Gas law practice problems
LE
gas
A 3.0L sample of carbon dioxide gas at 155 kPa is injected into a 5.0 L vessel. What is the new pressure of the
gas

Answer:

linear electron and molecular geometry with a bond angle of 180 degrees and a hybridization of Sp

Explanation:

Standard state of the given equation will be:

Pb (s) + N2(g) + 3O2(g) --> Pb(NO3)2(s)

A chemical equation is a word used frequently in everyday chemistry. Jean Beguin, a French chemist, developed the first chemical equations in 1615. A chemical equation is simply a written representation of the process that occurs during a chemical reaction using numbers and symbols.

Explain:

Pb (NO3)2(s)

elements:

Pb, N, O

elemental states

Pb (s)   N2(g) , O2(g)

equation

Pb (s) + N2(g) + 3O2(g) --> Pb(NO3)2(s)

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Answer: cutting, bending, dissolving, freezing, boiling, and melting.

Explanation:

VB or Valence Bond Theory:

The VB was developed in order to explain chemical bonding using the method of quantum mechanics. This theory primarily focuses on the formation of individual bonds from the atomic orbitals of the participating atoms during the formation of a molecule.

-------------

VB theory predicts covalent bond formation between atoms when they have half-filled valence atomic orbitals, each containing a single unpaired electron.

These atomic orbitals overlap, so electrons have the highest probability of being within the bond region. Both atoms then share the single unpaired electrons to form weakly coupled orbitals.

The two atomic orbitals do not need to be the same as each other.

The theory helps explain bond formation in cases where a Lewis structure can't describe real behavior.

There are approximately \(2.76 * 10^{24\) ammonia molecules in the given sample.

To calculate the number of ammonia molecules in the sample, we need to use Avogadro's number and the molar mass of ammonia.

The molar mass of ammonia \((NH_3)\) can be calculated by adding up the atomic masses of nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H):

Molar mass of \(NH_3\) = (1 x atomic mass of N) + (3 x atomic mass of H)

              = (1 x 14.01 g/mol) + (3 x 1.01 g/mol)

              = 14.01 g/mol + 3.03 g/mol

              = 17.04 g/mol

Now, we can calculate the number of moles of ammonia in the sample using the formula:

Number of moles = Mass of the sample / Molar mass

Number of moles = 78.25 g / 17.04 g/mol

              ≈ 4.5865 mol (rounded to four decimal places)

Finally, we can use Avogadro's number, which represents the number of particles (atoms, molecules, etc.) in one mole of a substance. Avogadro's number is approximately \(6.022 * 10^{23\) particles/mol.

Number of ammonia molecules = Number of moles x Avogadro's number

Number of ammonia molecules ≈ 4.5865 mol x (\(6.022 * 10^{23\) molecules/mol)

                           ≈ \(2.76 * 10^{24\) molecules (rounded to two significant figures)

Therefore, the provided sample contains roughly \(2.76 * 10^{24\) ammonia molecules.

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The number of ammonia molecules in the sample is approximately 2.764 x \(10^{24}\) molecules.

To calculate the number of ammonia molecules in a given sample, we need to use Avogadro's number and the molar mass of ammonia.

The molar mass of ammonia (NH3) is calculated as follows:

Molar mass of N = 14.01 g/mol

Molar mass of H = 1.01 g/mol

Total molar mass of NH3 = 14.01 g/mol + (3 * 1.01 g/mol) = 17.03 g/mol

Now, we can calculate the number of moles of ammonia in the sample:

Number of moles = Mass of sample / Molar mass of NH3

Number of moles = 78.25 g / 17.03 g/mol = 4.594 moles

Next, we use Avogadro's number, which states that there are 6.022 x \(10^{23}\) molecules in one mole of a substance.

Number of molecules = Number of moles * Avogadro's number

Number of molecules = 4.594 moles * 6.022 x \(10^{23}\) molecules/mol = 2.764 x \(10^{24}\) molecules

Therefore, there are approximately 2.764 x \(10^{24}\) ammonia molecules in the given sample of 78.25 g.

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The states of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

Addition of heat to a substance helps the molecules break the intermolecular forces of attraction.

Elements are pure substances consisting of same type of atoms while Compounds are pure substances consisting of two or more different atoms.

The states of matter are four types namely:

Addition of heat to a substance results in phase change as the heat added to the substance helps the molecules break the intermolecular forces of attraction.

Elements are pure substances consisting of entirely the same type of atoms, for example hydrogen.

Compounds are pure substances consisting of two or more different atoms, for example water.

