Consider the tube and inlet conditions of Problem 1. 30 Heat transfer at a rate of 3. 89 MW is delivered to the tube. For an exit pressure of p 8 bar, determine (a) the temperature of the water at the outlet as well as the change in (b) combined thermal and flow work, (c) mechanical energy, and (d) total energy of the water from the inlet to the outlet of the tube. Hint: As a first estimate, neglect the change in mechanical energy in solving part (a). Relevant properties may be obtained from a thermodynamics text
Answers
The temperature of water at the outlet is 95.5°C as well as change in combined thermal and flow work is 2661.55 kJ/kg.
As given, the inlet conditions of the tube are: p1 = 8 bar, T1 = 30°C and m = 5 kg/s. The inlet velocity of the water is 10 m/s and the tube diameter is 10 cm. The outlet pressure of the tube is given as p2 = 8 bar.
(a) To find the outlet temperature of the water, we need to apply the First Law of Thermodynamics between the inlet and outlet of the tube:
Q - W = ΔH
where Q is the heat transfer rate, W is the work done on the system, and ΔH is the change in enthalpy of the water.
From the problem statement, Q = 3.89 MW = 3.89 × 10^6 W. Neglecting the change in mechanical energy (as suggested in the hint), the work done is W = 0. The change in enthalpy is:
ΔH = H2 - H1
We can use the steam tables to find the specific enthalpy of water at the inlet and outlet conditions. At the inlet, h1 = 128.05 kJ/kg. At the outlet, we do not yet know the temperature of the water, so we must use the given pressure of 8 bar to look up the specific enthalpy. From the tables, we find h2 = 2789.6 kJ/kg.
Now, we can solve for the outlet temperature:
ΔH = H2 - H1
ΔH = 2789.6 - 128.05
ΔH = 2661.55 kJ/kg
Q - W = ΔH
3.89 × 10^6 - 0 = (5 kg/s) × 2661.55 kJ/kg × (1/3600 h/s)
Solving for the outlet temperature T2, we get:
T2 = 95.5°C
(b) The change in combined thermal and flow work can be found using the following equation:
Δ(Wcv + Wfv) = ΔH - VΔp
where Δ(Wcv + Wfv) is the change in combined thermal and flow work, V is the specific volume of the water, and Δp is the change in pressure.
We can assume that the inlet velocity is negligible compared to the outlet velocity, so the velocity head at the inlet is negligible. Therefore, we can neglect the flow work at the inlet and write:
Δ(Wcv + Wfv) = H2 - H1 - V2(p2 - p1)
Using the steam tables, we can find the specific volume of water at the outlet conditions to be v2 = 0.001070 m^3/kg.
Δ(Wcv + Wfv) = 2789.6 - 128.05 - (0.001070 m^3/kg) × (8 × 10^5 Pa - 8 × 10^5 Pa)
Δ(Wcv + Wfv) = 2661.55 kJ/kg
Therefore, the change in combined thermal and flow work is 2661.55 kJ/kg.
(c) The mechanical energy change is given by:
ΔWm = (V2^2 - V1^2)/2
where ΔWm is the change in mechanical energy and V1 and V2 are the velocities at the inlet and outlet, respectively.
Using the given diameter of the tube, we can calculate the cross-sectional area to be A = πd^2/4 = 0.00785 m^2. Using the mass flow rate and specific volume at the inlet, we can find the inlet velocity to be V1.
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Related Questions
Q2. Considering network design model PDIOO, answer the following: a. What are the 4 types of network conversion? Which one is the WORST and why? b. Talk about training as part of implementation stage.
Answers
The 4 types of network conversion are Parallel, Phased, Cut-over, and Pilot. Among these types, the Cut-over is the worst because it is risky and may cause significant interruptions to network services. Moreover, training is an essential part of the implementation stage. It is necessary to make sure the network is designed, installed, and operated in a consistent manner by the staff.
PDIOO is the network design model. It stands for Plan, Design, Implement, Operate, and Optimize. Network conversion has 4 types. They are the following: Parallel, Phased, Cut-over, and Pilot. Among these types, the worst type of network conversion is Cut-over. The cut-over type of network conversion is the riskiest of all the four types. In the case of this type, the entire existing system is replaced by the new one, making the cut-over a critical point in the whole process. This conversion may also result in significant interruptions to network services if any failures occur.
Training is an essential part of the implementation stage. It is necessary to make sure the network is designed, installed, and operated in a consistent manner by the staff. It is necessary to provide training to network support personnel as part of the implementation process. It is essential to develop training plans for the technical staff, the help desk support staff, the operations staff, and the end-users of the network.
This training should be provided in different areas. These areas should include network monitoring, device management, operating system updates, data backup and recovery procedures, network security, network policy, network administration, network protocols, and so on. The success of the network's implementation depends upon how well trained the staff is.
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A mass of 5 kg of saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water is contained in a piston-cylinder device at 125 kPa. Initially, 2 kg of the water is in the liquid phase and the rest is in the vapor phase. Heat is now transferred to the water, and the piston, which is resting on a set of stops, starts moving when the pressure inside reaches 300 kPa. Heat transfer continues until the total volume increases by 20 percent.
Determine:
(a) the initial and final temperatures,
(b) the mass of liquid water when the piston first start moving
Answers
a) The initial and final temprature are 99.61°C and T3 = 259.07°C
b) The mass of liquid water when the piston first start moving is 0g
Using the data provided:
Initial Pressure = P1 = 125kPa
Mass of Saturated Vapor Liquid = m = 5kg
Initial Mass of Liquid water = mf = 2kg
Initial Mass of Vapor = mg = 3kg
The temperature for a mixture of liquid steam saturated with water according to the thermodynamic table is:
T₁ = 99.61°C
The specific volume is:
vf = 0.001043m³/kg
And the saturated volume is:
vg = 1.6941m³/kg
Therefore, the volume in state 1 will be equal to:
V1 = mfvf + mgvg
V1 = (2kg)(0.001043m³/kg) + (3kg)(1.6941m³/kg)
V1 = 5.084m³
In state 3 then the volume will be equal to:
V3 = 1.2V1
V3 = 1.2(5.084m³)
V3 = 6.1008m³
Then the specific volume will be equal to:
v3 = V₃/m
v3 = 6.1008m³/5kg
v3 = 1.2202m³/kg
For a pressure of 300 kPa and the previous specific volume found through the thermodynamic table, the value of the temperature is:
T3 = 259.07°C
Question b) When the piston first stats moving at P₂ = 300kPa and V₂ = V₁ = 5.084m³
v₂ =V₂/m
v₂ = 5.084m³/5kg
v2 = 1.0168m³/kg
While at 300 kPa the value of the vapor saturated vg = 0.88578m³/kg This implies that the condition is met:
v2 > vg
Therefore, no liquid is there in-cylinder when piston stats moving, mf = 0kg
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how can you obtain the pressure altitude on flights below 18,000 feet?
Answers
To obtain the pressure altitude on flights below 18,000 feet, pilots can set the altimeter to the standard pressure setting of 29.92 inches of mercury (inHg) and read the indicated altitude.
Pressure altitude is the altitude above the standard atmospheric pressure level. It is an important reference for pilots to determine the aircraft's height above the ground and to comply with altitude restrictions. When flying below 18,000 feet, pilots can obtain the pressure altitude by following these steps:
Set the altimeter: The altimeter should be set to the standard pressure setting of 29.92 inHg. This compensates for variations in atmospheric pressure and provides a common reference for all aircraft.
Read the indicated altitude: Once the altimeter is set to the standard pressure, pilots can read the indicated altitude displayed on the altimeter. This reading represents the pressure altitude, which is the height above the standard atmospheric pressure level.
By setting the altimeter to the standard pressure and reading the indicated altitude, pilots can determine the pressure altitude during flights below 18,000 feet. It is important for pilots to continually adjust their altimeters as they encounter changes in atmospheric pressure during the flight to maintain accurate altitude references and ensure safe operations.
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Select a benefit of following semantic HTML practices? A. CSS can only be used in conjunction with semantic HTML. B.Semantic HTML is the easiest method of writing HTML. C.Semantic HTML is easy to understand for humans and computers alike. D.Semantic HTML is easy for the data layer to interpret.
Answers
Answer: The answer is C
Explanation:
Semantic HTML is easy to understand for humans and computers alike. The correct option is C.
What is Semantic HTML?With semantic HTML, the meaning and intent of the content on a web page are distinctly defined using HTML markup.
You may make it apparent to both people and computers what the content on your page is about by utilizing semantic HTML. This may provide several advantages.
Semantic HTML isn't the only way to build HTML, but it may be used with any sort of markup that supports CSS.
Semantic HTML, however, is commonly regarded as a best practice since it offers a variety of advantages to both developers and consumers. Both people and computers can easily understand semantic HTML.
Thus, the correct option is C.
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The gravitational force exerted on a solid object is 5N. When the object is suspended from a spring scale and submerged in water, the scale reads 3.50 N. Find the density of the object.
Answers
The density of the object is 3333.33 kg/m³. The density of an object is a measure of how heavy it is for a given size, i.e. the mass of material per unit volume.
What is gravitational force?Gravity, also known as gravitational force, pulls objects with mass toward each other. We frequently consider the force of gravity from Earth. This force is responsible for keeping your body on the ground. Any object with mass, on the other hand, exerts a gravitational force on all other objects with mass.
Calculation of density of object?Density: This can be defined as the ratio of the mass of a body to its volume.
The unit of density is kg/m³.
From Archimedes principle,
R.d = W/U = D/D'
Where R.d = relative density, W = weight of the object in air, u = upthrust in water, D = Density of the object, D' = Density of water.
W/U = D/D'
making D the subject of the equation
D = D'(W/U).......................... Equation 1
Given: W = 5.0 N, U = 5.0 -3.5 = 1.5 N, D' = 1000 kg/m³
U = lost in weight = weight in air - weight in water
Substitute into equation 1
D = 1000(5/1.5)
D = 3333.33 kg/m³
Thus the density of the object = 3333.33 kg/m³
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1.What is three phase? why it is needed?
2. What is the condition to be balanced? Write down voltage equation of a balanced 3 phase voltage source and draw their phasor diagram.
Answers
1. We can see here that three phase refers to a type of electrical power transmission that uses three alternating current (AC) waveforms that are 120 degrees out of phase with each other. This is different from single-phase power transmission, which uses only one AC waveform.
What is voltage?Voltage, also known as electric potential difference, is a measure of the electrical potential energy per unit of charge in an electrical circuit. It is defined as the amount of work required to move a unit of electric charge between two points in a circuit, typically measured in volts (V).
Three-phase power is needed because it allows for more power to be transmitted over a given amount of wire or cable. With three-phase power, the power is delivered in a more consistent manner, which means that there is less voltage drop over long distances.
2. In order for a three-phase system to be balanced, the three phases must have the same amplitude and be 120 degrees out of phase with each other. The voltage equation of a balanced three-phase voltage source is given by:
Vph = Vline / √3
where Vph is the phase voltage and Vline is the line voltage. The phasor diagram for a balanced three-phase system shows three sinusoidal waveforms that are displaced by 120 degrees from each other.
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Give the asymptotic upper and lower bounds for T(n) in each of the following recurrences. Assume that T(n) is constant for n<= 2. Make your bounds as tight as possible, and justify your answers (Master theorem, expansion, or substitutions). Please show at least a little work.
(a) T(n) = 2T(n/2) + n4
(b) T(n) = T(7n/10) + n
(c) T(n) = 16T(n/4) + n2
(d) T(n) = 7T(n/3) + n2
(e) T(n) = 7T(n/2) + n2
(f) T(n) = T(n - 2) + n2
Answers
(a) The upper bound for T(n) is O(n^{2}) and the lower bound is Ω(n^{2}). (b) The upper bound for T(n) is O(n) and the lower bound is Ω(n). (c) The upper bound for T(n) is O(n^{2}) and the lower bound is Ω(n^{2}). (d) The upper bound for T(n) is O(n^{2}) and the lower bound is Ω(n^{2}). (e) The upper bound for T(n) is O(n^{2}) and the lower bound is Ω(n^{2}). (f) The upper bound for T(n) is O(n^{2}) and the lower bound is Ω(n^{2}).
(a) By applying the Master theorem, we can see that the recurrence relation T(n) = 2T(n/2) + n^{4} falls into Case 1, where the work done at each level is equal to the size of the problem. Hence, the upper and lower bounds are both O(n^{2}).
(b) In this case, the size of the problem decreases by a constant factor of 10/7 at each recursion. Applying substitution method, we can see that the upper and lower bounds are both O(n).
(c) By applying the Master theorem, we can see that the recurrence relation T(n) = 16T(n/4) + n^{2} falls into Case 1, where the work done at each level is equal to the size of the problem. Hence, the upper and lower bounds are both O(n^2).
(d) By applying the Master theorem, we can see that the recurrence relation T(n) = 7T(n/3) +n^{2} falls into Case 3, where the work done at each level is larger than the size of the problem. Hence, the upper and lower bounds are both O(n^2).
(e) By applying the Master theorem, we can see that the recurrence relation T(n) = 7T(n/2) + n^2 falls into Case 1, where the work done at each level is equal to the size of the problem. Hence, the upper and lower bounds are both O(n^2).
(f) The recurrence relation T(n) = T(n-2) + n^{2} can be expanded as T(n) = (\(n^{2}\)) + ((n-2)^2) + ((n-4)^2) + ... + 4^2 + 2^2, which is a sum of squares. Using the formula for the sum of squares, the upper and lower bounds are both O(n^{3}).
In summary, the upper and lower bounds for the given recurrence relations are as follows:
(a) O(n^2), Ω(n^2)
(b) O(n), Ω(n)
(c) O(n^2), Ω(n^2)
(d) O(n^2), Ω(n^2)
(e) O(n^2), Ω(n^2)
(f) O(n^3), Ω(n^3)
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can in a diesel engine, diesel fuel may be under very high pressure and can penetrate the skin if connections are improperly opened
Answers
All of the injectors in the diesel system are continuously supplied with high-pressure diesel fuel by the high-pressure common rail.
The high-pressure rail, which also acts as the primary hydraulic link between the pump and injectors, is where the common-rail system derives its name. It delivers the compressed fuel that is kept there to the injectors. How does a high-pressure common rail work? Before being transmitted to the rail, a common conduit that serves as a pressure reservoir and accumulator, the gasoline is compressed by the high-pressure pump. To guarantee that the rail constantly maintains the proper pressure that the ECU requires, a pressure control valve is electrically regulated. All of the injectors in the diesel system are continuously supplied with high-pressure diesel fuel by the high-pressure common rail.
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Environmental engineers monitor the progress of improvement programs by inspecting industrial and municipal facilities for regulation compliance.
True or False?
Answers
true
the answer to this question is true
braking distance refers to how far the car travels: during the time it takes for a driver to recognize a hazard and move his/her foot from the gas to the brake during the time it takes for a driver to apply the brakes after the driver applies the brakes none of the above
Answers
Braking distance refers to the distance a car travels after the brakes are applied until the car comes to a complete stop.
What does this mean?It does not include the time it takes for a driver to recognize a hazard and move their foot from the gas to the brake or the time it takes to apply the brakes after the driver applies them.
Hence, the time taken from when the brake is applied and when the vehicle eventually comes to a stop is known as the braking distance.
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An alloy is known to have a yield strength of 275 MPa, a tensile strength of 380 MPa, and an elastic
modulus of 103 GPa. A cylindrical specimen of this alloy 12.7 mm in diameter and 250 mm long is
stressed in tension and found to elongate 7.6 mm. On the basis of the information given, is it possible
to compute the magnitude of the load that is necessary to produce this change in length? If so, calculate
the load. If not, explain why.
Answers
The magnitude of the load necessary to produce the given change in length is approximately 21.95 kN.
Yes, it is possible to compute the magnitude of the load necessary to produce the given change in length.
To calculate the load, we can use the formula:
Load = Cross-sectional area ₓ Stress
The cross-sectional area of a cylindrical specimen can be calculated using the formula:
A = π × (d/2)ⁿ2
Where:
A = Cross-sectional area
d = Diameter of the specimen
Given:
d = 12.7 mm (or 0.0127 m)
Substituting the values into the equation, we can calculate the cross-sectional area:
A = π × (0.0127/2)ⁿ2
A = 3.14159 × (0.00635)ⁿ2
A ≈ 7.98 × 10ⁿ-5 mⁿ2
Now, let's calculate the stress on the specimen
Stress = Force / Area
Since we want to find the load (force), rearranging the equation gives us:
Force = Stress ×Area
Given:
Stress = Yield Strength = 275 MPa = 275 × 10ⁿ6 Pa
Area ≈ 7.98 × 10ⁿ-5 mⁿ2
Calculating the load:
Force = 275 × 10ⁿ6 Pa × 7.98 × 10ⁿ-5 mⁿ2
Force ≈ 21.95 kN
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We have a credit charge that is trying to process but we do not remember signing up and email login is not working? Is there a way to check?
Answers
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
In such a case, one way to check the credit charge is to contact your bank, doing so would allow the bank to check your account properly to determine where the transaction was originated from.
Another way you could check is to contact the online merchant where such a transaction was initiated.
You will be hiking to a lake with some of your friends by following the trails indicated on a map at the trailhead. The map says that you will travel 1.7 mi directly north, then 2.7 mi in a direction 36° east of north, then finally 1.7 mi in a direction 15° north of east. At the end of this hike, how far will you be from where you started, and what direction will you be from your starting point?
Answers
Explanation:
construction expertise (e.g., by the construction firm) is typically included latest in the planning process in which arrangement?
Answers
The most common applications for micro piles are structural foundation support, underpinning, wall support, and slope stabilization.
The master format is a common outline for organizing information about building materials and components. Its primary divisions include topics such as sitework, concrete, masonry, metals, wood, and plastics, among others.) Seismic retrofitting or strengthening is done to improve the structural capacities (strength, stiffness, ductility, stability, and integrity) of the structure so that the building's performance level can be raised to withstand the design earthquake consideration.
The mass concrete underpinning method is the traditional underpinning method that has been used for centuries. The method entails extending the old foundation to a stable stratum. The soil beneath the existing foundation is excavated in stages orpins in a controlled manner.
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36. What is mass? (4.4)
A. The area of an object.
B. A measure of how much work an object can do.
c. The amount of matter an object or body contains.
D. The force that tends to rotate or turn things.
Answers
Answer:
Mass, in physics, quantitative measure of inertia, a fundamental property of all matter.
Explanation:
Mass is the matter that makes up objects
Represent each of the following combinations of
units in the correct SI form using an appropriate prefix:
(a)kN/s
Answers
The correct SI Form of the United indicated (KN/s) is 0.001 N/s. SI means The International System of Units. It is abbreviated SI in all languages and often pleonastically as the SI system, is the current version of the metric system and the world's most extensively used measuring system.
How do we arrive at the above SI Form?Change kilonewton-second [kN·s] to kilogram-meter per hour [kg·m/h]
A kilonewton/second (MN·s) is a decimal multiple of an SI-derived unit of impulse newton-second. A kilogram-meter per hour (kg·m/h) is a non-SI metric unit of impulse.
The SI is a conceptual model of units of measurement that begins with seven base units: the second (symbol s, the unit of time), the metre (m, length), the kilogram (kg, mass), the ampere (A, electric current), the kelvin (K, thermodynamic temperature), and so on.
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Write the Boolean expression of the output (X) for the below Logic Diagram.
Answers
X= A+B.C+D
I hope it helps
Applying fatigue failure criteria in 3D, determine the final relation (equation) for the following cases: - Considering only the internal pressure fluctuating from Pmax to Pmin Numerical Application: Pmax=1.0P and Pmin=0.2P σu= 690 MPa σe= 345 MPa Kf=1 ; Define P ? - Considering completely reversed internal pressure (P) and completely reversed bending moment (M) Write just the final equation (no numerical application)
Answers
Answer:
Hello your question is incomplete attached below is the complete question
answer :
I) P = t/R * 492.85
II) The final equation : PR / t + 4M/πR3 = б e
Explanation:
attached below is a detailed solution to the given problem
i) P = t/R * 492.85
ii) Final equation : PR / t + 4M/πR3 = б e
Which design activity is part of the design for manufacturability (DFM) methodology?
Aavold parts that are mirror Images
B. establish guidelines on the go
с. some asymmetrical parts are acceptable
D.
maximize utilization of setup time
Answers
Answer:
D would be correct because it maximizes it.
Which of the following is a method used in the slip-critical bolted connections to make sure bolts are properly tensioned?
turn of nut method
direct tension indicator
calibrated torque wrench method
splined tension control bolts
Answers
The c) calibrated torque wrench method is a commonly used method to ensure that bolts in slip-critical bolted connections are properly tensioned(c).
This method involves using a torque wrench with a calibrated gauge to tighten the bolts to a specified torque value. The torque value is calculated based on the size and grade of the bolt and the material being joined. This method is effective because it allows for precise control over the amount of tension applied to each bolt.
Additionally, it can be used on-site, making it a convenient option for construction projects. While other methods such as the turn of nut method and direct tension indicator can also be used, the calibrated torque wrench method is generally preferred due to its accuracy and reliability.
Spline tension control bolts, on the other hand, are a different type of fastener that rely on the splines to prevent the nut from loosening, rather than on specific torque or tension requirements.
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How can a company distinguish between fully certified engineers and those who are not qualified?
Answers
Fully certified engineers have taken a PE examination and have received a professional engineering license.
The standard procedure for dimensioning the location of a house on a site is to dimension ____ of the house from adjacent lot lines. A one side b two sides c two corners d one corner
Answers
Answer:
One corner ( D )
Explanation:
when dimensioning the location of a house on site the standard and the acceptable procedure is to ; Dimension One corner of the house
Adjacent lots is a term used to describe parcels of the site that meet each other along their boundary lines. and they also include parcels that may be separated by streets
gasoline has a comparatively high btu per galloon rating around?
Answers
Answer:
116,090 Btus
Explanation:
HDLC (High level Data Link Control) is?
Answers
Answer:
High-Level Data Link Control is a bit-oriented code-transparent synchronous data link layer protocol developed by the International Organization for Standardization.
Explanation:
In order to best achieve energy sustainability, humans must consider which of the following strategies?I. Building large, centralized power plantsII. Improving energy efficiencyIII. Developing new energy technologiesa. I onlyb. II onlyc. III onlyd. I and IIe. II and III
Answers
The following strategies must be considered in order to achieve energy sustainability: I. Building large, centralized power plants II. Improving energy efficiency III. Developing new energy technologies. Hence, the correct answer is an option (e) II and III.
To achieve energy sustainability, it is important for humans to adopt strategies that promote sustainable energy use. Energy sustainability refers to the use of resources that will not be depleted over time while ensuring that environmental impacts are minimized. Here are some strategies that can be adopted to achieve energy sustainability:
Energy efficiency involves utilizing energy sources to produce goods and services with minimum energy waste. When industries, transportation, and households use energy-efficient technologies, less energy is consumed to produce goods and services. This means that less energy is wasted, which minimizes the environmental impact of energy use.Developing new energy technologies is one of the most effective strategies for achieving energy sustainability. New technologies, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and biomass energy, have the potential to revolutionize the energy industry by providing clean and sustainable energy. These technologies do not contribute to global warming, and they can provide clean energy at an affordable price.II and III are two strategies that are important for achieving energy sustainability. Thus, option (e) is the correct answer.
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The denity of a certain type of jet fuel i 775 kg/m3. Determine it pecific gravity and pecific weight
Answers
The correct answer is Specific weight: w = [weight ÷ volume] = [9N ÷ 0.001m³] = 9000N/m³Density: w = [ × g] Where, g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81m/sec². Specific gravity: G = [density of liquid ÷ density of water] As you know, The density of water = 1000kg/m³.
The density of a substance is divided by the density of water at 4 degrees Celsius to determine its specific gravity. The density of the substance and the density of the water must be represented in the same units for the calculation.distinguishes While specific weight has dimensions, specific gravity is a dimensionless number. The gravitational field has no effect on a material's specific gravity, but it does have an effect on a material's specific weight. A substance's "Specific Gravity" is determined by dividing its mass by the mass of an equivalent volume of water at the same pressure and temperature.
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PLEASE HELP I NEED THIS ASP!!
Answers
Answer:
up up down down
Explanation:
left right left right b a select start
What lives at layer 3 (the network layer) of the OSI model?
Answers
Layer 3 of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, known as the network layer, is responsible for providing end-to-end communication between hosts in different networks.
The network layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data packets across different networks, as well as handling addressing and logical connectivity.
The main entities that live at layer 3 (the network layer) of the OSI model include:
Routers: Routers are network devices that operate at the network layer and are responsible for forwarding data packets between different networks. They use routing tables and protocols to determine the best path for data packets to reach their destination across multiple networks.
IP (Internet Protocol): IP is a network layer protocol that provides logical addressing and routing functionality. It is responsible for assigning unique IP addresses to devices on a network, and for routing data packets based on those IP addresses.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): ICMP is a network layer protocol that is used for sending error messages and operational information about network conditions. It is often used for diagnostic purposes, such as ping and traceroute, to check the connectivity and status of network devices.
Network Addressing: Layer 3 is also responsible for assigning and managing IP addresses, which are used to uniquely identify devices on a network.
Subnetting and VLANs: Layer 3 may also involve subnetting and VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks), which are used for network segmentation and management to improve efficiency and security.
In summary, layer 3 of the OSI model includes routers, IP, ICMP, network addressing, and other protocols and technologies that are responsible for routing, addressing, and logical connectivity in a network.
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help protect the lower legs and feet from heat hazards like molten metal and welding sparks
Answers
Answer:
i think its called leggings thats wut my shop teacher told me
Explanation:
Why are most products the result of an innovation instead of an invention?
Answers
Answer:
they were updated rather than being created
Answer:
Invention is about creating something new, while innovation introduces the concept of “use” of an idea or method.