Answer:
co2 oxide,nacl salt ,hcl acid
Which term describes the composition of matter shown in Figure E?
Answer:
Figure E is a compound
Explanation:
Compounds are constructed of 2 different elements
Analyze Data In the figure to the left, write the charge of the oxygen atom and the oxygen ion. Write the charge to the left of the word "charge."
The image that is shown is the gain of two electrons by the oxygen atom.
What is an ion?We have to note that when we talk about the term "ion" we are talking about such a specie that can be formed by the loss or gain of electrons. Thus an ion is positive if it formed by the loss of electrons and the ion is negative if it is formed by the gain of electrons.
In the case of the image that we have here, we can see that there is again of two electrons by the oxygen atom and this is how we form the oxygen ion that has ten electrons and eight protons.
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Which of the following states of matter has a definite shape?
A solids and liquids only
B. liquids and gases only
C.solids only
D. liquids only
Answer:
A. Solids and liquids only
Explanation:
10. A river in Texas starts at a natural spring of water. The spring water flows up into an area that is used as a swimming pool, and then flows into a river a few miles away. Eight million gallons of water flow out of the spring every hour. What would happen to the river if the natural spring no longer flowed? The river would -
If the natural spring that feeds the river in Texas were to stop flowing, it would have a significant impact on the river's ecosystem. The river's water level would gradually decrease, and it could even dry up completely in severe cases. This could lead to a loss of habitat for many aquatic species that depend on the river for survival. The lack of water could also result in the death of fish and other organisms that rely on the river's ecosystem.
Furthermore, the river's water quality could also be negatively affected. The spring water that flows into the river is likely to be clean and free of pollutants, but without it, the river's water quality could be compromised. Other sources of water that may flow into the river could contain pollutants or contaminants, leading to degraded water quality.
In addition to the impact on the ecosystem, the river's recreational use could also be affected. The swimming pool that is fed by the spring would no longer have a source of water, making it unusable. The decrease in the river's water level could also make it difficult for recreational activities such as fishing and boating.
Overall, the loss of the natural spring that feeds the river would have a significant impact on the river's ecosystem, water quality, and recreational use. It is essential to protect and conserve natural resources such as springs and rivers to maintain a healthy and sustainable environment for all living organisms
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Tarnish on silver is the compound Ag2O. A tarnished silver spoon is placed in an aluminum pan of boiling water. When enough salt is added so that the solution conducts electricity, the tarnish disappears.
Imagine that the two halves of this redox reaction were separated and connected with a wire and a salt bridge.
Calculate the standard cell potential given the following standard reduction potentials:
Al3+ + 3e- ---> Al Eo = -1.66 V
Ag+ + e- ---> Ag Eo = +0.799 V
Tthe standard cell potential of the redox reaction is 2.459 V.
To calculate the standard cell potential (E°cell), we subtract the reduction potential of the anode from the reduction potential of the cathode. The cathode is where reduction occurs, so we use the reduction potential of Ag, which is +0.799 V.
The anode is where oxidation occurs, so we use the reduction potential of Al and reverse the sign since it is an oxidation reaction, resulting in -1.66 V.
E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode
E°cell = +0.799 V - (-1.66 V)
E°cell = +0.799 V + 1.66 V
E°cell = 2.459 V
Therefore, the standard cell potential of the redox reaction is 2.459 V.
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Exercise 5.101 The elemental mass percent composition of salicylic acid is 60.87% C. 4.38% H, and 34.75% Part A Determine the empirical formula of salicylic acid
The empirical formula of salicylic acid is C2H2O.
The empirical formula of a compound represents the simplest, most reduced ratio of atoms in the compound. To determine the empirical formula of salicylic acid, we need to convert the given mass percent composition of each element into moles and find the ratio of the elements.
Given the mass percent composition, we can assume a 100g sample of salicylic acid. This means that in a 100g sample, there would be 60.87g of carbon, 4.38g of hydrogen, and 34.75g of oxygen.
