The theoretical yield of CO₂ produced by the combustion of 1.43 × 10¹⁰ gallons of gasoline is:2.70 × 10¹¹ mol × 44.01 g/mol = 1.19 × 10¹³ g (or approximately 1.19 trillion grams).
The chemical equation for the combustion of isooctane is as follows:
2C₈H₁₈ + 25O₂ → 16CO₂ + 18H₂O
Therefore, one mole of isooctane produces 16 moles of CO₂.
We need to determine how many moles of isooctane are in 1.43 × 10¹⁰ gallons of gasoline before calculating the theoretical yield of CO₂ produced. The density of gasoline is given as 0.692 g/mL.
We can use this information to convert gallons to grams as follows:
1.43 × 10¹⁰ gallons × 3.7854 L/gallon × 0.692 g/mL = 3.86 × 10¹² g
This means that there are 3.86 × 10¹² g of gasoline consumed per year in the U.S.
Next, we need to determine how many moles of isooctane are in this amount of gasoline.
The molar mass of isooctane is approximately 114.2 g/mol. So, we can use this to determine the number of moles as follows:
The number of moles of isooctane = 3.86 × 10¹² g / 114.2 g/mol = 3.38 × 10¹⁰ mol
Finally, we can use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to determine the theoretical yield of CO₂ produced by this amount of isooctane. According to the equation, 2 moles of isooctane produce 16 moles of CO₂. Therefore, the number of moles of CO₂ produced is:
The number of moles of CO₂ = 3.38 × 10¹⁰ mol × (16 mol CO₂ / 2 mol isooctane) = 2.70 × 10¹¹ mol
Finally, we can convert this to grams using the molar mass of CO₂:
The molar mass of CO₂ = 44.01 g/mol
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Calculate the volume of a rock with a mass of 315 g and a density of 3.75 g/cm^3
Answer:
84 cm³Explanation:
The volume of a substance when given the density and mass can be found by using the formula
\(volume = \frac{mass}{density} \\\)
From the question we have
\(volume = \frac{315}{3.75} \\ = 84\)
We have the final answer as
84 cm³Hope this helps you
Who used scientific investigations to study atoms? Check all that apply.
Answer:
In the early 1900s, Ernest Rutherford studied (among other things) the organization of the atom — the fundamental particle of the natural world. Though atoms cannot be seen with the naked eye, they can be studied with the tools of science since they are part of the natural world.
How much does the temperature over the land change in one day?
Answer:
13.7 degrees.
Explanation:
which molecule has a no net dipole moment (zero dipole moment) group of answer choices cbr4 cis-1,2-dibromoethene trans-1,2-dibromoethene 1,1-dibromoethene more than one of these choices.
CBr₄ has no net dipole moment.
Net dipole moment is the total sum of the bond moments in a molecule. It is a measure of the polarity of a molecule. In other words, the dipole moment of a molecule indicates the direction and magnitude of its polarity. A molecule has no net dipole moment when it is nonpolar.
This happens when the dipole moments of its polar bonds cancel each other out. There are various types of molecules, including linear, bent, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, and pyramidal. These molecules can be polar or nonpolar, depending on their geometrical structure and bond polarity.
CBr₄ has a tetrahedral shape, with four Bromine atoms and a Carbon atom at the vertices of the tetrahedron. The C-Br bonds are polar because Bromine is more electronegative than Carbon. However, the four C-Br bond dipoles are arranged in a tetrahedral structure, such that they cancel out each other. Thus, CBr₄ has no net dipole moment.
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How many unpaired electrons are in the ground state electron configuration 4s23d9?
ANSWER
The number of the unpaired electrons is 1
STEP-BY-STEP EXPLANATION:
The electronic configuration of a particular element is given below as
\(4s^23d^9\)From the electronic configuration above, you will see that the 4s-orbital has two electrons and the 3d-orbital has 9 electrons
According to Hund's Rule, it "states that electron goes into orbital singly before pairing commences."
To determine the number of unpaired electrons, we need to study the total number of electrons in the d-orbital as given by the question.