A pure (hom0genous) substance consists of one more elements chemically joined together while mixtures consists of two or more substances physically joined together.

Physical changes are changes that can be easily reversed such as the melting of candle wax while chemical changes are changes that cannot be easily reversed such as rusting of iron.

The modern atomic theory is the theory that atoms consists of the three fundamental particles; electrons, protons and neutrons.

Democritus stated that all matter consists of atoms which are extremely small and indestructible.

Dalton stated that all elements consists of small indivisible particles called atoms and that atoms of the same element were alike in all respects.

Atoms consists of electrons which are found in energy levels or orbits around the nucleus where the protons and neutrons are found.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different masses.

Atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the atom while the mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the atom.

The period table of elements is arranged in increasing order of atomic number of elements into groups and periods.

In conclusion, matter is the main component of materials and it exists in four different states.

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The partial charges on each fluorine atom are negative. Option B) The central O atom is the correct answer. Option B

The partial charges in a molecule are determined by the electronegativity values of the atoms involved. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. In the case of \(F_2O\), fluorine (F) is more electronegative than oxygen.

Fluorine is the most electronegative element on the periodic table, meaning it has a high ability to attract electrons. Oxygen is also relatively electronegative but less so than fluorine. When fluorine atoms bond with oxygen, the shared electrons will be pulled more towards the fluorine atoms, creating a polar covalent bond.

In \(F_2O\), each fluorine atom will pull the shared electrons towards itself, resulting in a higher electron density around the fluorine atoms. This creates a region of partial negative charge around the fluorine atoms.

Conversely, the oxygen atom will have a region of lower electron density and, therefore, a partial positive charge. This is because the shared electrons spend more time around the fluorine atoms due to their higher electronegativity.

Option B

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Answer:

Explanation:

Given that:

The argon atoms are excited into an excited state before emitting the 488.0 nm laser.

the energy of the first ionization energy of argon is 1520 kJ mol-1.

SInce 1 eV = 96.49 kJ/mol

Therefore, the energy of the first ionization energy of argon in eV is = ( 1520/ 96.49) eV

=  15.75 eV

To find where  the energy level of the excited state lies below the vacuum energy level, let's first determine, the energy liberated by using planck expression.

\(E = \dfrac{hc}{\lambda}\)

\(E = \dfrac{6.6 \times 10^{-34} \times 3 \times 10^8}{488 \times 10^{-9}}\)

\(E = \dfrac{1.98 \times 10^{-25}}{488 \times 10^{-9}}\)

\(E = \dfrac{1.98 \times 10^{-25}}{488 \times 10^{-9}}\)

\(E =4.057 \times 10^{-19} \ J\)

Converting Joules (J) to eV ; we get,

\(E =\dfrac{4.057 \times 10^{-19}}{1.6 \times 10^{-19}}\)

E = 2.53 eV

The energy levels of the first exited state = -13.223 eV

The number of moles of gas produced from the reaction of 2.00g of potassium with an excess amount of water is 0.025 moles.

The reaction of potassium with an excess amount of water is:

2K + 2H\(_2\)O \(\rightarrow\) 2KOH + H\(_2\)

To calculate the moles of hydrogen gas first we need to calculate moles of potassium in 2.00g

No. of moles = (mass) / (molecular mass)

The mass given is 2.00 g and the Molecular mass is 39.09 units

∴ No. of moles = (2) / (39.09) = 0.05

From the above reaction, we get that 2 moles of potassium give 1 mole of hydrogen gas. Thus, 0.05 moles of potassium gives 0.025 moles of hydrogen gas.

Therefore, the no. of moles of hydrogen gas produced is 0.025 moles.

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Answer:

The tension in the string is 78.73 N.

Explanation:

The tension in the string can be determined from the expression;

v = \(\sqrt{\frac{T}{m} }\)

where: v is the speed of the wave in the sting, T is the tension in the string and m is the mass per unit length of the sting.

Given that: v = 16.2 m/s, and m = 0.3 kg/m.

Then;

16.2 = \(\sqrt{\frac{T}{0.3} }\)

Square both sides to have,

\((16.2)^{2}\) = \(\frac{T}{0.3}\)

T = \((16.2)^{2}\) x 0.3

  = 252.44 x 0.3

  = 78.732

T = 78.732 N

The tension in the string is 78.73 N.

The energy of the photon of light can be obtained as 6.27 * 10^-20 J.

We know that a photon has to to do with a particular unit of light. We know that light can be said to be composed of very tiny corpuscles and these corpuscles of light is what we call the photon of the light.