To find the moles of each element, we divide the given masses by their respective atomic masses:
Moles of carbon (C) = 60.87g / 12.01 g/mol = 5.07 mol
Moles of hydrogen (H) = 4.38g / 1.01 g/mol = 4.34 mol
Moles of oxygen (O) = 34.75g / 16.00 g/mol = 2.17 mol
Next, we divide each element's mole value by the smallest mole value (in this case, oxygen) to get the simplest ratio:
Carbon: 5.07 mol / 2.17 mol = 2.34
Hydrogen: 4.34 mol / 2.17 mol = 2.00
Oxygen: 2.17 mol / 2.17 mol = 1.00
The resulting ratios are approximately 2.34:2.00:1.00, or approximately 2:2:1.
Therefore, the empirical formula of salicylic acid is C2H2O.
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In an exothermic the change in enthalpy is usually
Positive, because the potential energy of the reactants is higher than the potential energy of the products
Neutral, because the potential energy of the products and reactants cancel each other out.
Negative, because the potential energy of the reactants is higher than the potential energy of the products
Positive, because the potential energy of the reactants is lower than the potential energy of the products
Answer:
Negative, because the potential energy of the reactants is higher than the potential energy of the products
Explanation:
Exothermic reaction is a reaction in which heat is released to surrounding. This is due to the fact that the heat content of the reactant is higher than the heat content of product thus producing a negative enthalpy change (ΔH) i.e
Enthalpy change = Heat of product – Heat of reactant
ΔH = Hp – Hr = negative
Considering the options given in the question above, the correct answer is:
Negative, because the potential energy of the reactants is higher than the potential energy of the products
What is a binary ionic compound?An element.A compound made of two ions.A mixture.A compound made of two or more ions.
Answer
A compound made of two ions.
Explanation
A binary compound is a compound formed from two different elements. There may or may not be more than one of each element.
For a binary ionic compound, a metal will always be the first element in the formula, while a nonmetal will always be the second.
Hence, a binary ionic compound is a compound made of two ions.
Define the terms: Effusion of gas.
Answer:
Enhanced gas flow through the pore or capillary to another gaseous region or vacuum.
Explanation:
Answer:
Gaseous particles tend to undergo diffusion because they have kinetic energy. ... Effusion refers to the movement of gas particles through a small hole. Graham's Law states that the effusion rate of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles.
PLS GUYS ITS FOR 10TH GRADE CHEM
Answer:
1. 2.63x10^6
2. 39.2
Both answers have been rounded
33
-Involves electrons
-Happens outside atomic
nucleus
-Releases relatively small
amounts of energy
-Involves neutrons
-Happens inside atomic
nucleus
-Releases relative large
amounts of energy
How should the student label each circle in this diagram?
reaction A: chemical; reaction B: nuclear
reaction A: nuclear: reaction B: chemical
reaction A: strong nuclear; reaction B: weak nuclear
reaction A: weak nuclear; reaction B: strong nuclear
Reaction A is chemical, while Reaction B is nuclear, is the proper response. Electrons are involved in chemical processes that take place outside of the atomic nucleus and release modest quantities of energy.
On the other hand, nuclear processes, which take place inside the atomic nucleus and include neutrons, release comparatively high levels of energy. The terms "weak nuclear" and "strong nuclear," which describe the forces that hold protons and neutrons together in the nucleus, are inapplicable in this situation.
These forces are not present in chemical and nuclear reactions, which are fundamentally distinct processes. Nuclear reactions entail the conversion of one element into another, whereas chemical reactions require the building and breaking of chemical bonds.
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Convert Aspartame "C14H18O5N2" from particles to moles
Answer/Explanation :Molecules of Aspirin (C9H8O4), Acetaminophen (C8H9O2N), and Aspartame. (C14H18O5N2) [white spheres are hydrogen, black are carbon, red are oxygen, and convert between grams (mass), moles, and number of atoms .
HELP PLS PLS PLS ILL MARK U BRAINLIEST
Answer:
2 FeCl3 → 2 Fe + 3 Cl2
Explanation:
2 Fe and 6 Cl on the reactants side, and 2 Fe and 6 Cl on the products side.
2. How many moles are in 7.30 X 10^23 molecules of NaCl?
Answer:
\( \huge{ \boxed{1.213 \: \text{moles}}}\)
Explanation:
To find the number of moles in a substance given it's number of entities we use the formula
\( \bold{n = \frac{N}{L}} \\ \)
where
n is the number of molesN is the number of entitiesL is the Avogadro's constant which is 6.02 × 10²³ entitiesFrom the question
N = 7.30 × 10²³ NaCl molecules
\(n = \frac{7.30 \times {10}^{23} }{6.02 \times {10}^{23} } = \frac{7.30}{6.02} \\ = 1.2126\)
We have the final answer as
1.213 molesWhich of the following describes Rutherford’s model of the atom?
