Consider a control loop of unity negative feedback, having a Pl controller feeding the following system's transfer function: 27 (as + 1), that has an open loop pole at -0.5. a) Determine the time constant of this system. (2 marks) b) Draw a diagram to represent the control system. (4 marks) c) Find the closed-loop transfer function. (4 marks) d) It is possible to eliminate the Zero (S term on the numerator of the closed loop transfer function). 1. First draw a newly configured block diagram to show how this is possible. (4 marks) II. Calculate the new transfer function to prove that your configuration does indeed eliminate the zero term. (4 marks) e) Let us assume a specification that includes a step-response overshoot of 10.53% and a rise time of 2.5 seconds. Find the I-P controller's gain values required to get this desired response.
Answers
The problem involves analyzing a control loop with a PI controller and a given system transfer function. We are asked to determine the time constant, draw a diagram of the control system, find the closed-loop transfer function.
a) The time constant of the system can be determined by finding the reciprocal of the open loop pole, which in this case is -0.5. b) A diagram representing the control system can be drawn, illustrating the feedback loop with the PI controller and the system transfer function. c) The closed-loop transfer function can be found by multiplying the system transfer function and the transfer function of the PI controller, considering the unity negative feedback. d) It is possible to eliminate the zero term by rearranging the block diagram to create a different configuration. e) To achieve the desired step-response overshoot and rise time, we need to calculate the gain values for the PI controller using control system design techniques.
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Related Questions
The employer rejected a contractor's tender and accepted a different
tender, but that tenderer went into liquidation before starting on site. The
employer then accepted the first tender, but the contractor said it would
have to increase the price. Is the contractor allowed to do that?
Answers
Answer:
gift cards like subscribe channel comment on this is new to the same time as I will send it in the blanks with past and different problems with the day I will send it by clicking the link to and from the day of a place to stay in touch with you tube dash board and my family is greenhouse gases and different songs of a
Answer:
No what was in the past is the past but present is in the present unless it has it's own law/rule
Explanation:
A water pump can fail to provide the proper amount of coolant flow through the cooling system of the _______ are worn or slipping on the shaft.
Answers
Answer:
A water pump can fail to provide the proper amount of coolant flow through the cooling system of the impeller blades are worn or slipping on the shaft.
Explanation:
IMPELLER BLADES -: Impellers (also spelled impellers or impellers) are revolving machines designed to modify liquid , gas and vapor flow and/or pressure. Impellers consist of several vanes grouped around a short central shaft, often blade-shaped.
Impellers are usually used in pumps, agitation tanks, washing machines, and other devices that enable fluids or gases to travel in a particular direction, and are integral components of them. The picture below shows an impeller 's location and role in an impeller pump. Fluid enters through the orifice on the right in this example and is passed through the pump using a suction and pressure combination before the fluid is passed through the output orifice on the left.
Hence , the answer is impeller blades .
explain why it is not advisable to wear a ring at work shop
Answers
Answer:
Metal conducts heat so it could severely burn your finger.
Rings can create multiple hazards while working with chemicals.
Rings/Jewlery can be a "hiding place" for bacteria.
Amongst many other reasons as to why it's not advisable to wear a ring(s) at a workshop/workplace.
This wired networking standard specifies the order in which data is sent through the network.
Select one:
a. Ethernet
b. WiMAX
c. LTE
d. TCP/IP
Answers
The wired networking standard that specifies the order in which data is sent through the network is Ethernet.
Ethernet is a widely used wired networking standard that defines the protocols and specifications for data transmission over a local area network (LAN). It specifies the order in which data is sent through the network by utilizing the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) algorithm.
The CSMA/CD algorithm ensures that multiple devices connected to an Ethernet network can share the same communication medium without interfering with each other. Before transmitting data, a device using Ethernet listens to the network to detect if it is clear to send data. If the network is busy, it waits for an opportune moment. Once the network is clear, the device sends the data, constantly monitoring for collisions. If a collision occurs (when two or more devices transmit data simultaneously), they stop transmitting, wait for a random period of time, and then retry.
By following this protocol, Ethernet ensures orderly and efficient data transmission within the network, minimizing collisions and maximizing data throughput. It has become the de facto standard for wired local area networks due to its reliability, scalability, and widespread adoption.
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4. Find the future worth in year 10 of an investment that starts at $8000 in year 1 and
increases by 10% each year. The interest rate is 10% per year.
Answers
Explanation:
I have asked question in my profile please tell me the answer
Before a rotameter can be used to measure an unknown flow rate, a calibration curve of flow rate versus rotameter reading must be prepared.
a. True
b. False
Answers
Explain what happened to the pump rate when you increased the stroke volume. Why do you think this occurred
Answers
Answer:
Increase in stroke volume brings about increase in pump rate .the relationship between them is linearly proportional.
Explanation:
Increase in stroke volume brings about increase in pump rate .the relationship between them is linearly proportional.
The rate at which blood is been pumped by the heart depends on the Stroke volume as well as heart rate. The stroke volume gives the quantity of blood that is been pumped by the heart Everytime it beats.
One of the important factor that determine the Cardiac output is Stroke volume. And injection fraction is calculated as (stroke volume/
end-diastolic volume)
List three types of concurrent engineering in manufacturing.
Give three examples of concurrent engineering in manufacturing industries.
Answers
Answer:
A famous example of concurrent engineering is the development of the Boeing 777 commercial aircraft. The aircraft was designed and built by geographically distributed companies that worked entirely on a common product database of C A TIA without building physical mock-ups but with digital product definitions.
Consider the same piping system. this time, the same pipe is buried underground. assuming that there is a constant heat flux of 100w/m^2 from the outer surfance of the pipe to the soil determine the exit temperature of the water.
a. 129.1
b. 111.1
c. 82.1
d. 68.1
Answers
Complete Question
Complete Question is attached below
Answer:
Option A
Explanation:
From the question we are told that:
inner Diameter of pipe \(d_i=100^c\)
Thickness \(t=50mm\)
Outer diameter of pipe \(d_o=1.1m\)
Length \(l=5m\)
Temperature \(T_i=130^oC\)
Generally the equation for Heat Balance is mathematically given by
\(q*\pi d_oL=mC_p(T_i-T_o)\)
Therefore
\(T_o=T_i+\frac{q*\pi d_oL}{mC_p}\)
\(T_o=130+\frac{100*3.142 *1.1*5}{0.5*4000}\)
\(T_o=129.136^oC\)
Therefore the exit temperature of the water.is \(T_o=129.136^oC\)
Option A
A sprinter reaches his maximum speed in 2.5sec from rest with constant acceleration. He then maintains that speed and finishes the 100m in the overall time of 9.60 seconds. Determine his maximum speed . 5. The cone falling with a speed strikes and penetrates the block of packing material. The acceleration of the cone after impact is = −
Answers
The maximum Speed of the Sprinter from the velocity time graph of his motion is; 11.98 m/s
How to find the maximum speed?We are given;
Initial Speed; u = 2.5 s
Total distance; d = 100 m
Total time; T = 9.6 s
The total distance is;
d = ¹/₂(9.6 + (9.6 - 2.5) * v
where v is maximum speed.
Thus;
¹/₂(9.6 + (9.6 - 2.5) * v = 100
16.7v = 200
v = 200/16.7
v = 11.98 m/s
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Of the following, which is not a consideration that must be addressed in determining inspection intervals for AST's?
A) Corrosion prevention systems
B) Inspection Interval of other equipment located near the tank under consideration
C) Changes in service(Including changes in water bottoms)
D) Previous inspection results
Answers
Answer:
B) Inspection Interval of other equipment located near the tank under consideration is not a consideration that must be addressed in determining inspection intervals for AST's.
Explanation:
2. Using logic gates, design an active low chip select for the memory
device described in each of the following situations.
a.) A 256 K memory device starting at address 280000 base16 in a 4 Meg memory space.
b.) A memory device in the range 30000 base16 to 37FFF base16 in a 1 Meg memory space.
Answers
a) To design an active low chip select for a 256K memory device starting at address 280000 base16 in a 4 Meg memory space, we need to use a combination of logic gates such as AND, NOT, and OR gates. The chip select signal should be active low when the memory address is within the range of 280000 to 2FFFFF base16.
One possible solution is to use two AND gates and an OR gate. The first AND gate should have inputs from address lines A19, A20, and A21, while the second AND gate should have inputs from A18 and A17. The output of these AND gates should be connected to the inputs of an OR gate, with the output of the OR gate serving as the chip select signal.
b) To design an active low chip select for a memory device in the range 30000 base16 to 37FFF base16 in a 1 Meg memory space, we need to use logic gates to generate a chip select signal that is active low when the memory address is within the specified range.
One possible solution is to use an AND gate and a NOT gate. The AND gate should have inputs from address lines A15, A16, and A17, while the output of the AND gate should be connected to the input of a NOT gate. The output of the NOT gate should serve as the chip select signal. This configuration will result in an active low chip select signal when the memory address is within the range of 30000 base16 to 37FFF base16.
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A series circuit has 4 identical lamps. The potential difference of the energy source is 60V. The total resistance of the lamps is 20 Ω. Calculate the current through each lamp.
Answers
Answer:
\(I=3A\)
Explanation:
From the question we are told that:
Number of lamps \(N=4\)
Potential difference \(V=60v\)
Total Resistance of the lamp is \(R= 20ohms\)
Generally the equation for Current I is mathematically given by
\(I=\frac{V}{R}\)
\(I=\frac{60}{20}\)
\(I=3A\)
A series of four annual constant-dollar payments beginning with $10,000 at the end of the first year is growing at the rate of 8% per year. Assume that the base year is the current year (n 0). The market interest rate is 15% per year and the general inflation rate () is 7% per year (a) Find the present worth of this series of payments, based on constant-dollar analysis The present worth is $ (Round to the nearest dollar.) (b) Find the present worth of this series of payments, based on actual-dollar analysis The present worth is $ (Round to the nearest dollar.)
Answers
The present worth of a series of four annual constant-dollar payments, starting with $10,000 at the end of the first year, can be calculated using constant-dollar analysis.
Considering a market interest rate of 15% per year and a general inflation rate of 7% per year, the present worth is found to be $29,730 (rounded to the nearest dollar).
To explain further, constant-dollar analysis adjusts cash flows for inflation, allowing for a meaningful comparison over time. To calculate the present worth, we discount each cash flow to its present value using the market interest rate. The formula for present worth in constant-dollar analysis is:
PW = C * (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r
Where PW is the present worth, C is the constant cash flow, r is the market interest rate, and n is the number of periods. In this case, C is $10,000, r is 15%, and n is 4.
Using the formula, we can substitute the values and calculate the present worth:
PW = 10,000 * (1 - (1 + 0.15)^(-4)) / 0.15 ≈ $29,730
Now, let's calculate the present worth based on actual-dollar analysis. In actual-dollar analysis, we do not adjust for inflation. Therefore, the present worth is simply the sum of the cash flows discounted using the market interest rate.
Using the same formula with the cash flows adjusted for inflation, the present worth is:
PW = (10,000 * (1 + 0.07)^1) / (1 + 0.15)^1 + (10,000 * (1 + 0.07)^2) / (1 + 0.15)^2 + (10,000 * (1 + 0.07)^3) / (1 + 0.15)^3 + (10,000 * (1 + 0.07)^4) / (1 + 0.15)^4 ≈ $34,222
Therefore, the present worth of the series of payments, based on actual-dollar analysis, is approximately $34,222 (rounded to the nearest dollar).
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could you please answer this question clearly?
Answers
because of the dual-control approach to regulating stationary sources, emissions limits tend to be ___________ for newer facilities, creating ____________ building newer, cleaner facilities.
Answers
The dual-control approach to regulating stationary sources often results in lower emissions limits for newer facilities, making it more challenging to justify the construction of newer, cleaner facilities.
The dual-control approach to regulating stationary sources involves setting emissions limits based on two factors: technology-based limits and health-based limits. Technology-based limits are determined by the level of emissions achievable using the best available control technology. Health-based limits, on the other hand, are determined by assessing the potential health risks associated with a specific level of emissions.
Since newer facilities are equipped with advanced technologies, they can achieve lower emissions levels compared to older facilities. As a result, emissions limits tend to be stricter for newer facilities. While this approach aims to promote the use of cleaner technologies, it can create challenges for industries or businesses seeking to build new facilities.
The stricter emissions limits for newer facilities increase the costs associated with construction and operation, as more advanced and expensive technologies are required to comply with these limits. This financial burden can make it difficult for businesses to justify the construction of new facilities, especially when existing facilities may have higher emissions limits and can continue to operate within the regulatory framework. Consequently, this situation can discourage the development of newer, cleaner facilities and hinder overall progress in reducing emissions and improving air quality.
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true or false. marin factors reduce the strength and stress concentrations factors increase the stress; therefore, they both increase the safety factor.
Answers
The given statement is false because Marin factors do not reduce the strength and stress concentrations factors do not increase the stress. Instead, they both reduce the safety factor.
Marin factor is a corrosion factor that takes into account the corrosion of the material of interest. When compared to the yield strength of the material, corrosion usually reduces the yield strength of the material. Because of this, the engineering process must consider the effect of corrosion on the material being used to ensure that it does not become so degraded that it fails prematurely. Hence, the Marin factor increases the safety factor and hence reduces the likelihood of failure.
When there is a change in section or a flaw in a structural member, stress concentration occurs. This is where the stress concentration factor is used. It is used to assess the effect of these conditions on the stress levels that result. The stress concentration factor increases the maximum stress that results in the presence of stress raisers. As a result, it reduces the safety factor and makes it more likely that the structural member will fail prematurely, unlike the Marin factor.
Therefore, the statement is false because the Marin factor reduces the stress and the stress concentration factor increases the stress, and they both reduce the safety factor instead of increasing it.
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Based on the concept that it is better to prevent falls happening in the first place, which of the following safety methods meets that criteria?
Answers
Answer:fall arrest harness
Explanation:cuz it’s just right
A 1.2 newton block is dropped A 1.2 Newton block is dropped downward from a tall cliff. What is the magnitude and direction
of the force of air friction on the block when it reaches its terminal velocity?
1.2 newtons upward
1.2 newtons downward
0.12 newtons upward
0.12 newtons downward
Answers
Answer:
1.2 Newtons upwards
Explanation:
because the friction is opposite of the magnitude.
What is the solution to this?
Answers
A gravitational force of 4.93 10-12 N in the positive x-direction is applied by the copper sphere to the steel sphere.
How can you determine the force's direction between two charges?Along the line connecting the centres of the two objects, the force is applied. Coulomb's law has an undesirable effect if the two charges have opposing signs. This indicates that there is an attractive force acting on the particles.
\(F = G * m1 * m2 / r^2\)
\(m = rho * (4/3) * pi * r^3\)
r = 65 mm = 0.065 m
a = 3.7r = 0.241 m
b = 2.1r = 0.137 m
c = 0.6r = 0.039 m
m_copper = rho_copper \(* (4/3) * pi * r^3\)
\(= 8,960 kg/m^3 * (4/3) * pi * (0.065 m)^3\)
= 0.0138 kg
m_steel = rho_steel \(* (4/3) * pi * r^3\)
= \(7,860 kg/m^3 * (4/3) * pi * (0.065 m)^3\)
= 0.0119 kg
F = G m_copper m_steel / \(r^2\)
= \(6.674 × 10^-11 N·(m/kg)^2 * 0.0138 kg * 0.0119 kg / (0.065 m)^2\)
\(= 4.74 × 10^-11 N\)
u = (0.241 - 0.137)i + 0j + 0k
= 0.104i + 0j + 0k
So the gravitational force F can be expressed as:
\(= 4.74 × 10^-11 N\)
\(= 4.74 × 10^-11 N\)
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During overhaul, reciprocating engine exhaust valves are checked for stretch During overhaul, reciprocating engine exhaust valves are checked for stretch
Answers
During the overhaul, reciprocating engine exhaust valves are checked for **valve clearance**.
During the overhaul process of a reciprocating engine, one of the important checks performed on the exhaust valves is to ensure proper valve clearance. Valve clearance refers to the gap between the valve stem and the rocker arm or tappet when the valve is in the closed position. Over time, due to wear and thermal expansion, the valve clearance may change, leading to improper valve operation and potential engine performance issues.
To check the valve clearance, the engine is typically rotated to a specific position where the valve being inspected is in the closed position. Using feeler gauges, the clearance between the valve stem and the rocker arm or tappet is measured. If the measured clearance is outside the manufacturer's specified range, adjustments can be made by either adding or removing shims or adjusting the rocker arm/tappet position.
Checking and adjusting the valve clearance during overhaul ensures proper valve operation, optimal engine performance, and can help prevent issues such as valve leakage or valve seat damage.
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Find the volume of the rectangular prism
9 cm
10 cm
Answers
Answer:
V= 90h cm³ where h is the height of the rectangular prism.
Explanation:
The formula for volume of a rectangular prism is ;
V=l*w*h where;
V=volume in cm³
l= length of prism=10cm
w =width of the prism = 9 cm
Assume the height of the prism as h cm then the volume will be;
V= 10* 9*h
V= 90h cm³
when the value of height of the prism is given, substitute that value with h to get the actual volume of the prism.
For binary flash distillation, we discussed in class that there are 8 variables (F, ZA, V, ya, L, XA, P and T) and 4 equations derived from VLE and mass balances. Thus, we typically require 4 of these variables to be given so that we can obtain a unique solution to the problem. Let's say, your manager tells you that he has a feed mixture with 2 components (given F, za) and he requires you to come up with a flash column that can produce a certain desired amount of Vapor product (thus V, ya are specified). Identity of both components is known and all VLE data has been provided to you. Has the manager given you enough data? If yes, give a step-by-step description of how would you go about designing the flash column (basically find P and T)? If no, why?
Answers
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
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A rapid sand filter has a loading rate of 8.00 m/h, surface dimensions of , an effective filtration rate of 7.70 m/h, and a production efficiency of 96 percent. A complete filter cycle duration is 52 h and the filter is rinsed for 20 minutes at the start of each cycle
Required:
a. What flow rate (m3/s) does the filter handle during production?
b. What volume of water is needed for backwashing plus rinsing the filter in each filter cycle?
Answers
Answer: hello there is a Missing information below is the missing information
surface dimensions of 10m * 8m
answer :
a) 640 m^3/hr
b) 1334.66 m^3
Explanation:
a) Determine the flow rate ( m^3/s ) of the filter handle
Va = Q /A\(_{f}\)
where ; Va = filtration rate ( 8.00 m/h ) , Q = flow rate of filter handle , A\(_{f}\) = surface area ( 10 m * 8 m )
Q = 8 * ( 10m * 8m ) = 640 m^3 / hr
b) Determine the volume of water needed for backwashing plus rinsing the filter in each filter cycle
Лf = 0.96 ( production efficiency )
Vb + Vr = 0.04 Vf
∴ Vf = ( Vb + Vr ) / 0.04 ------ ( 1 )
next step ; determine the volume of filtered water making use of effective filtration rate
Ref = ( Vf - Vb - Vr ) / A\(_{f}\)T\(_{c}\)
therefore : Vb + Vr = Vf - ( 80 * 52 * 7.7 ) ---- ( 2 )
Input equation 1 into 2
Vb + Vr = ( ( Vb + Vr ) / 0.04 ) - 32032 ---- ( 3 )
Resolve equation 3
hence the Volume of water needed for Backwashing and rinsing the filter in each filter cycle
= 1334.66 m^3
One of the non-destructive tests (NDTs) for assessment of the integrity of concrete structures is ultrasonic pulse velocity testing. The test can signal that a concrete section is either intact or that a problem exists. However, even when a section is intact, there is a small probability that the test equipment may signal a problem (thus generating what is known as a 'false positive', or the probability of a concrete section actually being intact given that the equipment registers a problem). Suppose that the probability for a "false positive" is 0.03. a. What is the probability that at least 1 in 10 successive sections signal a problem when in fact the sections are intact? (Note: Please assume that signals from successive sections are independent of each another.) b. What is this probability that at least 1 in 20 successive sections signal a problem when in fact the sections are intact? Again, assume independence.
Answers
(a) The probability that at least 1 in 10 successive sections signal a problem when in fact the sections are intact is 26.26%.
(b) The probability that at least 1 in 20 successive sections signal a problem when in fact the sections are intact is 50.16%.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity testing is a non-destructive test used to assess the integrity of concrete structures. The test can indicate whether a concrete section is intact or if there is a problem. However, even when a section is intact, there is a small probability that the test equipment may signal a problem, known as a "false positive." In this case, the probability of a false positive is 0.03.
(a) To calculate the probability that at least 1 in 10 successive sections signal a problem when the sections are actually intact, we can use the formula:
P(getting at least 1 false positive) = 1 - P(getting no false positive).
Assuming independence between successive sections, the probability of getting no false positive in one section is (1 - p)^10. Therefore,
P(getting at least 1 false positive) = 1 - (1 - 0.03)^10
P(getting at least 1 false positive) = 0.2626 or 26.26%.
(b) Similarly, to calculate the probability that at least 1 in 20 successive sections signal a problem when the sections are intact, we use the same formula. The probability of getting no false positive in one section is (1 - p)^20. Therefore,
P(getting at least 1 false positive) = 1 - (1 - 0.03)^20
P(getting at least 1 false positive) = 0.5016 or 50.16%.
Therefore, the probability that at least 1 in 10 successive sections signal a problem when the sections are intact is 26.26%, while the probability that at least 1 in 20 successive sections signal a problem when the sections are intact is 50.16%.
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Thinking Critically and Solving Problems
Posttest
Which step comes first in the decision making process?
A) Analyze the actions.
B) Collect information.
C) List all possible actions.
D) Identify the problem.
G
Submit
Answers
D) Identify the problem step comes first in the decision-making process.
What is decision-making?In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options. It could be either rational or irrational. The decision-making process is a reasoning process based on assumptions of values, preferences and beliefs of the decision-maker. Every decision-making process produces a final choice, which may or may not prompt action. Research about decision-making is also published under the label problem solving, particularly in European psychological research. Decision-making can be regarded as a problem-solving activity yielding a solution deemed to be optimal, or at least satisfactory. It is therefore a process which can be more or less rational or irrational and can be based on explicit or tacit knowledge and beliefs. Problem solving and critical thinking refers to the ability to use knowledge, facts, and data to effectively solve problems.
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In order to avoid slipping in the shop, your footwear should ___________.
(This is for my automotive class by the way)
Answers
Answer:
good shoes
Explanation:
yes
This term describes the dominant organizations, institutions, groups, and processes of the pre-Internet era. Core Crew None of these. Platform Crowd
Answers
The term that describes the dominant organizations, institutions, groups, and processes of the pre-Internet era is "Core Crew."
Core Crew refers to a small, tight-knit group of people who were responsible for the creation, development, and maintenance of a particular project or organization. They were the experts and decision-makers, and they controlled the flow of information and resources. "Platform Crowd" refers to the decentralized, networked model of organization that emerged with the rise of the Internet and social media. It is characterized by the participation of a large, diverse group of users who contribute to the creation and dissemination of content and ideas.
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A truss is subjected to three loads. The truss is supported by a roller at A and by a pin joint at B. What is most nearly the reaction force at B
Answers
Answer:
Hello the diagram related to the question is missing attached is the diagram
Answer : 3833.33 KN
Explanation:
The most nearly reaction force at B
= ∑ Mb = 0 = 21Ay
= (2000 * 17.5 ) + ( 3000 * 10.5 ) + ( 4000 * 3.5 )
= 35000 + 31500 + 14000 = 80500
therefore Ay = 80500 / 21 = 3833.33 KN
x = 7/2 = 3.5m
for materials such as aluminum, glass, steel, and concrete, the value of the coefficient of volume expansion is approximately how many times larger than the coefficient of linear expansion?
Answers
The coefficient of volume expansion and the coefficient of linear expansion are both thermal properties of a material that describe how its dimensions change in response to changes in temperature.
The coefficient of volume expansion (β) represents the fractional change in volume per degree of temperature change, while the coefficient of linear expansion (α) represents the fractional change in length per degree of temperature change.
For most materials, the coefficient of volume expansion is approximately three times larger than the coefficient of linear expansion. This means that the material's volume will change three times as much as its length for the same change in temperature.
For example, the coefficient of linear expansion for aluminum is around 23.1 × 10⁻⁶ /°C, while its coefficient of volume expansion is around 69 × 10⁻⁶ /°C. Similarly, the coefficient of linear expansion for glass is around 8 × 10⁻⁶ /°C, while its coefficient of volume expansion is around 24 × 10⁻⁶ /°C. The exact values can vary depending on the specific material and its composition, but the relationship between the two coefficients generally holds true.
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