A lifting clause is the clause that gives the borrower the ability to replace the primary finance instrument with another without affecting the position of the subordinate instrument.
What is a lifting clause?In a financial market or dealing, the lifting clause refers to thr provision in a second, third, or junior mortgage that typically allows the liens ahead of it to be paid off and refinanced for the same or a lesser amount; all these without sacrificing their priority in lien positions.
In a mortgage deal, without the lifting clause, an investors with second mortgages could never refinance the first ones because, the instant the first mortgage was paid off and the second lien-holder would immediately advance to first position.
In conclusion, the lifting clause is the clause that gives the borrower the ability to replace the primary finance instrument with another without affecting the position of the subordinate instrument.
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During the manage communications process, project managers must continuously monitor relationships, communications, and lessons learned in order to manage stakeholder expectations. a. true b. false
The statement During the manage communications process, project managers must continuously monitor relationships, communications, and lessons learned in order to manage stakeholder expectations is: a. true.
Who is a stakeholder?A stakeholder can be defined as a workers or employees that involve in the day to day running or operation of a business.
This people tend to have the interest of the company they work at mind as they ensures the goals and objective of the company is achieved.
Therefore the statement During the manage communications process, project managers must continuously monitor relationships, communications, and lessons learned in order to manage stakeholder expectations is: a. true.
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On a day with a high of 30°C, the café
can expect to have about blank in
beverage sales.
On a day with a high of 30°C, the café can expect to have about cold in beverage sales.
How can it be explained in detail?The type of café, where it is located, what day of the week it is, what time of day it is, and other weather variables like humidity, precipitation, and wind can all affect the sales of drinks.
So it seems to reason that on a hot day like this, people would be more likely to buy cool and reviving beverages like iced coffee, iced tea, lemonade, or soft drinks. It Is possible that sales of hot beverages like coffee or hot chocolate may be lower than normal. To draw guests and boost sales, the café can also think about implementing seasonal specials or promotions.
In the end, a number of variables will determine the precise volume of beverage sales on a hot day.
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Gilman argues that because the traditional division of labor makes women economically dependent on men, women focus on:____.
Gilman argues that because the traditional division of labor makes women economically dependent on men, women focus on their independence.
Following the Marxist tradition, Gilman analyzed the political and economic factors that produce and reproduce gender inequality. He then argues that the division of labor of the traditional family is inherently problematic because it makes women economically dependent on men.
This means that the traditional division of labor strips women of their freedom, and so because of this a woman's social status and economic means are gained not through her own labor, but through that of her husband. Thus, women focus on their independence.
Hence, Gilman argued that women work longer and harder than most men, and not solely in maternal duties.
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A company database needs to store information about employees (identified by IDno, with salary and phone as details), departments (identified by dno, with dname and budget as details), and children of employees (with name and age as details). Employees work in departments; each department is managed by an employee; a child must be identified uniquely by name when the parent (who is an employee; assume that only one parent works for the company) is known. We are not interested in information about a child once the parent leaves the company. Draw an ER model that captures this information. The answer should also show clear entities, attributes, relationships, and possible cardinality
The ER model includes three entities: Employee (IDno, Salary, Phone), Department (dno, Dname, Budget), and Child (Name, Age). The relationships are: Employees work in departments (WorksIn, 1:1), each department is managed by an employee (Manages, 1:1), and an employee can have multiple children (HasChild, 1:N).
The ER model captures the information about employees, departments, and children in a concise manner. The Employee entity includes attributes such as IDno (employee identifier), Salary, and Phone. The Department entity includes attributes like dno (department identifier), Dname (department name), and Budget. The Child entity includes attributes Name and Age.
The relationships in the model are represented as follows:
1. Employees work in departments: This relationship (WorksIn) indicates that one employee works in one department (1:1 cardinality).
2. Each department is managed by an employee: This relationship (Manages) signifies that one employee manages one department (1:1 cardinality).
3. An employee can have multiple children: This relationship (HasChild) denotes that one employee can have multiple children (1:N cardinality).
The ER model diagram would visually represent these entities, attributes, relationships, and their respective cardinalities. It helps to understand the structure and connections between the entities in the database design.