A. Solid sphere like a marble but unique to the element it makes
B. Numerous positive charges floating around in a sea of negative charge (plum pudding)
C. Positive nucleus surrounded by a blob of negative charges
D. Positive nucleus surrounded by electrons in circular orbits
E. Positive nucleus surrounded by electron orbitals with complex 3-D shapes and assigned energies.
Answer: C. Positive nucleus surrounded by a blob of negative charges
A neutral atom of a certain element has 15 electrons. a. what is the ground state electron configuration of the element?b. how should the element be classified ?c. are the atoms of this element diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
A neutral atom of the element with 15 electrons is phosphorus with a ground state electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3. It is classified as a nonmetal element in group 15. The atoms of this element are diamagnetic, as all electrons are paired up in their orbitals.
A neutral atom is an atom that has an equal number of protons and electrons. In the case of this certain element with 15 electrons, its ground state electron configuration would be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3.
This means that the first shell (n=1) has 2 electrons, the second shell (n=2) has 8 electrons, and the third shell (n=3) has 5 electrons.
Based on its position in the periodic table and the number of valence electrons it has, the element with this electron configuration is phosphorus. Phosphorus is a nonmetal element that belongs to group 15, also known as the nitrogen group.
To determine whether the atoms of this element are diamagnetic or paramagnetic, we need to look at its electron configuration. In this case, we can see that all the electrons are paired up in their respective orbitals, meaning there are no unpaired electrons.
This makes the element diamagnetic, which means it does not have a magnetic field of its own and will not be attracted to a magnetic field.
In summary, a neutral atom of the element with 15 electrons is phosphorus with a ground state electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3. It is classified as a nonmetal element in group 15. The atoms of this element are diamagnetic, as all electrons are paired up in their orbitals.
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Please help and explain well, its due..thank you!
If sulfur dioxide concentrations emitted from a volcano increase from less than one part per million (ppm) to 4ppm, is the volcano more or less likely to occur?
Answer:
Please help me too by marking me the brainliest.
Explanation:
The concentration of sulfur dioxide emitted from a volcano does not indicate whether the volcano is more or less likely to occur. Sulfur dioxide is a gas that is often released from volcanoes, and its concentration in the atmosphere can be used to monitor volcanic activity. However, the concentration of sulfur dioxide alone cannot determine whether a volcano is more or less likely to occur.
Volcanic activity is influenced by a complex set of factors, including the type of volcano, the magma composition, the pressure within the volcano, and other geological factors. Changes in the concentration of sulfur dioxide may indicate changes in the activity level of a volcano, but they are not a direct measure of the likelihood of an eruption.
Therefore, we cannot determine whether the volcano is more or less likely to occur based solely on an increase in sulfur dioxide concentrations from less than one part per million to 4ppm.
MY OPINION
if the sulfur concentration from the volcano increased this much supposing it happened in a single day, then it is more likely to occur.
P.S
I am very sorry if i could not be of help to you.
1. How many mL of copper (II) sulfate of a 2.5M stock solution is needed to make 250 mL of 0.2M solution?
Answer:
20ml
Explanation:
using the formula;C1V1=C2V2
2.5×V1=0.2×250
2.5V1= 50
V1=50/2.5
V1=20L
Chlorine can bond with fluorine to form ClF. Chlorine can also bond with lithium to form LiCl. Which compound will have a greater partial charge?Question 2 options:A) Both compounds will have the same partial charge.B) ClFC) LiClD) Neither compound will have partial charge.
In this question, we have two compounds, ClF and LiCl. The first molecule is a covalent compound, since we will not have donation of electrons but instead the sharing of electrons, but in this case, the difference of the electronegativity will cause this molecule to have Polar covalent bond, which will cause partial charges to occur. LiCl is a molecule in which we have a greater difference in electronegativity, which makes this molecule be an ionic molecule, and not covalent. Since ionic compounds have real charges, the only possible answer will be ClF, since they have partial charges. Letter B
Twenty-seven pounds (27 lb) of chlorine gas is used for treating 750,000 gal of water each day. The chlorine used up by the microorganisms in the water is measured to be 2.6 mg/L. What is the residual (excess) chlorine concentration in the treated water
Answer:
\(1.7137\ \text{mg/L}\)
Explanation:
Chlorine gas available = 27 lbs = \(27\times 453.59237=12247\ \text{g}\)
Amount of water used each day = 750000 gal = \(750000\times3.785411784=2839058.84\ \text{L}\)
Rate at which chlorine gas used = 2.6 mg/L
Chlorine gas used
\(2839058.84\times 2.6\times 10^{-3}=7381.55\ \text{g}\)
Residual content of chlorine = \(12247-7381.55=4865.45\ \text{g}\)
Concentration of the residual chlorine is given by
\(\dfrac{4865.45}{2839058.84}=0.0017137\ \text{g/L}=1.7137\ \text{mg/L}\)
Concentration of the residual chlorine is \(1.7137\ \text{mg/L}\).
Which of the following geometries for the complex ion [Fe(en)Cl4]? are possible?
linear
trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal
octahedral
trigonal planar
tetrahedral or square planar
The octahedral geometries for the complex ion [Fe(en)Cl4] are possible. In an octahedral molecule, all of the bond angles are 90 degrees.
What is octahedral ?An octahedron's molecular geometry, which describes its distinctive shape as having six atoms, groups of atoms, or electron pairs symmetrically placed around one central atom, defines the vertices of an octahedron, which is how octahedrons are categorized in inorganic chemistry.
The molecule contains eight symmetrical sides, hence the word octa, which meaning eight.
All atoms are 180 degrees away from the atom that is right across from it and 90 degrees apart from each other.
By minimizing the contact between bond-pair and electron-pair interactions, the molecules try to arrange themselves in the most stable configuration.
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. Determine the number of moles of oa gas wouldl
sccupy 17.0h at STP.
To determine the number of moles of a gas that would occupy 17.0 L at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure) is 0.761 moles.
We need to use the ideal gas law equation PV = nRT. At STP, the pressure is 1 atm, the temperature is 273 K, and the gas constant R is 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K. We can assume that the gas is an ideal gas because it is at STP. First, we need to calculate the volume of 1 mole of gas at STP. Using the molar volume of gas at STP, which is 22.4 L/mol, we can set up a proportion:
1 mol / 22.4 L = x mol / 17.0 L
Solving for x, we get x = 0.761 moles. Therefore, 0.761 moles of gas would occupy a volume of 17.0 L at STP.
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The Excellence Corporation for Servicing Excellence sells some of its office furniture on January 1, 2022. This furniture had a cost of $10,000 and accumulated amortization of $5,000 on that date. If the sold the asset for $6,000 the company would recognize:
If The Excellence Cοrpοratiοn fοr Servicing Excellence sells the οffice furniture fοr $6,000, they wοuld recοgnize a lοss οf $1,000 οn the sale.
How to calculate gain or loss?The recοgnitiοn οf the sale οf the οffice furniture by The Excellence Cοrpοratiοn fοr Servicing Excellence wοuld invοlve the fοllοwing:
The calculatiοn οf the gain οr lοss οn the sale:
Prοceeds frοm the sale: $6,000
Cοst οf the furniture: $10,000
Accumulated amοrtizatiοn: $5,000
Calculatiοn:
Gain/Lοss οn sale = Prοceeds frοm sale - (Cοst οf furniture - Accumulated amοrtizatiοn)
Gain/Lοss οn sale = $6,000 - ($10,000 - $5,000)
Gain/Lοss οn sale = $6,000 - $5,000
Gain/Lοss οn sale = $1,000
Determining the nature οf the gain οr lοss:
Since the prοceeds frοm the sale ($6,000) are less than the carrying value οf the asset ($10,000 - $5,000 = $5,000), a lοss will be recοgnized οn the sale.
Therefοre, if The Excellence Cοrpοratiοn fοr Servicing Excellence sells the οffice furniture fοr $6,000, they wοuld recοgnize a lοss οf $1,000 οn the sale.
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Please help with this!!!
(a) \(CH_{3} OH\): 3 moles
(b) \(CH_{2} =CHCH_{3}\) : 6 moles
(c) \(CH_{3} OCH_{3}\) : 5 moles
(d) CH=CH: 3 moles
The number of moles of oxygen required for the complete combustion of different compounds can be calculated by writing the balanced chemical equation for the combustion reaction.
For example, the combustion of methanol (\(CH_{3} OH\)) requires 3 moles of oxygen for every 2 moles of \(CH_{3} OH\). Similarly, the combustion of 1-butene (\(CH_{2} =CHCH_{3}\)) requires 6 moles of oxygen for every 1 mole of \(CH_{2} =CHCH_{3}\). The combustion of dimethyl ether (\(CH_{3} OCH_{3}\)) requires 5 moles of oxygen for every 2 moles of \(CH_{3} OCH_{3}\).
The combustion of ethene (\(CH_{2}=CH_{2}\)) requires 3 moles of oxygen for every 1 mole of CH=CH. Knowing the required amount of oxygen is important to calculate the stoichiometry of a reaction and the efficiency of combustion reactions.
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in which shell duplet rule is applied, why?
Answer:
In first shell duplet rule is applied because first shell contains maximum 2 electrons
Explanation:
At 35.0°C and 3.00 atm pressure, a gas has a volume of 1.40 L. What pressure does the gas have at 0.00°C and a volume of 0.950 L? Which equation should you use? P subscript 2 equals StartFraction P subscript 1 V subscript 1 T subscript 2 over T subscript 1 V subscript 2 EndFraction. P subscript 2 equals StartFraction T subscript 1 V subscript 2 over P subscript 1 V subscript 1 T subscript 2 EndFraction. P subscript 2 StartFraction equals V subscript 1 V subscript 2 over T subscript 1 T subscript 2 EndFraction P subscript 1.
Answer:
a
3.92
Explanation:
How are molecules formed?
Answer:
When two or more atoms chemically bond together, they form a molecule. Sometimes the atoms are all from the same element. ... In a covalent bond, electrons are shared between atoms. The bonds between the two hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom in a molecule of water are covalent bonds
Explanation:
Molecules are made up of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. These bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electrons among atoms. The atoms of certain elements readily bond with other atoms to form molecules.
Answer:
Molecules are formed when one or more atom of an element/elements are chemically joined together to create a new type of matter.
Explanation:
Hope it helped!
Select all the correct answers. Which acids have hydro- as part of their name? a. H2SO3 b. HBr c. HClO2 d. HF
e. HNO3
Answer:
b and d
Explanation:
b. Hydrobromide
d. Hydrofluoric acid
i am begging anyone to help me with this! (all tutors i've asked said they can't solve it but i need someone to help me out) - i can get the first little bit of it so maybe we can work through it together?
First, we need to calculate how much energy we will get from this combustion.
Assuming the combustion is complete, we have the octane reacting with O₂ to form only water and CO₂, so:
\(C_8H_{18}+O_2\to CO_2+H_2O\)We need to balance the reaction. Carbon only appear on two parts, so, we can start by it:
\(C_8H_{18}+O_2\to8CO_2+H_2O\)Now, we balance the hydrogen:
\(C_8H_{18}+O_2\to8CO_2+9H_2O\)And in the end, the oxygen:
\(C_8H_{18}+\frac{25}{2}O_2\to8CO_2+9H_2O\)We can multiply all coefficients by 2 to get integer ones:
\(2C_8H_{18}+25O_2\to16CO_2+18H_2O\)Now, we need to use the enthalpies of formation to get the enthalpy of reaction of this reaction.
The enthalpy of reaction can be calculated by adding the enthalpies of formation of the products multiplied by their stoichiometric coefficients and substracting the sum of enthalpies of formation of the reactants multiplied by their stoichiometric coefficients.
For the reactants, we have (the enthalpy of formation of pure compounds is zero, which is the case for O₂):
\(\begin{gathered} \Delta H\mleft\lbrace reactants\mright\rbrace=2\cdot\Delta H\mleft\lbrace C_8H_{18}\mright\rbrace+25\cdot\Delta H\mleft\lbrace O_2\mright\rbrace \\ \Delta H\lbrace reactants\rbrace=2\cdot(-250.1kJ)+25\cdot0kJ \\ \Delta H\lbrace reactants\rbrace=-500.2kJ+0kJ \\ \Delta H\lbrace reactants\rbrace=-500.2kJ \end{gathered}\)For the products, we have:
\(\begin{gathered} \Delta H_{}\mleft\lbrace product\mright\rbrace=16\cdot\Delta H\lbrace CO_2\rbrace+18\cdot\Delta H\lbrace H_2O\rbrace \\ \Delta H_{}\lbrace product\rbrace=16\cdot(-393.5kJ)+18\cdot(-285.5kJ) \\ \Delta H_{}\lbrace product\rbrace=-6296kJ-5139kJ \\ \Delta H_{}\lbrace product\rbrace=-11435kJ \end{gathered}\)Now, we substract the rectants from the produtcs:
\(\begin{gathered} \Delta H_r=\Delta H_{}\lbrace product\rbrace-\Delta H\lbrace reactants\rbrace \\ \Delta H_r=-11435kJ-(-500.2kJ) \\ \Delta H_r=-10934.8kJ \end{gathered}\)Now, this enthalpy of reaction is for 2 moles of C₈H₁₈, so for 1 mol of C₈H₁₈ we have half this value:
\(\Delta H_c=\frac{1}{2}\Delta H_r=\frac{1}{2}\cdot(-10934.8kJ)=-5467.4kJ\)Now, we have 100 g of C₈H₁₈, and its molar weight is approximately 114.22852 g/mol, so the number of moles in 100 g of C₈H₁₈ is:
\(\begin{gathered} M_{C_8H_{18}}=\frac{m_{C_8H_{18}}}{n_{C_8H_{18}}} \\ n_{C_8H_{18}}=\frac{m_{C_8H_{18}}}{M_{C_8H_{18}}}=\frac{100g}{114.22852g/mol}\approx0.875438mol \end{gathered}\)Since we have approximately 0.875438 mol, and 1 mol releases -5467.4kJ when combusted, we have:
\(Q=-5467.4kJ/mol\cdot0.875438mol\approx-4786.37kJ\)Now, for the other part, we need to calculate how much heat it is necessary to melt a mass, m.
First, we have to heat the ice to 0 °C, so:
\(\begin{gathered} Q_1=m\cdot2.010J/g.\degree C\cdot(0-(-10))\degree C \\ Q_1=m\cdot2.010J/g\cdot10 \\ Q_1=m\cdot20.10J/g \end{gathered}\)Then, we need to melt all this mass, so we use the latent heat now:
\(Q_2=n\cdot6.03kJ/mol\)Converting mass to number of moles of water we have:
\(\begin{gathered} M=\frac{m}{n} \\ n=\frac{m}{M}=\frac{m}{18.01528g/mol} \end{gathered}\)So:
\(Q_2=\frac{m}{18.01528g/mol}_{}\cdot6.03kJ/mol\approx m\cdot0.334716kJ/g\)Adding them, we have a total heat of:
\(\begin{gathered} Q_T=m\cdot20.10J/g+m\cdot0.334716kJ/g \\ Q_T=m\cdot0.02010kJ/g+m\cdot0.334716kJ/g \\ Q_T=m\cdot0.354816kJ/g \end{gathered}\)Since we have a heat of 4786.37 kJ form the combustion, we input that to get the mass (the negative sign is removed because it only means that the heat is released from the reaction, but now it is absorbed by the ice):
\(\begin{gathered} 4786.37kJ=m\cdot0.354816kJ/g \\ m=\frac{4786.37kJ}{0.354816kJ/g}\approx13489g\approx13.5\operatorname{kg} \end{gathered}\)Since we have a total of 20kg of ice, we can clculate the percent using it:
\(P=\frac{13.5\operatorname{kg}}{20\operatorname{kg}}=0.675=67.5\%\)If you change the solution volume but keep the solute amount the same what happens to the Molarity?
Answer:
If you increase the solution volume but keep the solute amount the same, the molarity will decrease.
If you decrease the solution volume but keep the solute amount the same, the molarity will increase.
If you change the solution volume but keep the solute amount the same, the molarity will change inversely.