × 10²⁴ atoms Ge

Answer:

D

Explanation:

because thermal electricity is produced by coal

Answer:

they help people realize their full potential

Explanation:

yes

Answer:

they seek to protect people and their property

Explanation:

Overall, an atom is neutral charged. The Bohr model was for years accepted as the final authority because it agrees so well with experiment and observation. In this model an atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons. The neutrons are zero charge so we can forget them in looking for charges. For each proton (1 positive charge) there is always 1 electron (1 negative charge) in orbit around the nucleus. thus an atom has a equal number of electrons and protons and their net charge is zero.

We can do things to temporarily up set this natural balance (we call this electricity) but the atoms will eventually return to their naturally balanced state

Answer:

volume of O2 = 3000cm³

Explanation:

no. of moles= mass of oxygen (g)/molar mass of oxygen(g/mol)

                    = 4/32

                    =0.125

volume of oxygen= no. of moles × 24000 cm³ (or 24dm³)

                             = 0.125 × 24000 cm³  

                             =3000cm³  (or 3dm³)

From 1H NMR spectrum of dibenzalacetone, cis-cis, cis-trans, trans-cis and trans-trans isomers are formed of dibenzalacetone.

There are three signals visible in the methyl acetate 1H NMR spectrum above. The standard reference chemical tetramethylsilane is shown by the peak on the far right. The reason for this is chemical equivalency. The three Ha protons in the methyl group, which is bound to the C=O molecule, are all in the same chemical environment and are thus chemically identical. The total six hydrogens may be separated into two groups.

The resonance frequency of all chemically equivalent hydrogens is the same when an external magnetic field is introduced. The three chemically comparable Hb protons in the methyl group bound to the O atom also exhibit the opposite signal. This explains why the molecule methyl acetate has a total of two signals.

Understanding the NMR spectrum requires the capacity to distinguish between protons in a molecule that are chemically comparable and those that are not. We should be able to forecast the number of signals present in the 1H NMR spectra for the chemical whose structure is known. On the other hand, counting the number of signals in the spectrum reveals the number of distinct sets of protons in the molecule, and that is the most significant information to identify the structure of the chemical, if the 1H NMR spectrum is provided for an unknown drug.

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It is more effective to perform an extraction with several small portions of solvent as opposed to one large portion of solvent of equal volume because the amount of the material left in the trash will be less.

The extraction of certain ratio of the solute is able to the distribute among the phases during each extraction. The various extractions with the lesser amounts of the solvent are more efficient than the single extraction with the huge amount of solvent.

The extraction is about to maximize the outside field of the communication between the two solvents, we can easily get the more surface area in the contact with the fewer amounts.

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Magnesium sulfate, or MgSO₄, weighs 6.68 g, and dissolves about 0. 965 L of the a 0. 0575 M solutions.

A solution is created when a solvent and a solute, two different compounds, are mixed together. When a salt and a solvents is mixed, a solution is created. Commonly, one substance will dissolve in another to create a solution, such as when salt dissolves in water. Nevertheless, a solution can be produced under any state of matter.

Molar mass MgSO₄ = 120.36 g/mol

You have a 0.0575 M solution

That is equal to 6.9207 g/L or 0.0575 mol/L * 120.36 g/mol.

But you want mass in 0.965 L

Mass equals 0.965 L times 6.9207 g/L, or 6.68 g.

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If you gently shake a separatory funnel containing a carboxylic acid with chloroform and aq NaHCO3, the organic acid will be found in the top layer and the aqueous layer.

Here's the complete question:

If you gently shake a separatory funnel containing a carboxylic acid with chloroform and aq NaHCO3, the organic acid will be found where? (Multiple answers possible)

a) The top layer b) The bottom layer. c) The organic layer. d)The aqueous layer. e) As an insoluble solid.

Generally, Acid-base extractions are used in extracting Carboxylic acids from the organic layer to the aqueous and top layer by shaking them with a basic solution.

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Answer:

H20 +

Explanation:

The ion that is formed when the positive hydrogen ions from an acid bond to water molecules is H₂O⁺. The correct option is C.

Hydrogen is an element that is present in the first place on the periodic table, and its atom's number is 1. The nucleus of hydrogen contains only one electron, and it contains a positive 1 charge.

Hydrogen is called hydrogen ion when it participates in any chemical reactions. They become charged and participate in electron bonding to form compounds.

The positive Hydrogen ions, when forming a bond to water molecules, will be represented as H₂O⁺ because hydrogen only contains a positive charge on it. The unit positive charge on the hydrogen is the proton present in its nucleus.

Thus, the correct option is C. H₂O⁺

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Answer: 28 days.

Hope this helps...... Stay safe and have a Merry Christmas!!!!!!!!! :D

An analyte solution of 50.0mL of 0.050M hydrochloric acid, HCl, titrated against 0.10 M sodium hydroxide, NaOH.  Various ions like Na+, OH-, Cl, etc. are present at various points in this process of titration.

(d) After adding 12.50 mL of NaOH (halfway to the equivalence point), the ions and molecules present in the solution are HCl, NaOH, Na+, OH-, Cl-, and water. Some HCl has reacted with NaOH to form NaCl and H2O, but both reactants are still present.

(e) At the equivalence point (after adding 25.00 mL of NaOH), the ions and molecules present in the solution are Na+, Cl-, and H2O. All the HCl has reacted with NaOH to form NaCl and water.

(f) At the equivalence point, the species that will determine the pH of the solution is water since there are no other acidic or basic species present.

(g) After adding 37.50 mL of NaOH (50% past the equivalence point), the ions and molecules present in the solution are Na+, OH-, Cl-, and H2O. The HCl has been completely neutralized, and excess NaOH is present.

(h) The species that will determine the pH of the solution after adding 37.50 mL of NaOH is the hydroxide ion (OH-), as the excess NaOH makes the solution basic.

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alignment of the Earth with the Moon and Sun

This is the answer.

Tides are formed by gravitational force of Sun and Moon.

3

Explanation:

moon is the reason that creates tides in the ocean due to gravitational force and the moon's distance

The model is completed by inserting the sodium and the chloride ions in alternate positions.

It is common to show the arrangement of atoms or ions in a substance by the use of models. In the realm of science, a model could be used for the purpose of explanation or for the purpose of prediction. It is also possible to use a model as the way that we can be able to underscore and understudy the properties of a molecule.

Now we know that sodium chloride is an ionic compound. The ionic compounds are crystalline. This implies that the ions are arranged in a regular and a repeating pattern which enables the substance to have a definite shape as well as a high melting and a high melting point.

It then follows from the image that the ions of sodium and chlorine do occupy alternate positions in the solid in order to maximize the interaction between the ions. It then follows that the model is completed by inserting the sodium and the chloride ions in alternate positions.

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The volume that is occupied by the gas is obtained as  56 L.

We know that from the Avogadro's law, the volume that can be occupied by one mole of a gas is obtained as 22.4 L. This implies that we have to find the number of moles in the 70 g of the CO and then obtain the corresponding volume by simple proportion.

Number of moles of CO = 70.0 g/28 g/mol

= 2.5 moles

If 1 mole of the gas occupies 22.4 L

2.5 moles of the gas occupies 2.5 * 22.4/1 mole

= 56 L

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112 km is travelled by car in 60 minutes

1 km is travelled by car in 60/112 minutes

56 km is travelled by car in 60/112*56 = 30 minutes  = 0.5 hours

Explanation:

With 0.5 moles of aluminum, 0.75 moles of hydrogen gas would be produced from the reaction.

When aluminum reacts with hydrochloric acid, it produces hydrogen gas (H₂) according to the following balanced chemical equation:

2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl₃ + 3H₂

To calculate the moles of H₂ gas produced, you need to know the amount (in moles) of aluminum (Al) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) used in the reaction.

Let's assume you have 0.5 moles of aluminum (Al) and an excess amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl).

According to the balanced equation, the stoichiometric ratio between aluminum and hydrogen gas is 2:3. This means that for every 2 moles of aluminum, 3 moles of hydrogen gas are produced. Therefore, we can calculate the moles of hydrogen gas using the stoichiometric ratio:

0.5 moles Al × (3 moles H₂ / 2 moles Al) = 0.75 moles H₂

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The buffer capacity of this solution is 0.34.

Buffer solution is defined as a solution whose pH is not altered to any great extent by the addition of small quantities of either an acid or base is called buffer solution. Buffer is also known as the solution of reserve acidity or alkalinity which resists change of pH upon the addition of a small amount of acid or alkali.

Buffer capacity is number of moles of acid or base added to 1 lit buffer to bring 1 unit change in pH.

buffer capacity = (0.25x0.5) / (8.05-7.68) = 0.34

Hence, the buffer capacity of this solution is 0.34.

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Answer:

The object is moving with uniform acceleration

Explanation:

Acceleration is defined as the change of speed with time. Hence, we define acceleration as ds/dt.

The slope of a speed/time graph gives us the acceleration of the moving object.

An object is said to move with uniform acceleration when the speed increases by equal amounts in equal time intervals as in the straight line speed/time graph shown in the question