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Mr. Umar operates a photography studio as a sole proprietorship. His average income from the business is $100,000. Because Mr. Umar does not need the entire cash flow for personal consumption, he is considering incorporating (joining) the business. He will work as a corporate employee for $40,000 annual salary, and the corporation will accumulate its after-tax income to fund future business expansion. Assume that Mr. Umar's marginal income tax rate is 32 percent. Calculate Mr. Umar's total taxes; corporate and individual tax burden (liability).
Mr. Umar's total taxes, combining the corporate tax burden and individual tax burden, would amount to $66,600.
Understanding Tax BurdenTo calculate Mr. Umar's total taxes, we need to determine the corporate tax burden (liability) and the individual tax burden (liability).
Corporate Tax Burden:
Calculate the corporation's after-tax income:
Corporation's after-tax income = Average income - Mr. Umar's salary
Corporation's after-tax income = $100,000 - $40,000 = $60,000
Calculate the corporate tax liability:
Corporate tax liability = Corporation's after-tax income * Corporate tax rate
Corporate tax liability = $60,000 * (1 - corporate tax rate)
Assuming a corporate tax rate of 21% (the current U.S. federal corporate tax rate), the calculation would be:
Corporate tax liability = $60,000 * (1 - 0.21) = $60,000 * 0.79 = $47,400
Individual Tax Burden:
Calculate the personal income after deducting the salary:
Personal income = Average income - Mr. Umar's salary
Personal income = $100,000 - $40,000 = $60,000
Calculate the individual tax liability:
Individual tax liability = Personal income * Marginal income tax rate
Assuming a marginal income tax rate of 32%, the calculation would be:
Individual tax liability = $60,000 * 0.32 = $19,200
Total Taxes:
Total taxes = Corporate tax liability + Individual tax liability
Total taxes = $47,400 + $19,200 = $66,600
Therefore, Mr. Umar's total taxes, combining the corporate tax burden and individual tax burden, would amount to $66,600.
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For Tesla, the Model S represents a
(BCG) market growth/market share matrix.
on the Boston Consulting Group
The answer is "star" and its further explanation can be defined as follows:
The Tesla Model S is pleasant during the day, but fitness and finish are something to want. When heading for just a quick ring all-around city or heading off to the other side, Model S 2020 is full of space and luxury. It is a quality rating of 7 out of 10.The Tesla Model S is the top U.S. car with an overall score of 70 in the ultra-luxury car category. The top-range model S is 373 miles long and has one of today's largest ranges. For Tesla, Model S is a star in the growth/market share matrix of the Boston Consulting Group. The hunting for a high-quality premium car, Tesla Model S.Its overall design is maybe 10-years old, but the type S still sets a baseline for all EVs, and it has an unmatched driving range. The Model S is rather costly at $80,000 on the other hand.That's why the correct answer is "star".
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Businesses offer many of the marketing functions, and consumers usually take part in _____ when they make purchases.
- at least five
- one or more
- all
- one
Answer:
one or more
Explanation:
Businesses offer many marketing functions, and consumers usually take part in one or more when they make purchases. The correct option is B.
What is the role of marketing to consumers?Marketing's goals are to interact with customers, provide information, and add value to their lives. Discovering what their customers want and need, then meeting those needs through the products and services they provide, is how businesses decide how to best market to consumers.
The aspect of marketing that is most widely recognized is promotion. The majority of audiences would be familiar with the traditional and digital marketing strategies included. Activities aimed at interacting with consumers, educating them about the company and its offerings, and persuading them to make purchases are referred to as promotional activities.
Thus, the ideal selection is option B.
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1. What types of the goods have elastic demand-
i. Non-essential or essential goods?
1. More substitutes or less substitutes?
Answer:
i.Non essential goods
ii.More substitute
stp analysis occurs during which step of the marketing planning process? multiple choice question. third fourth first second
STP analysis occurs during the second step of the marketing planning process- Targeting. The second stage of the marketing planning process is STP analysis. This is a critical step in the marketing planning process.
The STP (Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning) analysis is critical to a company's success in achieving its marketing objectives.
STP is a three-step process that entails segmenting the target market, selecting a target market, and then positioning the product or service to appeal to that target market.
The second stage of the marketing planning process is STP analysis. This is a critical step in the marketing planning process.
It is critical because it allows the marketer to identify and choose the target market that the company intends to pursue.The following are the steps involved in the STP analysis:
Segmentation: This step involves dividing the entire market into smaller segments. This is accomplished by identifying customers who have similar needs, characteristics, or behaviors.
