: Discrete Op-Amp/Multi-Stage Amplifier Design [Max. 60 Marks] In this task you are going to design a multi-stage Amplifier using 2N3904 (NPN) and 2N3906 (PNP) transistors. The basic architecture for an Op-Amp will contain a differential input stage, followed by a CE Amplifier and an output stage as shown in Figure 2. Vin+ Vin- Differential Pair CE Amplifier The basic specifications for the multistage are outlined below: Figure 2: Multi-Stage Amplifier Block Diagram • Open loop-gain (A): > 80 dB (10000 V/V) input impedance (Rin) > 100 ks • output impedance (R₂) < 75 • CMRR > 100dB. • Vcc= -VEE = 15V • Phase Margin > 70⁰ • Slew Rate • Offset Voltage Output Stage 41. # 59 V2 U= VCC| Vin +1. Pr5 V3 U= R16 R= T1 Vaf=1 Bf=; HE Pr1 Pre T3 Vaf= Bf= R12 R= R10 R= Vo1 2 Pr8 Prg Pr T4 Vaf= Bf=' R18 R= Vo2 + 1 Pr3 MO T5 Vaf= Bf= R14 R= Vout
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The design of a multi-stage amplifier using 2N3904 (NPN) and 2N3906 (PNP) transistors is aimed at achieving specific specifications. These include an open-loop gain of over 80 dB, an input impedance greater than 100 kΩ, an output impedance less than 75 Ω, a CMRR greater than 100 dB, a supply voltage of ±15V, a phase margin greater than 70°, a sufficient slew rate, and offset voltage. The amplifier architecture consists of a differential input stage, a common-emitter amplifier (CE), and an output stage.
To meet the specifications, the multi-stage amplifier can be designed as follows. The differential input stage utilizes the 2N3904 NPN transistors to amplify the voltage difference between the Vin+ and Vin- inputs. This stage provides high gain and good common-mode rejection. The CE amplifier stage, implemented with a 2N3904 NPN transistor, further amplifies the signal and provides voltage gain. The output stage, consisting of a 2N3906 PNP transistor, helps drive the output with sufficient current capability.
To achieve an open-loop gain greater than 80 dB, careful selection of transistor parameters and appropriate biasing techniques should be employed. Additionally, proper sizing of resistors and capacitors can help achieve the desired input and output impedances. To ensure a CMRR greater than 100 dB, techniques such as current mirror configuration and balanced circuitry should be employed.
The supply voltage of ±15V ensures sufficient headroom for the amplifier stages to operate. The phase margin greater than 70° ensures stability and prevents oscillations. The slew rate requirement determines the maximum rate of change of the output voltage, which should be designed to handle the desired input signal frequency range without distortion. Finally, offset voltage can be minimized through careful biasing and compensation techniques.
Overall, the design of the multi-stage amplifier using 2N3904 and 2N3906 transistors involves careful consideration of various specifications and the selection of appropriate circuit configurations and component values to meet the desired performance criteria.
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Related Questions
Bisection method cannot be applied for the equation x2 = 0 as the function f(x) = x2 Select one:a. is always positiveb. has a multiple rootc. has a singularityd. has a root in x = 0
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The bisection method cannot be applied for the equation x^2 = 0 as the function f(x) = x^2 because it has a multiple root. In this case, the multiple root is x = 0. A multiple root means that there is more than one value of x that satisfies the equation, in this case, x=0 is the only root.
When using the bisection method, it requires that the function being solved has only one root in the interval being considered. However, in this case, since the function has a multiple root, it violates this condition and hence, the bisection method cannot be applied to this equation.
The bisection method relies on the assumption that the function is continuous and that there is a single root within the interval being examined. The method involves evaluating the function at the midpoint of the interval and determining which half of the interval the root lies in. This process is repeated until the root is found with the desired accuracy. However, when a function has a multiple root, it can cause issues for the bisection method as it may not converge to the root or may take significantly more iterations than expected.To explain it in more detail, the bisection method works by dividing the interval into two parts and checking which part the root lies in. It continues to divide the interval in half until it finds the root. However, if the function has a multiple root, it means that the function is not a one-to-one mapping, which makes it difficult for the bisection method to work effectively. Therefore, in such cases, alternative methods such as the Newton-Raphson method or the Secant method can be used to find the root of the function.Know more about the bisection method
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Consider an airplane patterned after the fairchild republic a-10links to an external site., a twin-jet attack aircraft. the airplane has the following characteristics: wing area
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step: 1 of 16
The static thrust is defined as such a force which is developed and applied by the jet engine on the surrounding air or earth when the airplane is at rest condition.
Power is defined as the rate of doing work with respect to time. Power is a scalar quantity and having no direction. The unit of power is J/s or watt in an hour(w) .
The expression to calculate the resultant power Ps is,
PRETV …… (1)
Here, Ps is the required power, T R is the required thrust and is the velocity of the airplane at a certain altitude.
The expression for the actual power for two engines is,
P, = 2(TV) …… (2)
Here, т. is the actual thrust and is the velocity of the airplane for a given altitude.
step: 2 of 16
Write the expression for the thrust of an airplane.
TRE W CIC) …… (3)
Here, T R is the required thrust, W is the weight of the airplane, с. is the lift polar coefficient of the airplane and Ср is the drag polar coefficient of the plane.
Write the expression for the lift polar coefficient of the airplane.
W C 1 2P. Vis …… (4)
Here, P is the air density, is the velocity of the airplane for a given altitude and S is the wing area.
Write the expression for drag polar coefficient.
C, = CD,0 + C πε(AR) …… (5)
Here, Сро is the zero-lift drag coefficient, is the Oswald’s efficiency factor and AR is the aspect ratio.
It is clear from the power required curve that maximum velocity at the altitude at 5 km is
Hence, the required maximum velocity at the altitude of 5 km is295 m/s.
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I need help!!! Because this is due
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Answer:
see attached
Explanation:
if you are looking for the correct measurement... see attached image
Divide. Give the exact answer, written as a decimal. 5) 3.6
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Answer:
I believe the answer is 0.138
A satellite at a distance of 36,000 km from an earth station radiates a power of 10 W from an
antenna with a gain of 25 dB. What is the received power if the effective aperture area of the
receiving antenna is 20 m2?
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The received power if the effective aperture area of the receiving antenna is 20 m2 is 177.77 m2.
What is Power?In physics, power is referred to as the rate of energy conversion or transfer over time. The unit of power in the SI system, often known as the International System of Units, is the Watt (W). A single joule per second is one watt.
Power was formerly referred to as activity in some research. A scalar quantity is power. As power is always a function of labor done, it follows that if a person's output varies during the day depending on the time of day, so will his power.
A measure of the pace at which energy is transferred, power is a physical quantity. As a result, it can be described as the pace of job completion relative to time.
Therefore, The received power if the effective aperture area of the receiving antenna is 20 m2 is 177.77 m2.
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A diameter shaft contains a deep U-shaped groove that has a radius at the bottom of the groove. The maximum shear stress in the shaft must be limited to . If the shaft rotates at a constant angular speed of , determine the maximum power that may be delivered by the shaft.
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Answer:
hello your question lacks the required figures here is the complete question
A 1.25-in diameter shaft contains a 0.25-in deep U-shaped groove that has a 1/8-in radius at the bottom of the groove. The maximum shear stress in the shaft must be limited to 12000 psi . If the shaft rotates at a constant angular speed of 6Hz , determine the maximum power that may be delivered by the shaft.
Answer: max power delivered by shaft = 4.045 hp
Explanation:
Determine The maximum power that can be delivered by the shaft
using the given data
diameter of shaft ( D ) = 1.25 inches
depth of U-shaped groove = 0.25 inches
radius of U-shaped groove = 1/8 inches = 0.125 inches
maximum shear stress in shaft = 12000 psi
shaft angular speed at frequency of 6 Hz
firstly calculate
The minor diameter (d) = 1.25 - 2(0.25 ) = 0.5 inches
Ratio = radius of groove / minor diameter = 0.125 / 0.75 = 0.167
Ratio, = diameter of shaft / minor diameter = 1.25 / 0.75 = 1.667
k = 1.39 from stress concentration factors graph
calculate the maximum shear stress produced by the torque in the minor diameter of the shaft
Tmax = \(\frac{Tc}{J}\) -----------equation 1
where Tc = 16T
J = \(\pi d^{3}\)
equation 1 becomes( Tmax ) = \(\frac{16*T}{\pi *0.75^3}\)
also Tmax = K * Tmin -------- equation 2
1.39 * \(\frac{16*T}{\pi *0.75^3 } \leq 1200\)
T ≤ 715.122 Ib-in
Tmax = 59.593 Ib-ft ( max shear stress )
Finally calculate the max power transmitted by the shaft
P max = 2\(\pi\)fTmax = 2\(\pi\) * 6 * 59.593
therefore Pmax = 2246.6 Ib-ft/s
= 4.045 hp
What could lead to the development of a musculoskeletal disorder?
Select the 3 answer options that apply.
Lifting
Pushing
Pulling
Sitting in a neutral posture
Answers
Answer:
Option A
Explanation:
When a person is exposed to MSD risk factors such as
- Lifting of heavy weights
- Exposure to whole body vibration on daily basis
- Regular overhead work
- Work that requires neck to be in chronic flexion position
- Repetitive forceful task
develop fatigue which outturn body recovery system and hence causes musculoskeletal imbalance.
Thus, option A is correct
Lifting
Pushing
Pulling
The steel-frame structural support was a main feature in the development of __________. Group of answer choices
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The steel-frame structural support was a main feature in the development of t the floors, roof, walls and skyscraper.
What structure is aided by a metal frame?Steel frame is known to be a form of a building method that is used along with a skeleton frame that is made up of steel columns and I-beams.
Conclusively, This is often used in the construction of grid to aid the floors, roof and walls of any kind of building. It is also used in the construction of skyscraper.
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Under what conditions would it be possible to have an adiabatic flow process with a real fluid (with friction) and have the stagnation pressures at inlet and outlet to the system be the same? (Hint: Look at the stagnation pressure–energy equation.)
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In an adiabatic flow process, there is no heat transfer between the fluid and its surroundings. The stagnation pressure is the pressure that the fluid would have if it is brought to a complete stop and all of its kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy.
What is the adiabatic flow about?The stagnation pressure-energy equation relates the stagnation pressure to the static pressure, density, and velocity of the fluid:
P_0 = P + (1 ÷ 2) * rho x v²,
where P_0 is the stagnation pressure, P is the static pressure, rho is the density, and v is the velocity of the fluid.
If the adiabatic flow process with a real fluid (with friction) is reversible, then the entropy change of the fluid is zero. This means that the isentropic stagnation pressure at the outlet of the system is equal to the isentropic stagnation pressure at the inlet of the system. In this case, the stagnation pressures at the inlet and outlet of the system can be equal, even if there is friction present.
However, if the adiabatic flow process is irreversible, then the entropy change of the fluid is greater than zero, and the isentropic stagnation pressure at the outlet of the system is less than the isentropic stagnation pressure at the inlet of the system.
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describe how to check vehicle ride height
Answers
Answer:
Vehicle manufacturers specify various reference points on the frame, body, fender, bumper or suspension. On some applications, ride height may even be specified as a distance between two points on the vehicle's suspension, such as the distance from the frame rail to the axle or a suspension control arm.
Which of the following power tools has a revolving vertical shaft and a cutter? *
1 point
a) saber saw
b) router
c) miter saw
d) circular saw
Answers
The tool that has a revolving vertical shaft and a cutter is a router. The correct option is b.
What are power tools?There are many different kinds of power tools, including portable power tools like a circular saw, heat guns, and wall chasers as well as electrical power tools like impact wrenches, lathes, power drills, power ratchet sets, and power saws.
Power tools including circular saws, jigsaws, drills, hammer drills, sanders, grinders, routers, and many others reduce labor and time requirements. The requirement for knowledge of the risks that power tools provide if used improperly is raised due to their rising use.
A power tool called a router has a flat base and a spinning blade that protrudes beyond the base. An electric motor or a pneumatic motor can drive the spindle.
Therefore, the correct option is b) router.
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Which of the following occupations is the most physically dangerous?
O electrician
O Ironworker
O boilermaker
O cement mason
Answers
Answer:Ironworker
Explanation:
Their work is totally physical and lead they get hampered by lead most
Answer:
answer:ironworker
Explanation:
they can be hampered and can also get severely injured.
a) For Well A, provide a cross-section sketch that shows (i) ground elevation, (ii) casing height, (iii) depth to
water table, (iv) sampling depth, (v) elevation of the well top of casing, (vi) water table elevation, (vii) elevation
head of the water sampled for bromide, and (viii) pressure head of the water sampled for bromide. Label each of
these distances with the above phrases, plus a unique variable.
b) Calculate the following for each well: (i) elevation of the well top of casing, (ii) water table elevation,
(iii) sampling port elevation, (iv) elevation head of the water sampled for bromide, and (v) pressure head of the
water sampled for bromide. Use sea level as your vertical datum. Write out all calculations (including equations
with variables) for Well A.
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Which oDavid keeps harping over any problem that he comes across at work. He goes over the details regarding the problem repeatedly. In the end, David is confused about the problem, and is therefore unable to find a solution for the problem. Which type of decision maker is David?
Answers
Answer:
the correct answer for the question is A. Agonizer. David is an agonizer as he agonizes while making decisions.
Explanation:
A helicopter landing pad is to be constructed over an area of 40 ft by 70 ft. It is to be 2 ft thick. How many cubic feet must be ordered?
Answers
The volume of cuboid in cubic feet which must be ordered is equal to 5,600 cubic feet.
Given the following data:
Length of helicopter landing pad = 40 ft.
Width of helicopter landing pad = 70 ft.
Height or thickness of helicopter landing pad = 2 ft.
How to calculate the volume of a geometric figure?Based on the information provided, we can reasonably infer and logically deduce that the shape of this helicopter landing pad is a cuboid.
Mathematically, the volume of a cuboid can be calculated by using this following formula:
Volume = l × w × h
Where:
l represents the length of a cuboid.w represents the width of a cuboid.h represents the height of a cuboid.Substituting the given parameters into the formula, we have;
Volume = 40 × 70 × 2
Volume = 5,600 cubic feet.
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Design one input form for the proposed system. Justify how the design is relevant for the proposed system. Design one output form for the proposed system. Justify how the design is relevant for the proposed system.
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Designing an input form for the proposed system: The input form can be designed in the following way:
As the proposed system is about an online e-commerce website, the input form should be designed in a way that it should be simple, understandable, and easy to use. The input form must have the necessary fields that are important for the system to function properly. The user should be able to enter the required details easily.
The following are the necessary fields that should be included in the input form: Customer ID: A unique customer ID that should be generated by the system. Name: Name of the customer. Address: Address of the customer. Phone Number: Contact number of the customer. Email: Email address of the customer.
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Un buque de 500ton de desplazamiento tiene un KG de 5m y un KM de 7.5, la embarcación recibe un carga de 700ton con un KG de 4m. Calcule la cantidad de carga que puede llevar para que el buque navegue con un GM positivo de 0.3 y proponga la posición del centro de gravedad de la carga.
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Answer:
500 kG con 0 .3Explanation:
700 gramosA site is underlain by a soil that has a unit weight of 118 lb/ft3. From laboratory shear strength tests that closely simulated the field conditions, the total stress parameters were measured to be C total = 250 lb/ft2 and φ total = 29°. Estimate the shear strength on a horizontal plane at a depth of 12 ft below the ground surface at this site in lbs/ sq ft
Answers
Answer: the shear strength at a depth of 12 ft is 1034.9015 lb/ft²
Explanation:
Given that;
Weight of soil r = 118 lb/ft³
stress parameter C = 250 lb/ft²
φ total = 29°
depth Z = 12 ft
The shear strength on a horizontal plane at a depth of 12ft
ζ = C + δtanφ
where δ = normal stress
normal stress δ = r × z = 118 × 12 = 1416
so
ζ = C + δtanφ
ζ = 250 + 1416(tan29°)
ζ = 250 + 1416(tan29°)
ζ = 250 + 784.9016
ζ = 1034.9015 lb/ft²
Therefore the shear strength at a depth of 12 ft is 1034.9015 lb/ft²
4. Lockout/tagout (LOTO) is a safety procedure that ensures dangerous machines are properly shut off and not started up again prior to the completion of maintenance or servicing work?
A) True
b) False
Answers
Answer:
The answer is True
Explanation:
Give two examples of the judgment error of anchoring and
adjustment.
Answers
Two examples of judgment errors related to anchoring and adjustment are the anchoring effect in pricing and the anchoring effect in negotiations.
The anchoring effect in pricing occurs when consumers base their perception of a product's value on the initial price they see. For example, if a store initially sets a high price for a product and then offers a discount, consumers may perceive the discounted price as a great deal even if it is still higher than the product's actual value. The initial high price acts as an anchor, influencing the consumer's judgment.
The anchoring effect in negotiations occurs when the first offer made in a negotiation sets the reference point for further negotiations. For instance, if a seller sets a high initial asking price, it can anchor the buyer's perception of the item's value and influence subsequent offers. The buyer may adjust their offer based on the initial anchor, potentially leading to higher final prices.
In both examples, the initial anchor (the initial price or offer) influences subsequent judgments or decisions, demonstrating the anchoring and adjustment bias.
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how is electronic technology applied within the healthcare profession
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Electronic technology is applied within the healthcare profession in various ways to enhance patient care, improve efficiency, and advance medical practices.
Electronic Health Records (EHR): EHR systems allow healthcare providers to digitally store, manage, and access patient medical records. This technology enables secure and convenient sharing of patient information among healthcare professionals, leading to coordinated and integrated care..
Medical Imaging: Electronic technology plays a crucial role in medical imaging, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds.
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If a digital multimeter displays 000 when reading amperage, what should the technician do to get a more accurate reading
Answers
Answer:
Use a non digital multimeter.
Explanation:
If a digital multimeter displays "000" when reading amperage, the technician should adjust the multimeter to a higher amperage range.
Why should the technician do this?This is because "000" typically indicates that the current being measured is too low for the current range selected on the multimeter.
By switching to a higher amperage range, the technician can get a more accurate reading and ensure that the multimeter is properly measuring the current in the circuit under test.
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drawing of twisted drill
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how should you check that the spring brakes come on when air pressure in the system drops
Answers
To check if the spring brakes come on when the air pressure in the system drops is to perform a controlled air loss test.
To check if the spring brakes come on when the air pressure in the system drops, you can follow these steps:
Ensure that the vehicle is parked on a level surface and the parking brake is released.Start the vehicle's engine and allow the air pressure to build up in the system. This is typically indicated by the pressure gauge reaching the recommended operating range.Turn off the engine and observe the pressure gauge to monitor the air pressure.Gradually apply and hold firm pressure to the service brake pedal to decrease the air pressure in the system. You can do this by pressing the pedal gently and steadily.As the air pressure drops, listen for a distinctive "pop" or "release" sound, which indicates that the spring brakes are coming on.Simultaneously, visually check the position of the spring brake chambers. Spring brakes are equipped with a mechanical spring that activates the brake when air pressure is lost. When the spring brakes come on, the chambers should extend or move to the "on" or "brake" position, which can be visually confirmed.It is important to note that this procedure may vary slightly depending on the specific vehicle and braking system. Always refer to the vehicle's manual or consult with a qualified mechanic for accurate instructions and guidelines related to your particular vehicle.
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the maximum distance that the take-off alternate aerodrome may be from the departure aerodrome, for a non-etops twin-engined aeroplane is:
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When it becomes impracticable or unwise to continue to or land at the specified landing aerodrome, an aircraft may go to an alternate airfield that has the required services and facilities, can accommodate aircraft performance requirements, and is operational at the anticipated time of us.
What best define about take-off alternate aerodrome?If the departure aerodrome's meteorological conditions are below the required landing minima or if returning to the departure aerodrome is not feasible for any other reason, a take-off alternate airfield should be mentioned in the operational flight plan.
In the case of two-engine aircraft, such a backup shall be within one hour's flight time at the one-engine-inoperative rate of speed specified in the Aerodrome Operating Manual (AOM) or comparable document.
Therefore, assuming the aircraft mass is the actual mass at take-off and ISA and still-air conditions are in effect.
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he desk has a weight of 80 lb and a centerof gravity at G. Determine the initial acceleration of a desk when the man applies enough force F to overcomethe static friction at A and B. Also, find the vertical reactions on each of the two legs at A and at B. Thecoefficients of static and kinetic friction at A andB are μs= 0.45 andμk= 0.25, respectively.
Answers
Answer:
\(N_a=\frac{45.04}{2}=22.52lb,N_b=\frac{67.48}{2} =33.74lb\)
Explanation:
Na and Nb are the vertical reactions on each of the two legs at A and at B
For the horizontal forces:
\(Fcos(30)-0.5N_a-0.5N_b=0\\0.5N_a+0.5N_b= Fcos(30)\\N_a+N_b= 2Fcos(30)\)
For the vertical forces:
\(N_a+N_b-Fsin(30)-75=0\\N_a+N_b=Fsin(30)+80\)
Therefore equating both equations:
\(2Fcos(30)=Fsin(30)+80\\F(2cos(30)-sin(30))=80\\F=\frac{80}{2cos(30)-sin(30)} =64.93N\)
After the desk star to slide:
sum of all vertical force = ma , therefore:
\(N_a+N_b-64.93sin(30)-80=0\\N_a+N_b=64.93sin(30)+80\)
sum of all horizontal force = ma
\(64.93cos(30)-0.2N_a-0.2N_b=\frac{80lb}{32.2ft/s^2}a\\ 0.2(N_a+N_b)=64.93cos(30)-\frac{80lb}{32.2ft/s^2}a\\N_a+N_b=\frac{64.93cos(30)-\frac{80lb}{32.2ft/s^2}a}{0.2}=324.65-12.42a\)
equating both equations:
\(324.65-12.42a=64.93sin(30)+80\\12.42a=324.65-64.93sin(30)-80\\12.42a=212.185\\a=17.08ft/s^2\)
From the moment equation:
\(4N_b-80(2)-64.93(3)=\frac{-80}{32.2} (17.08)(2)\\N_b=67.48lb\)
\(N_a=\frac{64.93cos(30)-\frac{80lb}{32.2ft/s^2}(17.08)}{0.2}-67.48 = 45.04lb\)
For each leg: \(N_a=\frac{45.04}{2}=22.52lb,N_b=\frac{67.48}{2} =33.74lb\)
why is the surface area an important factor in package design?
Answers
The surface area to volume (S/V) ratio (the three dimensional extrapolation of the perimeter to area ratio) is an important factor determining heat loss and gain. The greater the surface area the more the heat gain/ loss through it. So small S/V ratios imply minimum heat gain and minimum heat loss.
To minimize the losses and gains through the fabric of a building a compact shape is desirable. The most compact orthogonal building would then be a cube. This configuration, however, may place a large portion of the floor area far from perimeter daylighting. Contrary to this, a building massing that optimizes daylighting and ventilation would be elongated so that more of the building area is closer to the perimeter. While this may appear to compromise the thermal performance of the building, the electrical load and cooling load savings achieved by a well-designed daylighting system will more than compensate for the increased fabric losses.
In hot dry climates S/V ratio should be as low as possible as this would minimize heat gain. In cold-dry climates also S/V ratios should be as low as possible to minimize heat losses. In warm-humid climates the prime concern is creating airy spaces. This might not necessarily minimize the S/V ratio. Further, the materials of construction should be such that they do not store heat.
The surface area can be important for that because for a package design the people need to know like the sizes and measurements and other things and surface area includes some of that stuff so it can be important.
According to the EWR specifications, ___ is responsible for picking up and disposing of debris or rubbish from
equipment installed by the electrical contractor on the project.
Select one:
a. The general contractor
b. Contracted laborers
c. The electrical contractor
d. none of these
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is C) Electrical Contractor
Explanation:
EWR refers to Electrical Work Request.
According to the EWR Specifications, the Contractor is responsible for picking up and disposing of debris or rubbish from equipment installed by the electrical contractor on the project.
The EWR specification state that:
For the disposal of building waste materials, and garbage, the contractor shall have on-site enclosed dumpsters or bins and shall regularly eliminate the items referred to above from the site.
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what is the condition for sampling frequency to reconstruct the information signal ?
Answers
A continuous time-varying 1-D signal is sampled by narrow sampling pulses at a regular rate fr = 1/T, which must be at least twice the bandwidth of the signal. At first, it may be somewhat surprising that the original waveform can be reconstructed exactly from a set of discrete samples.
0.34 pts ductile deformation is dependent and ductile strength with depth group of answer choices temperature -------- increases temperature -------- decreases pressure -------- increases pressure -------- decreases
Answers
0.34 pts ductile deformation is dependent and ductile strength with depth increases temperature.
When a material changes shape by bending or flowing, it is said to exhibit ductile deformation. During this process, chemical bonds may break and then reform into new ones. It needs tension that exceeds the elastic limit and a deformation rate that is modest enough to accommodate more strain without the material breaking (i.e., ductility or plasticity). Although the last two can occasionally also be produced by brittle deformation, fold, foliation, and lineation are the usual characteristics of a rock that underwent ductile deformation.
The fabrics of the rocks in the MCC cores include records of ductile deformation. The theory that warm, weak lower crust flows into the area of upper crustal faulting is the one that is most frequently brought up.
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