Note that, the maximum number of electrons that can enter into the d-orbital is 10
The next step is to fill in the electrons into the orbital
From the above structure, you will see that the number of paired electrons is 4 and the number of unpaired electrons is 1
Therefore, the number of the unpaired electrons is 1
What is forensic
science?
Answer:
"Forensic science is a critical element of the criminal justice system. Forensic scientists examine and analyze evidence from crime scenes and elsewhere to develop objective findings that can assist in the investigation and prosecution of perpetrators of crime or absolve an innocent person from suspicion."
Explanation:
Strictly from: https://www.justice.gov/olp/forensic-science#:~:text=Forensic%20science%20is%20a%20critical,an%20innocent%20person%20from%20suspicion.
Forensic science is any science used to aid in a criminal/legal investigation
Which term is used to describe the variety of inheritable traits in a species? (4 points)
Ecosystem diversity
Genetic diversity
Natural selection
Species diversity
Answer:
B Genetic diversity
Explanation:
Answer:
I think the answer is b.
Explanation:
:)
500 ml of nitrogen and 500 ml of hydrogen are kept together in one vessel at the same constant temperature and pressure. Which of the following is true for their number of molecules?
A. NN2 > NH2
B. NN2 < NH2
C. NN2 = N H2
D. NN2 + NH2 = 1 mole
The number of molecules of nitrogen will be the same as the number of molecules of hydrogen. The correct option is C.
What is Avogadro's law?The law states that different gases of the same volume stored at the same temperature and pressure will contain the same number of molecules.
Going by Avogadro's law, 500 ml of nitrogen and 500 ml of hydrogen kept together in one vessel at the same constant temperature and pressure will have the same number of molecules.
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a student reacts 15.2g of magnesium with hydrochloric acid. 25.3g of magnesium chloride is produced along with 2.5g of hydrogen what mass of hydrochloric acid took part in the reaction
Answer:
15.2 +25.3
Explanation:
because it will determine by its weight
Using the AHf and the Sº values from the table, estimate the minimum temperature at which magnetite can be reduced to iron by graphite. Fe3O4(s) + 2C (s, graphite) → 2CO2 (g) + 3Fe (s) AH (kJ/mol) Sº (J/K.mol) -1118.4 146.4 Substance Fe3O4(s) C(s, graphite) CO2(g) Fe (s) 0 5.7 -393.5 213.7 247.6 O Magnetite will be reduced by carbon at any temperature. 54.3°C 2.34°C 1012°C Magenetite cannot be reduced by carbon at any temperature. Question 21 1 pts What is the enthalpy change for the chemical reaction in question 20? 0 -142.05 kJ/mol O-311.41 kJ/mol 0-538.14 kJ/mol 311.41 kJ/mol
Since both the enthalpy and the entropy are positive magnetite will be reduced by carbon at any temperature. Option A
What is the required temperature?We know that we can only know the temperature at which the reduction of the iron III oxide with carbon would take place by the use of the enthalpy and the entropy of formation of the substance.
The enthalpy of the reaction is;
Enthalpy of products - Enthalpy of reactants
= [2(-393.5) + 3(0)] - [(-1118.4) + 2(0])
= (-784) + 1118.4
= 334.4 kJ
The entropy of the reaction is;
[2(213.7) + 3(247.6)] - [146.4 + 2(5.7)]
(427.4 + 742.8) - (146.4 + 11.4)
=1170.2 - 157.8
= 1012.4 kJ
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If a reaction time in this case is 0.25 s , how long would a bill need to be for her to have a good chance of catching it
The bill would need to be at least 18.75 meters (61.5 feet) long for her to have a good chance of catching it, assuming a reaction time of 0.25 seconds.
To determine the required length of the bill for her to have a good chance of catching it, we need to consider her reaction time and the speed at which the bill is falling.
Assuming the bill falls vertically under the influence of gravity, we can use the kinematic equation:
d = 0.5 * g * t^2
Where:
d is the distance the bill falls,
g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s^2),
and t is the reaction time.
We want to find the distance d such that she can catch the bill within her reaction time.
In this case, let's assume she wants to catch the bill before it falls halfway (0.5d) to ensure a good chance of catching it.
Setting 0.5d equal to the distance given by the kinematic equation:
0.5d = 0.5 * 9.8 * (0.25)^2
Simplifying the equation:
0.5d = 0.5 * 9.8 * 0.0625
0.5d = 0.30625
d = 0.6125
Therefore, the bill would need to fall approximately 0.6125 meters or 61.25 centimeters.
To have a good chance of catching the bill within a reaction time of 0.25 seconds, the bill would need to be at least 18.75 meters (61.5 feet) long.
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In a common bipedal primate, whose body temperature is 38oC, the ionic concentrations inside
and outside a typical nerve cell are shown below
Ion Inside Outside
Na+ 10 mM, 150 mM
K+ 112 mM, 3 mM
Cl- 4 mM, 88 mM
a) Calculate the equilibrium potentials for Na+, K+, and Cl-
The equilibrium potentials for Na⁺ = +71.7 mV , K⁺ = -95.9 mV and for Cl⁻ = -81.9 mV in a common bipedal primate, whose body temperature is 38°C .
a)
ENa = 61 [log (150/10)] mV
= 61 X (1.176) mV
= +71.7 mV
EK = 61 [log (3/112)] mV
= 61 X (-1.572) mV
= -95.9 mV
ECl = -61 X log([Cl-]out/[Cl-]in)
= -61 X (1.342)
= -81.9 mV.
b) Action potential depolarizations approach ENa but rarely reach it. As a result, Vm may become inside-positive up to +71.7 mV during an action, but no higher.
[ Since most action potentials end too quickly for the membrane to become this positive, the transmembrane potential is likely to be slightly less positive than this at the action potential peak.]
Potential depolarization :When an internal change alters the distribution of electric charges within a cell, depolarization occurs, leaving the cell with a lower negative charge than the outside. Depolarization is necessary for many cell functions, cell-to-cell communication, and an organism's overall physiology.
Incomplete question :
In a common bipedal primate, whose body temperature is 38oC, the ionic concentrations inside and outside a typical nerve cell are shown below Ion Inside Outside
Na+ 10 mM, 150 mM
K+ 112 mM, 3 mM
Cl- 4 mM, 88 mM
a) Calculate the equilibrium potentials for Na+, K+, and Cl-.
b) What is the most positive voltage to which an action potential could go in this organism?
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Consider a system with virtual address spaces for processes of 96 pages of 1,024 bytes each. The system has a physical memory of 32 frames.
(a) How many bits are there in a virtual address? How many bits make up the page number and how many make up the offset?
(b) How many bits are there in a physical address? How many bits make up the page number and how many make up the offset?
The virtual address is composed of 7 bits for the page number and 10 bits for the offset and the physical address is composed of 5 bits for the frame number and 10 bits for the offset.
(a) To calculate the number of bits in a virtual address, we first find the total number of bytes in the address space:
96 pages x 1,024 bytes per page = 98,304 bytes
Since each byte has a unique address, we need log2(98,304) bits for the virtual address.
To determine the number of bits that make up the page number and the offset, we need to know the page size. Assuming a page size of 1,024 bytes, we have:
Page number bits = log2(96) = 7 bits
Offset bits = log2(1,024) = 10 bits
(b) Since the system has 32 frames of physical memory, we need log2(32) = 5 bits to represent the frame number in a physical address.
Assuming a page size of 1,024 bytes, the number of bits in a physical address is also 17 (5 bits for frame number and 10 bits for offset).
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The virtual address has 17 bits, with 7 bits for the page number and 10 bits for the offset. The physical address has 15 bits, with 5 bits for the page number and 10 bits for the offset.
(a) In this system, there are 96 pages of 1,024 bytes each, which makes the virtual address space size 96 x 1,024 bytes. To represent 96 pages, we need 7 bits (since 2^6 = 64 < 96 ≤ 2^7 = 128). To represent 1,024 bytes, we need 10 bits (since 2^10 = 1,024). Therefore, there are 7 bits for the page number and 10 bits for the offset, making a total of 17 bits in a virtual address.