We can be able to us the equation that is derived by Max Plank to be able to get the value of the energy of the photon of light. Now we know that a photon of light can have an energy that is able to be obtained by;

E = hf

h = Plank's constant

f = Frequency

Then;

E = 6.6 * 10^-34 Js * 9.5 * 10^13 Hz

= 6.27 * 10^-20 J

Thus as we can see from the parameters in the question, the energy of the photon is 6.27 * 10^-20 J.

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The ideal gas law equation is: PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.

To determine the mass of NaCl that reacted with F2 at 290 K and 1.5 atm, we can rearrange the equation as follows: n = PV/RT. Substituting in the values for P, V, R, and T, we get: n = (1.5 atm)(18.0 L)/(0.0821 atm*L/mol*K)(290 K) = 0.835 mol NaCl.

To determine the mass of sodium chloride that can react with the same volume of fluorine gas at STP (standard temperature and pressure), we would use the same equation but with the values for P, V, R, and T corresponding to STP. At STP, P = 0.987 atm, V = 18 L, R = 0.0821 atm*L/mol*K, and T = 273 K. Therefore, n = (0.987 atm)(18 L)/(0.0821 atm*L/mol*K)(273 K) = 0.792 mol NaCl.

What is Sodium chloride?

Sodium chloride, also known as table salt, is an ionic compound composed of sodium and chloride ions in equal proportions. It is a mineral found naturally in most bodies of water, including sea water, and is widely used as a seasoning and preservative in food.

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Answer:

The ideal gas law equation is: PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.

To determine the mass of NaCl that reacted with F2 at 290 K and 1.5 atm, we can rearrange the equation as follows: n = PV/RT. Substituting in the values for P, V, R, and T, we get: n = (1.5 atm)(18.0 L)/(0.0821 atm*L/mol*K)(290 K) = 0.835 mol NaCl.

To determine the mass of sodium chloride that can react with the same volume of fluorine gas at STP (standard temperature and pressure), we would use the same equation but with the values for P, V, R, and T corresponding to STP. At STP, P = 0.987 atm, V = 18 L, R = 0.0821 atm*L/mol*K, and T = 273 K. Therefore, n = (0.987 atm)(18 L)/(0.0821 atm*L/mol*K)(273 K) = 0.792 mol NaCl.

Explanation:

Using Hess's law we found:

1) By adding reaction 10.2 with the reverse of reaction 10.1 we get reaction 10.3:

KOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  → H₂O(l) + KCl(aq)   ΔH  (10.3)

2) The ΔHsoln must be subtracted from ΔHneut to get the total change in enthalpy (ΔH).    

The reactions of dissolution (10.1) and neutralization (10.2) are:

KOH(s) → KOH(aq)   ΔHsoln    (10.1)

KOH(s) + HCl(aq) → H₂O(l) + KCl(aq)     ΔHneut     (10.2)

1) According to Hess's law, the total change in enthalpy of a reaction resulting from differents changes in various reactions can be calculated as the sum of all the enthalpies of all those reactions.      

Hence, to get reaction 10.3:

KOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → H₂O(l) + KCl(aq)    (10.3)

We need to add reaction 10.2 to the reverse of reaction 10.1

KOH(s) + HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) → H₂O(l) + KCl(aq) + KOH(s)

Canceling the KOH(s) from both sides, we get reaction 10.3:

KOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  → H₂O(l) + KCl(aq)    (10.3)

2) The change in enthalpy for reaction 10.3 can be calculated as the sum of the enthalpies ΔHsoln and ΔHneut:

\( \Delta H = \Delta H_{soln} + \Delta H_{neut} \)

The enthalpy of reaction 10.1 (ΔHsoln) changed its sign when we reversed reaction 10.1, so:

\( \Delta H = \Delta H_{neut} - \Delta H_{soln} \)

Therefore, the ΔHsoln must be subtracted from ΔHneut to get the total change in enthalpy ΔH.

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The true statements about catalysts are the statement 1,2 and 3.

1. Catalysts increase the rate of reaction: Catalysts facilitate chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. They enhance the rate of the reaction without being consumed in the process.

2. Catalysts behave as reactants in the reaction mixture: Catalysts participate in the reaction by interacting with the reactants. They form temporary bonds with the reactant molecules, leading to the formation of an intermediate complex that ultimately results in the desired products.

3. Catalysts decrease the activation energy of a reaction: Catalysts lower the energy barrier required for a reaction to occur by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy. This enables the reactants to overcome the energy barrier more easily, thus increasing the reaction rate.

