For example, when the body is infected with a disease, white blood cells of the immune system will express genes that produce antibodies. Injuries, such as cuts around wounds, will initiate the expression of genes in the cells of the injured tissues for clotting factors. Temperature even determines male or female differentiation an some organisms. In certain species of alligators, eggs incubated at temperatures below 30°C will typically develop into females, while eggs incubated above 34°C will typically develop into males,

TDQ7: There are 3 roles of cellular division that are essential to organisms. You need to know them and be able to explain them. Explain why each role is essential for life?
1. Allows for growth of the organism.


2. Allows for cell differentiation.


3. Replaces dead cells.

For Example, When The Body Is Infected With A Disease, White Blood Cells Of The Immune System Will Express

Answers

Answer 1

Because it is constant and independent of the other variables, the incubator is the independent variable.

A variable that can be affected by the other variables is known as an independent variable. The fact that this kind of variable is independent means that it never changes. Due to its changing behaviours, the temperature is the dependent variable in this experiment, but the incubator is the independent variable because of its constant behaviours.The offspring's gender is a dependent variable because it is influenced by the incubation temperature. Environmental factors, such as food, water, and environmental conditions, among others, may be controlled variables.

Therefore, since the incubator does not vary and is independent of the other component, we can draw the conclusion that it is the independent variable.

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Related Questions

6. Explain why some individuals experience
discomfort when they drink milk but can
tolerate yoghurt. (5 marks)

Answers

Answer: Yogurt has less lactose than most dairy products. Everyone responds to dairy differently, so a persons tolerance may be different than another person who’s also lactose intolerant.

Explanation:

In the pillbug experiment, how many pill bugs did you need

Answers

10 pillbugs were needed in the Pillbug experiment to get good information. Thus, option (c) is the correct answer.

Pillbugs are categorized as terrestrial isopods and are in the crustacea family. Pill bugs are simple to acquire, to maintain, odourless and easy to handle. They make the perfect experimental subject.

The Pillbug experiment by McGraw Hill aims to understand how pillbugs behave in both damp and dry settings. The study is conducted by watching their behavior, taking into account how often they circle and spin.

The purpose of the Pillbug experiment is to determine if pillbugs, often known as roly-polys, prefer light or darkness. They are cold-blooded, slow-moving organisms whose surroundings regulate their body temperatures.

The complete question is:

In the Pillbug experiment, how many Pillbugs did you need to use to get good information for the experiment?

A. 100

B. 1

C. 10

D. 4

E. 5

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Describe the two functions of the coarse focus knob on the SI V-Scope.

Answers

The coarse focus knob on the SI V-Scope lowers and raises the microscope stage and uses power to focus.

The coarse focus knob on most microscopes is located around the bottom center part of the arm of the microscope as illustrated in the image below. The larger of the two knobs and one that is closest to the microscope's arm is the coarse adjustment knob.

Only the lowest power objective lens should be used with the coarse focus knob. You will only need to utilize the fine focus once it is in focus. With higher lenses, using the coarse focus could cause the lens to fall into the slide.

Focus (coarse), The coarse focus knob is used to roughly or almost focus the specimen. Focus (fine), After bringing the image into focus with the coarse focus knob, use the fine focus knob to make it more sharply focused.

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have this done correctly for brainiest​

have this done correctly for brainiest

Answers

LABELING

From Top to bottom

1) Ocular lens (Eye Piece)

__________________________________________________________

First Row Of the Labeling

2) Arms ( Right Box)

3) Revolving Nose Piece (left Box)

__________________________________________________________

Second Row Of the Labeling

4) Stage Clip (Right Box)

5) Objective Lenses (Left box)

__________________________________________________________

The Knobs in the Right

6) Course Focus Knob (the big Knob)

7) Fine Focus Knob (the small knob)

8) Mechanical Stage adjustment knobs (Small circular knobs in front of the course focus and fine focus knob)

__________________________________________________________

The Left Labeling below the objective lens

9) Stage

10) Condensor Lens

11) lamp or Illuminator

__________________________________________________________

Right Bottom 2 Labeling

12) Brightness adjustment

13) Base

__________________________________________________________

Functions

A) OCULAR LENS

B) MECHANICAL STAGE KNOBS

C) FOCUS KNOBS

D) MECHANICAL STAGE

E) STAGE CLIP

F) CONDENSOR LENS

G) LOW POWER OBJECTIVE LENS

H) BASE AND ARM

I) DIAPHRAGM

J) COARSE FOCUS KNOB

K) ILUMINATOR OR LAMP

L) HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE LENS

A group of researchers transformed E. coli to express
dsRNA that matched a transcription factor, eaf-1. They
then fed these E. coli to C. elegans worms. When the
researchers examined the C. elegans, they found that
they had fewer offspring and were smaller individuals,
with similar characteristics to C. elegans in which eaf-1
had been knocked out.
The students suggested several hypotheses based on
these observations about how RNAi worked:
1. The dsRNA inhibited gene transcription.
2. The dsRNA inhibited mRNA processing.
3. The dsRNA inhibited translation of mRNA into protein.
4. The dsRNA inhibited protein folding.
Mark this and return
The researchers then performed a series of experiments
to determine which hypothesis was correct. The C.
elegans were found to be transcribing eaf-1 into mRNA,
but not producing eaf-1 protein. When the students
directly injected C. elegans with dsRNA and tracked
tagged mRNA, they found the mature mRNA was
degraded in the cytoplasm, and ribosomes were not
binding to it. Which hypothesis is supported by these
observations?

Answers

The hypothesis that is supported by these observations is that the dsRNA inhibited the translation of mRNA into protein (third option).

What does the experiment reveal about dsRNA?

In this experiment, the C. elegans worms were transcribing eaf-1 into mRNA but not producing the eaf-1 protein. This phenomenon shows that dsRNA inhibited the translation of mRNA into protein related to the action of E. coli on the worms.

This also explains why the worms affected by this bacteria had fewer offspring and the offspring were smaller.

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Which statement about enzymes is true?
An enzyme functions to increase the activation energy in a reacton.
Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts in nonliving things.
Each enzyme can catalyze many different biochemical reactions.
Enzymes and substrates fit together like a lock and key.

Answers

Answer:

Enzymes and substrates fit together like a lock and key since, in one enzymatic reaction, only the correct substrate (i.e., the key) binds to its corresponding enzyme (i.e. the lock).  

Explanation:

An enzyme (or catalyst) is one protein that has catalytic functions, being therefore capable of accelerating chemical reactions. The enzymes are known to control the rate of these chemical reactions (i.e., catalysis) without suffering alterations during these processes. Thus, the enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions that are not favored under normal conditions. Moreover, one enzyme may catalyze more than one chemical transformation, as well as the same reaction may be catalyzed by two or more enzymes.

how does skinner show that this may be due to epigenetic effects

Answers

B.F Skinner was most famous for his invention, books and psychologies. He used to believe that behaviour is based on the environment. While he did not especially study epigenetic effects but his theories point out that the epigenetic effect is based on behaviour.

He introduced the "skinner box experiment". In this experiment pigeons or rats are put in cages and a lever or button provides food or water to them. And as time passed the animal learned to touch the button to get food and water. Skinner argued that this type of learning is the primary mechanism by which behaviour is shaped. But in the research, it can be concluded that genes are involved in learning and memory.

Skinner's research also showed that a specific schedule can influence the strength and persistence of learned behaviour. In some cases, where the reward is not delivered every time the behaviour is exhibited) can lead to more persistent behaviour than continuous reinforcement.

Therefore, skinner did not study the epigenetic effect of his involvement in the study of human behaviour suggesting that epigenetic mechanisms can be involved in this process.

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Why do some organisms make one type of protein for a feature while other organisms make two? RIGHT ANSWER GETS CROWN

Answers

Answer:

For every gene, there may be several possible versions. Different genes carry instructions for making different proteins. If the gene copies are heterozygous, two types of protein are produced, if the gene copies are h0m0zyg0us, one type of protein is produced.

Explanation:

Every gene has several variants. Genes encode proteins. If the gene copies are heterozygous, two types of protein are produced; if they are homozygous, one type of protein is produced.

What is a gene?

DNA, or in the case of certain viruses, RNA, is the medium in which an organism's genome is written. A gene is a section of the genome that contains the genetic instructions for making a particular protein or RNA. Codons are units of three nucleotides in a gene that each code for a specific amino acid. Genes that code for proteins are made up of these codons.

There might be multiple variants of each gene, depending on the circumstances. Instructions for the production of a variety of proteins are contained within each gene. If the gene copies are homozygous, then only one type of protein will be produced; however, if the gene copies are heterozygous, then two different types of protein will be produced.

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can some one label this ill mark branieliest

can some one label this ill mark branieliest

Answers

all i know is that the mitochondria is the power house of the cell

18) Why do rabbits from polar regions have white fur?
A) The white fur is more attractive.
B) The white fur camouflages them in the snow.
The white fur reflects more light warming the rabbit
D) The white fur makes the rabbits stand out in the snow.

Answers

Answer:

B) it is used to camoflauge the rabbit in the snow

Explanation:
To protect this rabbit from predators its evolved in this region with white fur to blend in,thus protecting it from being eaten or hunted

Answer: B. The white fur camouflages them in the snow.

Explanation: The reason rabbits from polar regions have the white fur is so they can camouflage in the snow to protect themselves from predators.  It's the same reason why a lot of animals look like the environment around them. It protects them from being eaten by local predators in the area.

Hope this helps! :)

The Loch Raven Reservoir supports a variety of organisms at all times of the year. There is an algal bloom this year. How would the environment be expected to change?​

Answers

It is expected that the algal bloom in the Loch Raven Reservoir would change by decreasing the amount of available biomass.

What is the direct consequence of an algal bloom?

The direct consequence of an algal bloom is an increase in the amount of available oxygen in the aquatic system and a drastic reduction in the light that enters into this ecosystem, which reduces the amount of biomass because plants are unable to produce photosynthesis.

Therefore, we can conclude that the consequence of an algal bloom is a decrease in the biomass that supports the trophic chain in this aquatic ecosystem.

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Is it possible to find a cloud in a museum? Why?

Answers

Answer:

yes

Explanation:

cloud chambers are known things in some museums, which makes it possible to have a cloud in a museum.

Answer:

no

Explanation:

beacuse cloud are seen outside a building and a museum is a building.beacuse your view is blocked by the seling of the museum

what is constellation? name eny one constellation you know​

Answers

Constellation is a group of stars that form a pattern in the sky. An example is Taurus the bull and a well known one such as Orion the Great Hunter.

Explanation:

a group of stars forming a recognizable pattern that is traditionally named after its apparent form or identified with a mythological figure. Modern astronomers divide the sky into eighty-eight constellations with defined boundaries.

latín name; English name or description;

aquarius. (water bearer)

Aquila. (Eagle)

Ara. (Altar)

aries. (Ram)

this is some of the constellations.

Please determine whether the statement is true or false;


In vertebrates, the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and the spinal cord, integrates information, while the nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) transmit sensory and motor signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Answers

Yes it be like that

What is a niche?
It is the food an organism eats.
It is how the organism lives.

Answers

Answer:

a niche is a particular place and organism of an ecosystem occupies

Explanation:

another word for selectively permeable?

Answers

Answer:

semipermeable membrane.

Answer:

tom asked what inspired you?

Type the correct answer in the box. Spell all words correctly.
When carbon bonds with oxygen, what is formed?
When carbon bonds with oxygen,
is formed.
Reset
Next

Answers

Carbon Dioxide is formed. (CO2) Can’t really explain this one it just is.

When carbon bonds with oxygen carbon dioxide is formed. So, the correct answer is Carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is a molecule which has 2 atoms of the oxygen and 1 atom of carbon element. The oxygen is bonded by covalently double bond to the carbon atom. It is represented by the formula  \(CO2\).

Carbon dioxide is also known as green-house gas, which is produced from the burning of fossil fuels, combustion, wildfires etc. It is present in the atmosphere (0.003 %) at room temperature.

Hence, the correct answer is Carbon dioxide.

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Based on what you were told about the
reproduction of the snails, write a question that
could be researched.

Answers

If they aren't hermaphrodites, can they still be male and female at the same time?

Answer: How do snails approximate each other when a snail is already mature and can begin mating?

Explanation: give me a brainliest?

How long after conception does the new human develop different cell types?

Answers

The first 12 hours after conception, the fertilized egg remains a single cell. After 30 hours or so, it divides from one cell into two. Some 15 hours later, the two cells divide to become four. And at the end of 3 days, the fertilized egg cell has become a berry-like structure made up of 16 cells.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.

Geologists can use
waves to learn about Earth’s interior. P waves travel faster than S waves. S waves travel through solids only, which tells geologists that the
core is liquid.

Geologists call the outer, solid area of Earth the crust; the next layer is the
. Finally, at the very center, is the core.

Answers

Answer:

the correct answers are

Geologists can use

seismic

waves to learn about Earth’s interior. P waves travel faster than S waves. S waves travel through solids only, which tells geologists that the

outer

core is liquid.

Geologists call the outer, solid area of Earth the crust; the next layer is the

mantle

. Finally, at the very center, is the core.

Explanation:

answers are underlined

mark me brainliest pls

Answer:

seismic
outer
mantle
In that order.

Explanation:

what is the term used for members of a population leaving an area?

Answers

The term used for population members leaving an area is "emigration." Emigration refers to leaving one's country or region of origin to settle permanently in another.

What is migration?

Migration refers to moving from one place or region to another to live there permanently or temporarily. This movement can be within a country or across international borders. It can be driven by various factors, such as economic opportunities, political instability, social and cultural factors, or environmental disasters.

Why is migration important?

Migration has significant social, economic, and environmental implications for the origin and destination areas, including population demographics, cultural diversity, labour markets, and natural resource use.

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Answer: Emigration

Explanation:

What is the alien invasion in the Florida Everglades?​

Answers

The foreign Burmese Python has disrupted the entire animal population in the Everglades. These invaders from Asia have proved to be extremely detrimental to Florida’s ecological systems, based on factors including their size, rapid reproduction, predatory diets, and Florida’s weather and climate conditions. Due to these multiple elements, Burmese Pythons have taken over the Everglades and have shown no signs of stopping. The problem becomes even more difficult to handle when the environmental controls taken to remove these pythons fail to counter the increasing python population in the Everglades. In other words, because of the biology of these snakes, the problems they bring to the South Florida food chain and the lack of removal of the invasive predators, Burmese Pythons create major issues for the ecosystem and are likely to spread if not controlled quickly. Hope that is enough! :)
Burmese Python Invasion of Everglades National Park, Florida
Over the past two decades, an alien predator has invaded Florida's Everglades National Park, causing damage to the entire South Florida ecosystem. The foreign Burmese Python has disrupted the entire animal population in the Everglades.

Identify Organelles in a Plant Cell
identity the organelles in the cell.
Label A
chloroplast
Label B
vacuole
Label C
cell wall
Label

Answers

Answer:

No image of the cell has been provided.

Explanation:

Answer:

Label A

✔ Vacuole

Label B

✔ Cell wall

Label C

✔ Chloroplast

Label D

✔ Mitochondrion

Explanation: this is right on endgenuity, i just completed this question.....hope this helps! (but keep in mind our picture may be labled different so im sry in advance)

Explain the advantages to a plant of having its cell membranes surrounded by cell walls

Answers

Answer:

Advantage of cell walls

It protect and support the cell .

To give difinite shape for the cell.

Having cell walls surrounding cell membranes provides several advantages to plants, including structural support, protection against pathogens, regulation of water balance, and prevention of cell rupture.

The cell wall is a rigid structure located outside the cell membrane in plant cells. It is composed primarily of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate. Here are the advantages of having cell walls:

Structural Support: Cell walls provide mechanical support to plant cells and help maintain the overall shape and structure of the plant. They allow plants to stand upright and withstand environmental forces such as wind or gravity. The cell walls of adjacent plant cells are interconnected, forming a strong network that provides stability to the plant as a whole.

Pathogen Protection: The cell wall acts as a physical barrier against pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. It prevents the entry of pathogens into the plant cells, reducing the risk of infection. Additionally, the cell wall can contain antimicrobial compounds and other defense molecules that provide further protection against pathogens.

Water Regulation: The cell wall plays a crucial role in regulating water balance within plant cells. It helps maintain turgor pressure, which is essential for cell expansion and overall plant growth. The cell wall allows water to enter and exit the cell in a controlled manner, preventing excessive water uptake or loss.

Cell Rupture Prevention: The rigid cell wall helps prevent cell rupture or bursting when the internal pressure within the cell increases. It provides strength and stability to the cell, allowing it to withstand internal pressure changes without bursting.

Overall, the presence of cell walls in plant cells offers significant advantages in terms of structural support, protection against pathogens, regulation of water balance, and prevention of cell rupture. These advantages contribute to the overall health, growth, and survival of plants in diverse environmental conditions.

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Explain two potential uses of stem cells in medicine and consider and ethical or technical issues that need to be overcome before they can be used widely?

Answers

1- Stem cells can be used to treat conditions where cells are damaged or not working properly, such as in diabetes and paralysis. They can be used to replace the damaged cells.
2- They can also be used for drug testing, as the cells can differentiate into any almost type of cell, so they can be used as the subject of testing for many different medications.

Some issues are that there may be risks, such as the transfer of viral infections. Some people also have ethical issues, especially since most stem cells are taken from embryonic stem cells, from embryos, so some believe that it is ‘killing’ an embryo, who they consider to be a person.

4. On an expedition to Antarctica, scientists have discovered fossils of plants that are found in tropical rainforests. What statement best explains this discovery?
-Tropical plants grow on Antarctica during summer months.
-Antarctica used to be located closer to the equator.
- Fossilized remains were carried by ocean currents.
-The ice age froze the tropical plants in ice. .​

Answers

Answer:

Antarctica used to be located closer to the equator.

Explanation:

The statement that best explains the discovery of fossils of plants found in tropical rainforests in Antarctica is "Antarctica used to be located closer to the equator."

According to geological history, during the Rodinia age around 1 billion years ago, the Antarctica continent can be found near the position of the equator, thereby making it experience a favorable tropical climate in the past.

Which area of the brain is most active when listening

Answers

Answer: Right inferior frontal gyrus was also activated for both reading and listening comprehension. The common areas of activation are shown in white in Figure 1. Listening comprehension showed large clusters of activation in bilateral (posterior and anterior) superior temporal and middle temporal gyri.

Explanation:

1) given the following sequence of genes on a chromosome, determine what change in chromosome structure occurred. the asterisk indicates the centromere
before: A B C D * E F G H
after: A C D * E F G H
a) inversion b) gene duplication c) terminal deletion d) interstitial deletion
2) given the following sequence of genes on a chromosome, determine what change in chromosome structure occurred. the asterisk indicates the centromere
before: A B C D * E F G H
after: A B G F E * D C H
a) paracentric inversion b) pericentric inversion c) gene duplication d) reciprocal translocation

Answers

The changes in chromosomes are as follows:

1) interstitial deletion2) gene duplication

Intercalary deletions are those that arise from inside the chromosome. Deletion mutations can arise because to losses from translocation, chromosomal crossings inside a chromosomal inversion, uneven crossing over, and breaking without rejoining. Intercalary or terminal deletions are both possible.

Terminal deletions are deletions that occur at the end of a chromosome but do not include the centromere. Intercalary deletions are caused by the loss of intercalary or interstitial regions, which necessitates two chromosome breaks and reconnection of the adjacent chromosome pieces.

Gene duplication (also known as chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a significant method for the generation of additional genetic material throughout molecular evolution. It is defined as any duplication of a gene-containing region of DNA.

Gene duplications can occur as a result of a variety of faults in the DNA replication and repair machinery, as well as through chance capture by selfish genetic components. Ectopic recombination, retrotransposition events, aneuploidy, polyploidy, and replication slippage are all common causes of gene duplications.

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The pointy, inferior part of the heart is the ____ while the _____ is much broader with multiple blood vessels entering and exiting from the region.
A. Base; apex.
B. Apex; base
C. Auricle; septum
D. Septum; auricle

Answers

The pointy, inferior part of the heart is the _apex___ while the __base___ is much broader with multiple blood vessels entering and exiting from the region.

Why does a cat comes near when show it milk and runs away when you show it stick ?

Answers

Cats have evolved certain behaviors that are influenced by their natural instincts and experiences.

When a cat sees milk, it may be attracted to it because it contains nutrients that are important for its survival, and the cat may associate the presence of milk with positive experiences. This can include nursing from its mother as a kitten or catching and consuming prey that contains milk or milk products.

On the other hand, when a cat sees a stick, it may perceive it as a threat or danger, and may associate it with negative experiences, such as being hit or attacked by a predator. This can trigger the cat's natural instinct to flee or hide from potential danger, as a survival mechanism.

Overall, a cat's behavior is influenced by its instincts, past experiences, and environmental cues. It may approach things that it perceives as positive or beneficial, and avoid or flee from things that it perceives as dangerous or threatening.

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Mrs.Kimble earns 125 per week What energy is directly dependent upon velocity and mass?A mechanical energyO B. total energyC. potential energyO D. kinetic energy . Carl calculates the z-score corresponding to the weight 255 oz. Using the table (column.00), Carl sees the area associated with this z-score is O. Carl rounds this value to the nearest hundredth or 0. Now, Carl decides to find the percent associated with boxes less than 255 oz. so he rounds to hundredths and subtracts 0.50 - 0. %. Read this sentence.The dog slept in a cozy corner of the bedroom.Identify which tense the sentence is showing.O present tenseO past tenseO future perfect tenseO future tense Analyze the service firm of citigroup bank along the key aspect of the service -profit chain.Asses how well the firm is performing at the various component of the service -profit chain and make specific suggestion and improvement Mathematicians in ancient India developed the concept of zero, the decimal system, and numerals, all of which we continue to use today in the age of computers. True False Translate the key into Spanish What was the main idea of the Enlightenment Philosophers? PLEASE HELP ME ASAP I'M BEING TIMED PLEASE HURRY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! WILL MARK BRAINLIEST!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! What was one of the main goals of the March on Washington on August 28, 1963? a. the passage of a Voting Rights Act by Congress b. a federal employment program for all workers, regardless of race c. an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution d. an armed force in the Southern states to enforce integration laws Someone please help me!!! What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction where the third carbon (C3) of glucose is converted to CO2. Imagine that the C3 of glucose is isotopically labeled (13C) and follow the carbon through the reactions of glycolysis, PDH, and TCA where applicable. HELP PLEASE I WILL GIVE 50 POINTS AND MARK BRAINLESS TO BEST ANSWER Julia got a delivery order. She took some time to get ready, and then she rode her bike at a constant speed. The table compares the distance to you made (in kilometers) and the time since she got the order (in minutes and parentheses. Enumerate and discuss how rivers State public library bridges the gap for people and communities with no or limited opportunities for formal education Which statements best compare the federal and state courts? Solve for n. 12n+34n=12 Enter the answer, as a whole number or as a fraction in simplest form, in the box. n =( ) genes a, b and c are located on the same chromosome. testcrosses show that the recombination frequency between a and b is 28% and between a and c is 12%. can you determine the linear order of the genes? ideal gas law and internal energy pressure vs. volume graph ranking task QUESTION 2 Mianfen Flour Mills (M) Sdn. Bhd. produces a single type of Premium-wheat flour for its both wholesale and retail customers in Malaysia. There was an opening inventory (11,400 kg at RM3 each) brought forward from December 2021. During January 2022, the company's operations had the following transactions: Date Bought at gross price and quantity Issued out to production Jan 3 11,000 kg Jan 8 4,500 kg at RM3.10 each Jan 10 5,700 kg at RM3.20 each Jan 17 5,200 kg at RM3.30 each Jan 18 15,700 kg Jan 19 5,700 kg at RM3.40 each Jan 23 Agreements signed* Jan 24 8,500 kg at RM3.30 each Jan 25 16,150 kg Additional information: *On 24 January 2022, the company signed a purchase agreement with all its suppliers: a free 300 kg of wheat for every 1,000 kg purchased. The agreement has reduced the unit cost substantially and enhanced the competitiveness of the company in the market. Required: Using the following methods calculate the value of closing inventory as at 31 January 2021. (Round your answers to 2 decimal points. Eg: 3.127 =3.13) (8 marks) 1. First in, First out method (FIFO) 2. Moving Average method (MAVG) 3. Last in, First out method (LIFO) (9 marks) (Total:25 marks) (8 marks)