(b) The system has 32 frames in physical memory. To represent 32 frames, we need 5 bits (since 2^5 = 32). Since each frame also has 1,024 bytes, we still need 10 bits for the offset. Hence, there are 5 bits for the page number and 10 bits for the offset, making a total of 15 bits in a physical address.
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what is a technique that can give images of individual atoms and molecules?
Answer:
Explanation:
A technique that can provide images of individual atoms and molecules is called Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM). STM is a powerful imaging technique in the field of nanotechnology that allows researchers to visualize and manipulate atoms and molecules at the atomic scale. It works by using a very sharp, conductive tip that is brought close to the surface of the sample, and a small voltage is applied between the tip and the sample. This results in a tunneling current, which is highly sensitive to the distance between the tip and the sample. By scanning the tip across the surface and measuring the tunneling current, researchers can obtain detailed images of the atomic and molecular structure of the material.
Answer:
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has made it possible to actually see individual atoms and molecules.
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a single electron in an orbital has quantum numbers n = 3, ℓ = 0, mℓ = 0, ms =-½. what are the quantum numbers for the next electron added to this orbital?
The quantum numbers for the next electron added to this orbital are n = 3, ℓ = 0, mℓ = 0, and ms = +½.
The quantum numbers for an electron in an orbital describe its energy level, angular momentum, magnetic moment, and spin. Based on the given quantum numbers for the first electron, we can determine the possible quantum numbers for the next electron added to this orbital.
The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers, so the quantum numbers for the second electron must be different from the first electron.
We know that the first electron has the following quantum numbers:
Principal quantum number (n) = 3
Azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) = 0
Magnetic quantum number (mℓ) = 0
Spin quantum number (ms) = -½
Since the azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) is 0, the first electron is in an s orbital. An s orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, and when two electrons are in the same orbital, they must have opposite spins.
Therefore, the quantum numbers for the second electron added to this orbital must be:
Principal quantum number (n) = 3
Azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) = 0
Magnetic quantum number (mℓ) = 0 (since the s orbital has only one orientation)
Spin quantum number (ms) = +½ (since it must have the opposite spin to the first electron, which has ms = -½).
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g an enzyme is operating at its optimum ph. if the ph were increased, how would the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction change? a. decrease b. would not change c. increase d. could increase or decrease
If an enzyme is operating at its optimum pH and the pH was increased, the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction would likely decrease (option A).
This is because enzymes have an optimal pH range for their activity, and deviations from this range can cause denaturation or reduced efficiency of the enzyme.
Enzymes are sensitive to pH and their activity can be affected by changes in the pH of the environment. Each enzyme has an optimal pH range in which it functions most efficiently, and any deviation from this range can lead to a decrease in its activity. The optimal pH range for enzymes is usually between pH 6 and 8, which is close to the pH range found in most living organisms.
If the pH is too low or too high, the enzyme may become denatured, which means that its three-dimensional structure is altered and it loses its ability to bind to its substrate. This can result in a decrease in enzymatic activity and ultimately lead to a loss of function.
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Classify Mg(OH)2 as a
strong base or a weak base?
Strong Base
Weak Base
Answer:
Explanation:
Answer
It's a very strong base. The closer you are to column 1 you are, the stronger the base.
following. felewing 19 kilametere ner hour? (Round your answor to ane cecimal pisce.) IPm
The average speed is approximately 19.0 kilometers per hour.
When we say the average speed is approximately 19.0 kilometers per hour, it means that over a given time period, the object or person in question traveled a total distance of 19.0 kilometers divided by the total time it took to cover that distance. In this case, the given speed is 19 kilometers per hour.
To calculate the average speed, we use the formula:
Average Speed = Total Distance / Total Time
In the given question, the speed is already mentioned as 19 kilometers per hour. So, we can conclude that the total distance covered is 19 kilometers.
However, to find the total time taken, we need more information. The question only provides the speed but not the duration of the journey. Without knowing the total time, we cannot determine the average speed accurately. Therefore, in the absence of further information about the time, we can only state that the average speed is approximately 19.0 kilometers per hour based on the given speed.
Average speed and how it is calculated by considering the total distance and total time traveled.
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What is the scientific name for an orca or killer whale?
FIRST ONE WILL BE MARKED “BRAINIEST”
Explanation:
Orcinus orca is the name of orca
A typical fluorescent light bulb contains argon gas and mercury vapor. If the total gas pressure in a fluorescent light bulb is 307.1 Pa and the partial pressure of the argon gas is 306.0 Pa, what is the partial pressure of the mercury vapor?
If the total gas pressure in a fluorescent light bulb is 307.1 Pa and the partial pressure of the argon gas is 306.0 Pa, the partial pressure of the mercury vapor is 30.71 Pa.
What is partial pressure of a gas?The thermodynamic activity of a gas's molecules is evaluated by its partial pressure. Gases react, disperse, and dissolve based on their partial pressures rather than the concentrations they have in liquids or other gas combinations.
In a mixture of gases, each constituent gas has a partial pressure which is the notional pressure of that constituent gas as if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature. The total pressure of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture (Dalton's Law).
According to Dalton's Law,
P = P₁ + P₂
where,
P is the total gas pressure
P₁ is the partial pressure of Argon gas
P₂ is the partial pressure of Mercury vapor
Partial pressure of a gas is the product of total pressure and the mole fraction of the gas in the mixture.
P₁ = P × n₁
where,
n₁ is the mole fraction of argon gas
So,
n₁ = P₁/P
Substituting the values;
n₁ = 0.9
Now,
n₂ = 1 - 0.9 = 0.1
According to the formula;
P₂ = P × n₂ = 307.1 × 0.1 = 30.71 Pa
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Crossing a Dd parent with another Dd parent results in
the name of the compound with the formula alcl3 is_____
The name of the compound with the formula AlCl₃ is Aluminium chloride.
Aluminum chloride formula is AlCl₃ because it is an ionic compound that is formed between aluminum cations and chloride anions . In this compound, each aluminum ion donates three valence electrons to three chloride ions, forming three Al-Cl bonds.
Aluminum has three valence electrons in its outermost energy level, while chlorine has seven valence electrons. By gaining one electron from aluminum, each chlorine atom can complete its outermost energy level with eight electrons (an octet), following the octet rule. Each Al ion can bond with three Cl ions to complete the octet rule and form a stable compound. The resulting formula AlCl₃ reflects the fact that each aluminum ion is bonded to three chloride ions, and each chloride ion is bonded to one aluminum ion.
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which of the following uses mechanical energy to function?
A. computer
B. battery
C. microwave oven
D. windmill
Which particle has a negative charge?
A. A beta particle
B.
An aluminum ion
C.
An alpha particle
D.
A lithium ion
Answer: A
Explanation: Beta particles have a charge of -1
4. 35 L of a gas is at 1. 16 atm. What will be its
volume at 1 atm?
k
0 0. 267 L
0 0. 198 L
0. 0185 L
5. 05 L
3. 75 L
The volume of the gas at 1 atm will be 5.05 L. Option D is correct.
To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas:
P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂
where P₁, V₁, and T₁ are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively, and P₂ and V₂ are the final pressure and volume, respectively.
Assuming the temperature is constant, we can rearrange the equation to solve for V₂:
V₂ = (P₁/P₂) × V₁
Plugging in the given values, we get:
V₂ = (1.16 atm/1 atm) × 4.35 L = 5.046 L
Therefore, the volume of the gas at 1 atm will be approximately 5.05 L (rounded to three significant figures).
Hence, D. 5. 05 L is the correct option.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"4. 35 L of a gas is at 1. 16 atm. What will be its volume at 1 atm? k A) 0 0. 267 L B) 0 0. 198 L C) 0. 0185 L D) 5. 05 L E) 3. 75 L"--
Given the particulate model which depicts the mechanism for the decomposition of NO2, answer the following questions.What is the chemical formula for the intermediate? Write a balanced equation for the overall chemical reaction. Do not add states of matter.
{2 NO2 ->[\Delta] 2NO + O2} This reaction is an exothermic reaction and occurs in an Oxidation-Reduction Reaction and balanced equation for the overall chemical reaction
Overview of NO2 Decomposition The decomposition of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a complex chemical reaction that involves a series of intermediate steps. In its most basic form, the overall reaction can be described as NO2 reacting with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide (NO) and oxygen (O2). The particulate model of this reaction shows the detailed steps involved in the reaction. Intermediate Steps The particulate model of the NO2 decomposition process begins with NO2 reacting with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide (NO) and oxygen (O2). This is a two-step reaction, with the first step being the formation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygen (O2) as intermediate products:
{2 NO2 <=>[\Delta] NO2 + O2}
The second step is the reaction of the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygen (O2) to form nitrogen monoxide (NO) and oxygen (O2):
{2 NO2 + O2 ->[\Delta] 2NO + O2}
Balanced Equation The overall chemical reaction for the decomposition of NO2 can be expressed as a balanced equation:
{2 NO2 ->[\Delta] 2NO + O2} The reaction is an exothermic reaction and produces heat. This is an example of an Oxidation-Reduction Reaction, as the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is oxidized to form the nitrogen monoxide (NO), while the oxygen (O2) is reduced to form oxygen (O2).
The decomposition of NO2 is a complex chemical reaction that involves a series of intermediate steps. The particulate model of the reaction shows the detailed steps involved in the reaction, starting with the formation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygen (O2) as intermediate products, and then the reaction of the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygen (O2) to form nitrogen monoxide (NO) and oxygen (O2). The overall chemical reaction for the decomposition of NO2 can be expressed as a balanced equation. This reaction is an exothermic reaction and occurs in an Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
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if each reactant molecule in the above image represents 0.0800mol and the reaction yield is 77.%, how many grams of si-containing product form? round your answer to 2 significant figures. g
1.73 grams of Silicon-containing product forms.
To find the amount of product formed, we need to first find the number of moles of product produced by multiplying the number of moles of the reactant by the reaction yield (0.77). Then we can convert the number of moles to grams using the molar mass of the product.
0.0800 mol * 0.77 = 0.0616 mol product
The molar mass of silicon (Si) is 28.09 g/mol, so the mass of the product can be found as follows:
0.0616 mol * 28.09 g/mol = 1.73 g (rounded to 2 significant figures)
So, 1.73 grams of Si-containing product forms.
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How many total atoms are in 12 NaBr?
If 2.22g of NaCl was recovered after the reaction of 0.050L of hydrochloric acid and 0.033L of sodium hydroxide. What was the molarity of the base used in this experiment?
The molarity of the base used in the experiment, which was determined based on the recovered NaCl and the volumes of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, was approximately 1.15 M.
To determine the molarity of the base used in the experiment, we need to use the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation and the given data.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is:
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
First, we need to find the number of moles of NaCl produced. We can do this by using the given mass of NaCl (2.22 g) and its molar mass (58.44 g/mol):
moles of NaCl = mass of NaCl / molar mass of NaCl
moles of NaCl = 2.22 g / 58.44 g/mol
moles of NaCl = 0.038 moles
Next, we can use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to determine the number of moles of NaOH that reacted. Since the mole ratio between NaCl and NaOH is 1:1, the number of moles of NaOH is also 0.038 moles.
Now, we can calculate the molarity of the base (sodium hydroxide) using the given volume of sodium hydroxide solution (0.033 L):
Molarity of NaOH = moles of NaOH / volume of NaOH solution
Molarity of NaOH = 0.038 moles / 0.033 L
Molarity of NaOH ≈ 1.15 M
Therefore, the molarity of the base used in the experiment is approximately 1.15 M.
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Why are computer models useful in studying phenomena in the universe?
Answer:
Computer Models are used to study the complex phenomena in the universe.
Explanation:
The term 'models' can be defined as a representation of something that is real. A model is used to learn the phenomena of the natural world for easy understanding of it.
The computer models are used to study the large and complex data in the universe. These models are used to perform various calculations that, in real, would take years to do. It helps in studying the changes in variables, which in turn helps the scientist to know of any climatic change, or other changes in the nature.