4. Catalysts show no physical change at the end of the reaction: Catalysts are not consumed or permanently altered in the reaction. They remain chemically unchanged and are available to participate in subsequent reaction cycles.

The statement "Catalysts are required in large concentrations in a reaction" is false. Catalysts work effectively even in small concentrations, as their role is to facilitate the reaction rather than being directly involved in the stoichiometry of the reaction.

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Answer:

answer B

It shows the ratio of elements in the compound

Explanation:

Chemical formulas tell you how many atoms of each element are in a compound, and empirical formulas tell you the simplest or most reduced ratio of elements in a compound. If a compound's chemical formula cannot be reduced any more, then the empirical formula is the same as the chemical formula.

The statement which is true about the empirical formula is: It shows the ratio of elements in the compound. The correct option is B.

Empirical formula:

The empirical formula of a compound represents the simplest, most reduced ratio of the elements present in the compound.

The empirical formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

It is determined by dividing the subscripts of the compound's molecular formula by their greatest common divisor, which simplifies the ratio to its simplest form.

In the given empirical formula CzHs, "z" and "s" represent the subscripts indicating the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms, respectively.

Thus, the correct option is B.

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Answer:

  m

Explanation:

Answer:

CN is your answer.

Explanation:

Hope this helps!!!

Answer:

C) SO₂  

Explanation:

The figure below shows — clockwise from the upper left — BH₃, CCl₄, SO₂. CO₂, and PCl₅.

You must draw the Lewis structures of the molecules and then use VSEPR theory to figure out their molecular shape.

A) BH₃

BH₃ has a trigonal planar geometry.

It is nonpolar because of symmetry.

The bond dipole of the vertical B-H bond balances the equal and opposite resultant of the two downward-pointing B-H bonds.

BH₃ is nonpolar.

B) CCl₄

CCl₄ has a tetrahedral geometry.

The resultant of the two C-Cl bond dipoles on the right balances the equal and opposite resultant of the two C-Cl bond dipoles on the right.

CCl₄ is nonpolar.

C) SO₂

The Lewis structure shows that the central S atom has two S=O double bonds and a lone pair.

The electron pair geometry is trigonal planar and the molecular geometry is bent.

There is a net resultant of the S=O bond dipoles.

SO₂ is polar.

D) CO₂

CO₂ has a linear geometry with two C=O bonds pointing in opposite directions.

The bond dipoles cancel, so

CO₂ is nonpolar.

E) PCl₅

PCl₅ has a trigonal bipyramidal geometry.

The axial P-Cl bond dipoles cancel, as do the equatorial trigonal planar ones.

PCl₅ is nonpolar.

Answer:

CH3CH2CH2COOH<CH2(F)CH2CH2COOH<CH3CH(F)CH2COOH<CH2(F)CH(F)CH2COOH

Explanation:

We know that the presence of highly electronegative elements in carboxylic acid molecules lead to -I inductive effect. This implies that electrons are withdrawn along the chain towards the electronegative element. As electrons are withdrawn towards the electronegative element, the electron cloud of the carbonyl- hydrogen bond in the acid weakens and the hydrogen can now be easily lost as a proton, that is , the molecule becomes more acidic.

The -I inductive effect increases with increase in the number of electronegative elements present in the molecule and the proximity of the electronegative element to the carbonyl group. The closer the electronegative element is to the carbonyl group, the greater the acidity of the molecule since the -I inductive effect dies out with increasing distance from the carbonyl group. Also, the more the number of electronegative elements in the molecule, the greater the - I inductive effect and the greater the acidity of the molecule, hence the answer.

Answer:

Ionic bonds are important because they allow the synthesis of specific organic compounds. Scientists can manipulate ionic properties and these interactions in order to form desired products. Covalent bonds are especially important since most carbon molecules interact primarily through covalent bonding

Explanation:

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The concentration of H₂SO₄ solution is equal to 0.0480 M.

A neutralization reaction is described as a chemical reaction where acid and base react to produce respective salt and water. When a strong acid reacts with a strong base then the salt can be neutral.

When H₂SO₄ (a strong acid) reacts with NaOH, the resulting salt is Na₂SO₃  and water.

H₂SO₄  +  2 NaOH   →   Na₂SO₄  +   2H₂O

Given, the concentration of NaOH = 0.146 M

The volume of the NaOH = 14.85 ml = 0.01485 L

The number of moles of NaOH, n = M × V = 0.146 × 0.01485 = 0.00216 M

The volume of the  H₂SO₄ = 22.55 ml = 0.02255 L

The number of moles of  H₂SO₄, n = 0.00216/2 = 0.00108 mol

The concentration of H₂SO₄ =0.00108/0.02255 = 0.0480 M

Therefore, the molarity of  H₂SO₄ is 0.0480 M.