Targeting: The next step is to choose a target market that the company intends to pursue. The target market should be sufficiently large to be profitable but not too large to be saturated.
Positioning: Finally, the product or service is positioned to appeal to the target market that has been chosen. The marketer must ensure that the product or service is positioned in such a way that it will appeal to the target market.
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Calculating adjustments. LO 5−2 1. A firm purchased a three-year insurance policy for $27,000 on July 1,20X1. The $27,000 wos debited to the Prepaid insurance account 2. On December 1, 20X1 a firm signed a contract with a local radio station for advertising that will extend over a fwo-year period. The firm poid $72000 in advance and debited the amount to Prepaid Advertising. Prepare end of month adjusting enthes for each of the above stuations. Journal entry worksheet Prepare the adjusting entry for insurance. Note: Enter debits before credits. Prepare end-of-month adjusting entries for each of the above situations, Journal entry worksheet Prepare the adjusting entry for advertising. Note: Enter deblits before credits. Prepare end-of-month adjusting entries for each of the above situations
The adjusting entries for the insurance and advertising situations are made to recognize the portion of prepaid amounts that have been used up or expired during the month. These entries reflect the proper matching of expenses with the related period and ensure accurate financial reporting.
Adjusting Entry for Insurance:
To record the adjustment for the prepaid insurance, we need to recognize the portion of insurance expense that has been incurred during the month.
Journal Entry:
Date: End of month (December 31, 20X1)
Prepaid Insurance (Asset) $7,250
Insurance Expense (Expense) $7,250
The original prepaid insurance amount of $27,000 was for a three-year policy. Since only half a year has passed (from July 1, 20X1, to December 31, 20X1), we need to adjust the prepaid insurance account to reflect the portion that has been used up or expired.
To calculate the adjustment amount, we divide the prepaid insurance by the number of periods in the policy's duration:
$27,000 / 3 years = $9,000 per year
Since half a year has passed, the adjustment is calculated as:
$9,000 / 2 = $4,500
By debiting the Prepaid Insurance account for $7,250 (original balance - adjustment) and crediting Insurance Expense for the same amount, we recognize $4,500 of insurance expense for the period.
Adjusting Entry for Advertising:
To record the adjustment for the prepaid advertising, we need to recognize the portion of advertising expense that has been incurred during the month.
Journal Entry:
Date: End of month (December 31, 20X1)
Prepaid Advertising (Asset) $30,000
Advertising Expense (Expense) $30,000
The original prepaid advertising amount of $72,000 was for a two-year contract. Since only one month has passed (from December 1, 20X1, to December 31, 20X1), we need to adjust the prepaid advertising account to reflect the portion that has been used up or expired.
To calculate the adjustment amount, we divide the prepaid advertising by the number of periods in the contract's duration:
$72,000 / 2 years = $36,000 per year
Since one month has passed, the adjustment is calculated as:
$36,000 / 12 months = $3,000
By debiting the Prepaid Advertising account for $30,000 (original balance - adjustment) and crediting Advertising Expense for the same amount, we recognize $3,000 of advertising expense for the period.
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Peter is planning his finances for the next couple of years. He wants to save money to eventually buy a house because he will be getting married
soon. He has created a savings plan revolving around his necessary expenses, and he has set a target of three years to save up a down payment
for a house. At which phase of the financial life cycle is Peter in?
Peter is in the____
phase of the financial life cycle.
Which are examples of a service business? (Check all that apply)
Ford Dealership
Southwest Airlines
Procter & Gamble
McDonalds
Answer: Southwest Airlines, Ford Dealership & McDonalds
Explanation: For ex, airlines, banks, electronic support providers, law firms, plumbing repair companies, movie theaters, and managing management consulting firms are pure service companies. Foodservice McDonald's outlets. In more than 100 countries worldwide, these restaurants offer a diverse, but small value list.
Which are guidelines for using Themes?
Check all that apply.
A. Using different cell styles can help you differentiate different types of data.
B. Fonts should be easily readable and of appropriate size.
C. You cannot customize the default themes.
D. Be consistent with themes across worksheets and workbooks.
E. Applying a new theme will only change cells in a workbook that have no other formatting applied.
Answer:
I think it's D. or A. or B. but I mostly think it's D. Be consistent with themes across worksheets and workbooks
Statements that explains the guidelines when using a Theme are: A. Using different cell styles can help you differentiate different types of data.
B. Fonts should be easily readable and of appropriate size.
C. You cannot customize the default themes.
WordPress theme can be regarded as a group of files, these file can contains graphics, style sheets as well as code, which will give overall appearance of a blog or website.In using this, we can follow some guidelines such as; making use of more than a cell can help in differentiatiation of different types of data, default themes cannot be customized, and the selection of fonts should be made carefully.Therefore, option, ABC are correct.
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Requiring managers to prepare the budgets from scratch or zero-base may help them to overcome the problem of:
Answer: Excessive cost
Explanation:
Zero-based budgeting is the sort of budgeting where when income is subtracted from expenses it gives zero. This sort of budgeting puts a measure of the expenses, it ensures the expenses matches the income. The purpose of the budget plan is to justify expenses and optimize cost, thereby look out for cost effective ways to plan and avoid inflated budgets. It primarily guides against excessive costs on projects.
practice management systems can be "rented" from practice management systems over the internet. true/false
True. Practice management systems can be rented or subscribed to from providers over the Internet, allowing practices to access the system without having to purchase and maintain their own software and hardware.
The practice management systems can be "rented" or subscribed to as a service from providers over the Internet. This is often referred to as Software as a Service (SaaS) or cloud-based solutions. One important application that is part of practice management software is medical billing services. This application helps to ensure that all claims are paid on time and enables the medical practice to expand by offering patients' services. The ability to streamline and coordinate the financial and logistical aspects of your practice is provided by employing the medical practice management system, which will enable you to develop your medical practice effectively.
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Which section of a business plan gives details about a business’s core products and services?
The section of a business plan talks about a business’s core products and services, and their features and benefits to the consumers.
Answer:
Executive summary.
Explanation:
A business plan can be defined as a formally written document that comprises of the financial and operational objectives (plans) of a business firm.
Basically, a business plan is a roadmap or guide that outline the goals of a business, methods on how to achieve those goals, and the timeframe required to achieve those goals.
A business plan should be written in such a way that it comprises of all the important informations that an investor looks out for, in order to convince him or her to invest money in the business. Thus, the main section (contents) of a business plan include the following;
I. Title page.
II. Market analysis and competition.
III. Industry overview.
IV. Operating plan.
V. Sales and marketing plan.
VI. Financial plan.
VII. Management plan.
VIII. Appendices and exhibits.
IX. Executive summary.
The executive summary section of a business plan talks about a business’s core products and services, and their features and benefits to the consumers. Thus, the executive summary is the most important section of a business plan because it provides a concise summary of the business and it's the first section to be seen by an investor.
1. The preferred stock of a company pays a quarterly dividend of $3 forever. What is the present value of all dividends? (Assume the discount rate is 3% per quarter.)
2.Suppose a corporate bond that makes semiannual payments has 5 years to maturity. The coupon rate of this bond is 6%, and the yield to maturity is 8%. The bond’s par value is $1,000. What is the bond’s price?
3.You expect to receive three cash flows: $3,000 paid after 2 years, $6,000 paid after 4 years, and $8,000 paid after 6 years. The annual interest rate is 5%. What is the present value of the combined cash flows?
1. The present value of the preferred stock:Dividend = 3 per quarter,Discount rate = 3% per quarter,Present value of an annuity can be calculated using the formula below:PV = (C / r)(1 - (1 / (1 + r)ⁿ))
Where,PV = present value of an annuity,C = cash flow (payment) per period,r = discount rate,n = number of periods
For quarterly payments, n = 4, so we have:PV = (3 / 0.03)(1 - (1 / (1 + 0.03)¹⁶))
PV = 75(1 - (1 / 1.605))
PV = 75(0.3772)
PV = 28.29
The present value of the preferred stock's dividends is 28.29.
2. The price of the bond can be calculated as follows:Par value of the bond = 1,000,Coupon rate = 6%,Yield to maturity = 8%,Maturity = 5 years.The bond makes semiannual payments, so the number of periods is n = 2 x 5 = 10 years.
We use the formula below to calculate the price of the bond:P = C * (1 - 1 / (1 + r)ⁿ) / r + FV / (1 + r)ⁿ
Where,P = price of the bond,C = coupon payment per period,FV = face value or par value of the bond,r = periodic discount rate (yield to maturity / 2) = 0.04,n = number of periods (10)
substitute the values into the formula:P = 30 * (1 - 1 / (1 + 0.08 / 2)¹⁰) / (0.08 / 2) + $1,000 / (1 + 0.08 / 2)¹⁰
P = 30 * (1 - 1 / 1.46933) / 0.04 + 1,000 / 1.46933⁵
P = 30 * 0.3186 / 0.04 + 1,000 / 1.73596
P = 238.95 + $577.68
P = 816.63
Therefore, the price of the bond is 816.63.
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Managers are responsible for helping ___ to understand and follow their company's code of ethics
Answer:
Managers are responsible for helping employees to understand and follow their company's code of ethics
Managers are responsible for helping employees to understand and follow their company's code of ethics.
What are a code of ethics and its importance?It offers a common set of guidelines or expectations that everyone in the field must follow. It describes the industry's best practices. It serves as a foundation for achieving compliance with the profession's regulations. It gives the profession a legal standard.
The code of ethics outlines the company's values, standards, and expectations for ethical behavior. It is the manager's role to ensure that employees are aware of these values and understand how they relate to their job duties and responsibilities.
Managers are responsible for creating a culture of ethics within their teams and the organization as a whole. This means that they must lead by example and demonstrate ethical behavior themselves, while also holding their employees accountable for their actions.
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in the mid nineteenth century the concept of
newspapers changed from __ to __
In the mid-nineteenth century, the concept of newspapers changed from political to social.
The mid-nineteenth century was a time when the concept of newspapers changed from political to social. In the 1830s, newspapers began to expand their readership by appealing to the general public. Previously, newspapers had primarily catered to the political interests of the elite, but they now included stories about social events and human-interest stories.
What is a Newspaper?
A newspaper is a regular publication that provides information to the general public, usually printed on newsprint and distributed weekly or daily. Newspaper can be defined as a printed publication that includes news, articles, photographs, and other information.
Newspapers are distributed to a wide range of readers, with the goal of informing the public about current events and news in an unbiased and comprehensive manner.
Hence, In the mid-nineteenth century, the concept of newspapers changed from political to social.
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the foreign corrupt practices act outlawed question 13 options: accounting fraud. price collusion. corruption in government. bribery of officials in other countries. executive misconduct.
The foreign corrupt practices act outlawed d. bribery of officials in other countries.
What is corrupt practices act?
The United States passed the Federal Corrupt Practices Act, often known as the Publicity Act, in 1910 and revised it in 1911 and 1925. Up until the Federal Election Campaign Act was passed in 1971, it remained the basic legislation of the country governing campaign funding in federal elections. On June 25, 1910, President William Howard Taft signed the Act.
For House general elections, the Act set expenditure caps for political parties. By mandating political party national committees to provide post-election reports on their contributions to particular candidates and their own expenditures, it was the first federal law to call for the public disclosure of spending by political parties but not by candidates.
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Shaili bought a bond from Penny’s Pickles, Inc at par value ($1000) with a coupon rate of 6% and a maturity date 10 years in the future...
If interest rates are currently 3.5%, and Shaili sold the bond today, would she expect to get more than, less than, or equal to $1000 for it?
Answer:
I believe its less than.
Explanation:
Sorry if I am wrong
will give 41 points
C. now that company Z has a list of options for improvements, how can they use step three and four of the decision making process to solve some of their problems
D. The final step of the decision making process is very important what does this step offer for company z once they have made decisions and implemented them?
Steps 3 and 4 of the decision-making process allow the company Z to evaluate the best possible alternative based on the company's available resources. Also, step 6 allows you to evaluate that decision and learn from it.
What is the decision making process?The decision-making process is a set of actions that a company can take to improve some of its activities. Generally, the decision-making process is made up of the following 6 steps:
Identify the problem.Review the objective.Identify available resources.Identify possible alternatives.Make the most convenient decision.Execute, evaluate and learn.According to the above, steps 3 and 4, allow the company to identify the resources available to solve a problem and identify the alternatives to solve that problem with the available resources.
Additionally, step 6 allows you to implement the decision that they made and constantly improve by reviewing the results of that decision.
Note: This question is incomplete because there is some information missing. However, I can answer it based on my prior knowledge.
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Answer:
The first one is right... I got it right because of the first answer... thank you!
Explanation:
i like peopel but people dont like me so what do i do i woulder why so can so who can help me please because no one wants to so please help me.
Your salary is one thing to consider when reviewing a job
offer but benefits are also important. Which of the
following would NOT be a part of your benefits package?
•Paid time off
•Healthcare insurance
•Disability Insurance
•Free technology equipment
Paid holidays, health insurance, life insurance, retirement benefits, gratuities, and other perks may be included in employee benefit packages. Benefits for employees don't take into account how well they perform.
What makes a decent benefits package?Holidays, personal days, sick days, and other leave from work. contributions to retirement and pension are plans included in employee benefit packages . Employees' or their families' tuition aid or reimbursement. discounts on goods and services provided by the business; housing. 401(k) plan includes company match. Medical, dental, and vision insurance for workers with a variety of coverage/co-pay alternatives. Fitness centre or gym reimbursement of $100 per month. 10 paid vacation days each year.
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How do you think companies determine the price for their products?
Answer:
Companies typically know the gross profit margin they need to pay back their expenses and generate positive net income and cash flow. Once your company knows the cost of sales (cost of goods and services sold) of a particular product and the Gross Profit Margin Target it wants, it can easily employ a GPMT strategy.
Discuss any five advantages of the mixed economic system
*ECONOMICS* Which situation best illustrates the concept of absolute advantage?
O A. A factory in Vietnam can produce more shoes than other
countries.
O B. The total value of U.S. exports is lower than the value of the
country's imports.
O C. A software company is forced to increase its prices to pay for
rising labor costs.
D. A restaurant buys its ingredients from nearby farms to help the
local economy.
Answer:
O A. A factory in Vietnam can produce more shoes than other
countries.
Explanation:
Absolute advantage is the capability of a commercial entity to produce goods using fewer resources compared to rivals. Using the same inputs, an entity with an absolute advantage produces a larger output compared to competitors. It means the firm has a lower marginal cost of production. Therefore, its products will have the lowest prices in the market.
The factory in Vietnam has an absolute advantage in producing shoes. It is using fewer resources than rivals to manufacture shoes, that why it is producing a higher quantity.
Q5 (10 marks) Show All WorkingsJohnson is considering the purchase of Happy Valley Acres, a 300-unit apartment complex. She has hired Carson to advise her on the investment. Carson has estimated the following data for Happy Valley Acres for the next accounting period:Potential rental income = $3.80 millionVacancy rate = 3.5%Insurance costs = $250,000Financing costs = $940,000Property taxes = $400,000Utility expense = $120,000Repair costs = $200,000Depreciation = $350,000Required return = 8%Calculate the net operating income (NOI) and property value.
Johnson's investment advisor, Carson, has provided her with the data needed to calculate the net operating income and property value of the Happy Valley Acres apartment complex.
Net Operating Income (NOI):
NOI = Potential rental income - Vacancy rate - Insurance costs - Financing costs - Property taxes - Utility expense - Repair costs - Depreciation
NOI = $3.80 million - 3.5% x $3.80 million - $250,000 - $940,000 - $400,000 - $120,000 - $200,000 - $350,000
NOI = $2,690,000
Property Value:
Property Value = NOI / required return
Property Value = $2,690,000 / 8%
Property Value = $33,625,000
Johnson's investment advisor, Carson, has provided her with the data needed to calculate the net operating income and property value of the Happy Valley Acres apartment complex. After deducting for vacancy rate, insurance costs, financing costs, property taxes, utility expenses, repairs and depreciation, the NOI is calculated to be $2,690,000. The property value is then calculated by dividing the NOI by the required return of 8%.
This results in a property value of $33,625,000. This provides Johnson with an indication of the return she can expect from her investment in the apartment complex.
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In general, the ____ risk you are willing to take the ____the possible return on your investments.
Answer: sexual aids
Explanation:
Random variations represent either increasing or decreasing movements over many years due to factors such as population growth, population shifts, cultural changes and income shifts.
Answer:
FALSE
Explanation:
THIS IS THE COMPLETE QUESTION
Trends representing either increasing or decreasing movements over many years due to factors such as population growth, population shifts, cultural changes, and income shifts are a component of a time series called "Random Variations"
Random Variation can be regarded as
tendency of an estimated size/ value of a parameter to undergo deviation randomly away from the real/ true magnitude/ value of the parameter.