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Fluorine (F-) is the element with the fewest valence electrons. Seven electrons make up the outermost shell of fluorine, and one of them is unpaired. As a result, fluorine possesses seven valence electrons altogether.

Eight valence electrons are present in magnesium (Mg2+), nine are present in gallium (Ga+), eight are present in argon (Ar+), four are present in carbon (C+), six are present in sulphur (S2-), and seven are present in fluorine (F-).

Fluorine has a lower number of valence electrons than the other elements because it has a greater effective nuclear charge. This indicates that the fluorine atom will take electrons away from its outermost shell since it is more attracted to electrons than the other elements.

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Answer:

1 × 10⁻² M

Explanation:

Step 1: Given data

Absorptivity of a dye (ε): 1 × 10² cm⁻¹M⁻¹

Absorbance (A): 1.0

Length of the cuvette (l): 1 cm

Concentration of a dye (C): ?

Step 2: Calculate the concentration of the dye

We will use Beer's Law.

A = ε × l × C

C = A / ε × l

C = 1.0 / 1 × 10² cm⁻¹M⁻¹ × 1 cm

C = 1 × 10⁻² M

The concentration of the dye is 1 × 10⁻² M.

Answer:

Dolphins use a method called echolocation to detect things such as obstacles and prey in the water. If a dolphin swimming in seawater at 25°C sends a 220-dB click with a frequency of 120.0 Hz, and then detects the reflection of the click exactly one-twentieth of a second later, approximately how far away is the object?

Answer:

Plates at our planet's surface move because of the intense heat in the Earth's core

Explanation:

Hopefully this helps, I believe in you! ^^

Answer/Explanation:

movement can be cause by the intense heat in the earth's core, which causes molten rock in the mantle layer to move.  it moves in a pattern called 'convection cell' which can form when the warm material rises, then cools, and eventually sink down.  then the process repeats (cooled, warms up and rises.. etc..)

I hope this was what you were kinda looking for:) - T

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The following statement is true concerning the results of the Human Genome Project:

The Human Genome Project has raised many complicated ethical issues.

What is Human Genome?

The human genome refers to the complete set of genetic information (DNA) present in human cells. It includes both the protein-coding and non-coding regions of DNA. The human genome is made up of about 3 billion base pairs and is organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes. The study of the human genome is an important field of genetics and has many implications for understanding human biology, evolution, and disease.

The Human Genome Project was a scientific research project that aimed to identify and map all the genes in the human genome, which contains all the genetic information needed for human development and function. The project was completed in 2003 and provided a wealth of information about the structure and function of the human genome, including the location and sequence of all human genes.

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The rate constant for the reaction is either 7.14×10−3 s−1 or 2.50×10−3 s−1, depending on which rate was used to calculate it.

The rate of the reaction is given by the equation:

Rate = -k[A]

where k is the rate constant and [A] is the concentration of the reactant.

Rate at t=140 s:

Rate = (8.00×10−2 M - 0 M) / (140 s - 0 s)

= 5.71×10−4 M/s

Rate at t=400 s:

Rate = (4.00×10−2 M - 0 M) / (400 s - 0 s)

= 1.00×10−4 M/s

Since this is a zero-order reaction, the rate of the reaction is constant, and we can use either rate to calculate the rate constant:

k = Rate / [A]

Using the rate at t=140 s:

k = 5.71×10−4 M/s / 8.00×10−2 M = 7.14×10−3 s−1

Using the rate at t=400 s:

k = 1.00×10−4 M/s / 4.00×10−2 M

= 2.50×10−3 s−1

The rate constant for the reaction is either 7.14×10−3 s−1 or 2.50×10−3 s−1.

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Answer:

Mechanical

Explanation:

mechanical energy:

energy that an object has

because of its motion or

position

Answer:

It appears that the diagram you provided represents the chemical compound chlorine monofluoride (CI-F). The arrow below the compound may be intended to indicate the movement or flow of electrons in the compound.

Chlorine monofluoride is a highly reactive and toxic compound that is used as a powerful oxidizing agent. It is a compound of chlorine and fluorine, with the chemical formula ClF. It is a yellowish gas at room temperature and has a strong, pungent smell. Chlorine monofluoride is highly reactive and can ignite or explode upon contact with many materials, including water. It is used in a variety of industrial processes, such as the production of semiconductors and the purification of aluminum. However, it can also be harmful to human health if inhaled or ingested, and it should be handled with caution.

Explanation: