How do scientists know about the structure of the earth?

Question 21 options:

We have drilled all the way to the core of the earth.


We have drilled far enough into the earth to reach the mantle.


S waves from earthquakes can travel through both solids and liquids so they tell us what is inside the earth.


P waves from earthquakes can travel through both solids and liquids so they tell us what is inside the earth.

Cytoplasmic streaming is the directed circular flow of cytoplasm, inclusions, and organelles within a cell, and it is important in the distribution of materials and maintenance of cell shape.

Cytoplasmic streaming occurs due to the coordinated movement of microfilaments and microtubules within the cytoplasm. The circular flow of cytoplasm helps distribute materials, such as nutrients and waste products, throughout the cell. It also helps to maintain the overall shape of the cell by preventing the accumulation of materials in one area, which could potentially cause the cell to deform. Cytoplasmic streaming also plays a role in the transport of organelles and inclusions within the cell. For example, it helps distribute mitochondria, which are responsible for producing energy, throughout the cytoplasm. It also helps to transport ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis, to areas of the cell where they are needed. In conclusion, cytoplasmic streaming is an important mechanism for the distribution of materials and maintenance of cell shape within a cell. The circular flow of cytoplasm, inclusions, and organelles helps to distribute materials and ensure that the cell functions efficiently.

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Answer: Its value is 9.8 m/s2 on Earth.

Explanation:

Answer: 2. Precipitation

Explanation:

Aerobic cellular respiration requores oxygen. Photosynthesis does, as well.

Preciptation is a part of water cycle. Precipitation is water vapor condensation from clouds. Therefore, option (2) is correct.

A key biogeochemical cycle for preserving the quantity and quality of oxygen in the atmosphere is the oxygen cycle. One of the primary drivers of life on earth is the oxygen cycle. The biosphere could not function without oxygen.

The oxygen cycle begins with the process of photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight, releases oxygen back into the atmosphere, which humans and animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide, and again linking back to the plants.

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Answer:

virus can direct the cell machinery to produce more viruses.

Explanation:

They cant asecualy reproduce

To calculate the chi-square value for the standard monohybrid 3:1 ratio, we need to compare the observed numbers of yellow and agouti mice with the expected numbers based on the ratio.

Now, we can calculate the chi-square value using the formula:

χ² = ∑ ((Observed - Expected)² / Expected)

\(χ² = ((102 - 112.5)² / 112.5) + ((48 - 37.5)² / 37.5)\)

\(X^{2} = ( (-10.5)² / 112.5 ) + ( 10.5² / 37.5 )\)

\(X^{2} = ( 110.25 / 112.5 ) + ( 110.25 / 37.5 )\)

\(X^{2} = 0.98 + 2.94\)

\(X^{2} = 3.92\)

The calculated chi-square value is 3.92.

To interpret the results, the researcher would compare this calculated chi-square value to the critical value from the chi-square distribution table with degrees of freedom equal to the number of phenotypic categories minus 1 (in this case, 2 - 1 = 1).

By comparing the calculated value to the critical value, the researcher can determine whether the deviation from the expected ratio is statistically significant.

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Answer:

1:2:1 ratio

Explanation:

A cross of two F1 hybrids, heterozygous for a single trait that displays incomplete dominance is predicted to give a 1:2:1 ratio among both the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

Answer:

In translation, the cell uses an mRNA strand that it has just transcribed from its genetic code as a template to assemble proteins. The cell has just transcribed this mRNA stand from its DNA, and now it translates the mRNA's nucleotide sequence into a chain of amino acids.

Explanation:

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Legume plants are a type of nitrogen-fixing plant that draw nitrogen from the atmosphere to increase soil fertility, including soybeans, peas, and clover.

The legume plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates as a food source, and in return, the bacteria supply the plants with fixed nitrogen. This process is called nitrogen fixation.

The ability of legume plants to fix nitrogen gives them an advantage in nutrient-poor soils, as they can supplement their nitrogen requirements without relying solely on soil nitrogen.

Additionally, the fixed nitrogen released by legume plants enhances soil fertility, benefiting neighboring plants and promoting overall ecosystem health. Farmers often cultivate legume crops in rotation with other crops to improve soil fertility and reduce the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.

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Answer:

Mitosis produces two diploid (2n) somatic cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell, whereas meiosis produces four haploid (n) gametes that are genetically unique from each other and the original parent (germ) cell.

Explanation:

The symbiotic relationship between brain coral and algae is a mutually beneficial partnership in which the coral provides a protected environment for the algae to thrive, while the algae provide the coral with essential nutrients through photosynthesis.

Brain coral, a type of stony coral, has a unique structure with deep grooves and ridges that resemble the folds of a human brain. Within the tissues of the coral, tiny algae called zooxanthellae take up residence. These algae are photosynthetic, meaning they can convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis. In exchange for a safe haven, the algae provide the coral with oxygen and organic compounds, such as glucose, glycerol, and amino acids, which are the byproducts of photosynthesis.

The nutrients produced by the algae are vital for the coral's growth and metabolism. They serve as an energy source and help in the production of calcium carbonate, which forms the hard skeleton of the coral. The algae also aid in the removal of waste products from the coral's tissues. In return, the coral provides a stable environment, protection from predators, and access to sunlight for the algae to carry out photosynthesis.

This interdependent relationship between brain coral and algae highlights the intricate balance and cooperation found in many coral reef ecosystems. Understanding the dynamics of such symbiotic interactions can provide valuable insights into the conservation and management of these fragile ecosystems.

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Thyroxine amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method illustrated in this image.

Thyroxine also called tetraiodothyronine (T4) is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth and development in humans and other animals. Thyroxine uses the direct gene activation method to achieve its effects. This means it binds to a receptor on the cell membrane which then travels to the cell nucleus, where it activates or deactivates specific genes.

This process leads to changes in the protein production and metabolic activity of the cell. Although thyroxine is water soluble it cannot cross the cell membrane unaided.

It is therefore transported into the cell by a membrane carrier protein, which recognizes and binds to the hormone so that it can cross the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm. From there thyroxine can reach the cell nucleus and activate its target genes.

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Answer:

Traits are determined by genes so it's the manifestation of a gene coded for the DNA :3

Explanation:

:3

If you forgot to apply Maneval's to a capsule stain smear, you would see that the background is red, but the cells and capsule that surround them will be colorless. Hence, the correct option is d.

A capsule is a distinctive bacterial structure that encloses the cell wall and protects bacteria from the host's immune system. Capsule staining is a laboratory method used to identify these capsules. Capsule staining involves the application of two stains to the sample. A basic stain, such as crystal violet or methylene blue, is used to stain the bacterial cell itself. The counterstain, such as Maneval's, stains the capsule.

Maneval's stain is an acidic stain that helps to visualize bacterial capsules that are colorless. Capsules have a gel-like structure that can be difficult to stain using traditional staining techniques. Maneval's stain is an acidic stain that helps to visualize bacterial capsules that are colorless. The capsule appears colorless, while the background appears red in a correctly prepared capsule stain with Maneval's stain.

If you forget to use Maneval's stain, you will not see any capsule present, and the cells and background will appear red. As a result, the correct answer is that if you forget to apply Maneval's to a capsule stain smear, the background will be red, but the cells and capsule that surround them will be colorless. Thus, the correct option is d.

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Viruses cause disease and are mostly known as pathogens. It multiplies by highjacking a cell of a host organism. Then, the infected host cell will reproduce more viruses inside the body. The infection will then spread. Eventually, the host organism will feel sick.

Answer:

The difference between the given terms is summarized below.

Explanation:

Pollen cells:

Algae cells:

The differentiation between pollen cells and algae cells can be seen from the habitat in which they thrive and their structural characteristics.

The pollen cells are reproductive structures in a plant that gives rise to the male gametophyte that houses the male reproductive cell of a plant. During pollination, they are being transferred to the stigma by to the presence of spikes around the pollen cells which attaches to the bees (an agent of pollination).

The algae cells are single or multinucleate eukaryotic cells, that live in swampy and wet habitats. The presence of the tail in the cells helps in the locomotion of the cells to the area where their fertilization takes place.

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When researchers randomly assigned 20 feedlot cattle to four groups, with each group being fed a diet containing a different enzyme level, the cattle's increased weight (in kilograms) was recorded over the duration of the study. The type of study design that was used was matched pairs or repeated measures.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) addition to dairy cow diets on their performance and to identify the elements that influence the response.

Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes of fungal or bacterial origin boost the availability of nutrients from the cell wall, which is composed of three fractions: digestible, potentially digestible, and indigestible, non-varying amounts depending on the type of forage.

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Valinomycin acts as an **uncoupler** rather than an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation.

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is generated in mitochondria through the coupling of electron transport and proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

This proton gradient is then utilized by ATP synthase to produce ATP.

Valinomycin is an ionophore that facilitates the transport of potassium ions (K+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

By allowing the free movement of K+ ions, valinomycin disrupts the proton gradient that is essential for ATP synthesis. As a result, several effects are observed:

1. The yield of ATP decreases because the uncoupling disrupts the coupling of electron transport and ATP synthesis.

2. The rate of O2 consumption increases as the electron transport chain continues to function but without ATP synthesis occurring.

3. Heat is released as the energy that would have been used for ATP synthesis is dissipated.

4. The pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane increases because the movement of protons (H+) is decoupled from ATP synthesis.

Overall, valinomycin disrupts the coupling of electron transport and ATP synthesis, leading to decreased ATP production, increased O2 consumption, heat release, and an increased pH gradient, which are characteristic effects of an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.

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The example of sensitization from the given alternatives is that 'A dog was hit by his previous owner, and now the dog cowers each time his new owner reaches out to pet him.'

Sensitization refers to the process in which an organism becomes more sensitive to stimuli, both good and bad. It happens when the body's nervous system becomes oversensitized to a particular stimulus that it begins to respond even to weaker or non-threatening stimuli.

The example given in the first option refers to a simple reflex action that occurs in response to the puff of air that is blown into the eyes during the eye examination. The third option is about sensory adaptation, which occurs when sensory receptors are exposed to stimuli for an extended period, resulting in a reduction in sensitivity. The fourth option refers to the fight or flight response that occurs as a result of a threatening stimulus, in which an individual's body prepares to confront or flee from danger.

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The cytotoxic T cell activation by cell-mediated immunity results in the lysis and apoptosis of infected cells. The mechanism of cell-mediated immunity is crucial in the defense against intracellular organisms like viruses and bacteria that infect cells.

The immune response begins when an antigen-presenting cell, or APC, presents an antigen to a T helper cell. T helper cells help activate cytotoxic T cells and other immune cells. Once cytotoxic T cells recognize the antigens presented by APC, they release proteins called perforins and proteases.

Perforins make holes in the cell membrane of infected cells. Proteases enter through the holes and break down proteins inside the cell. In the end, the infected cell undergoes lysis and apoptosis. This mechanism is crucial in the defense against intracellular pathogens such as viruses, as it destroys the infected cells, preventing the spread of the infection.

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Answer:

Fossils help them understand what plants or animals had previously or continuously live/lived in the area.

Explanation:

Seeds grow with the help of various natural resources like water, oxygen, and sunlight, which help them to sprout and grow roots and develop into new plants. Some seeds grow as soon as they land in the ground, while others need a specific time period to grow.

The life of a plant begins with a seed that contains the necessary resources required for the plant's growth, which includes the embryo, endosperm, and protective seed coat.

The process through which plants grow, reproduce, and die is called their life cycle. It includes different stages like germination, growth, flowering, pollination, fertilization, seed production, and dispersal.

Seeds need water, food, and a little heat to grow into new plants. Water helps seeds to soften and expand, and food helps them to provide the necessary nutrients required for growth. The heat helps seeds to break dormancy and activate enzymes that speed up the germination process.

A new plant has the same life cycle as its parent plant. Plants have a unique life cycle, and every stage of the life cycle is essential for their growth and development. New plants inherit their genetic traits from their parent plants, and their life cycle is the same as that of their parent plant.

New plants that grow from seeds inherit their genetic traits from their parent plants and have the same life cycle as their parent plants. The life cycle of a plant includes the stages of germination, growth, flowering, pollination, fertilization, seed production, and dispersal. Thus, new plants that grow from seeds are like their parent plants.

The normal chromosome number in a root cell (body cell) of the same plant would also be 14.

In most organisms, including plants, body cells, also known as somatic cells, are diploid, meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes. These chromosomes come in pairs, with one set inherited from each parent. In the given scenario, the egg cell nucleus of the plant has a chromosome number of 14, which indicates that it is haploid, containing only one set of chromosomes.

During sexual reproduction, the egg cell fuses with a sperm cell, which also carries a set of 14 chromosomes, resulting in the formation of a diploid zygote with a total of 28 chromosomes.

As the zygote develops into a new plant, its somatic cells, including the root cells, will contain the same chromosome number as the original body cells, which is 14.

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The change in mass of the organisms over time is primarily due to cellular respiration, as they metabolize stored energy sources in the absence of nutrients.

The best explanation for the pattern of change in mass of the organisms over time is cellular respiration. During the 24-hour period in the dark without nutrients, organisms undergo cellular respiration to generate energy. This metabolic process involves the breakdown of organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, to produce ATP and release carbon dioxide. The loss in mass observed in the organisms is likely due to the consumption of stored energy sources, such as glycogen or fat reserves, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and water. This accounts for the decrease in mass over time.

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Answer:

Fission

Explanation:

Fission is the splitting of an atom into two or more smaller ones

Answer:

AB, AB, AO BO

Explanation:

Answer:

Nucleic acids: Stores and transfers info.

Carbohydrates; Store energy, provide fuel, and build structure in body, main source of energy, structure of plant cell wall.

Lipid: Insulator and stores fat and energy.

Protein: Provide structural support,transport, enzymes, movement, defense.

Answer:

its on the other side of the world

Explanation:

The answer is (b) 10. To limit inbreeding to a maximum of 14.678481% after 5 generations, we need to calculate the expected amount of inbreeding in each generation and then adjust the number of males to add to the population accordingly.

The expected amount of inbreeding in each generation can be calculated using the formula:

Expected inbreeding = (1 - (1/2)^(generation/2)) * (1 - (1/2)^(generation/2)^2) * ... * (1 - (1/2)^(generation/2)^(14))

Substituting the value of generation=5 gives:

Expected inbreeding = (1 - (1/2)^5) * (1 - (1/2)^5)^2 * ... * (1 - (1/2)^5)^(14)

= 0.81924005762932

The maximum amount of inbreeding allowed is 14.678481%. Substituting this value gives:

Maximum inbreeding = 14.678481 / 0.81924005762932

= 17.5937535396166

Therefore, to limit inbreeding to a maximum of 14.678481% after 5 generations, we need to add at least 17.5937535396166 males to the population.

Solving for the number of males needed if we have 20 females, we get:

17.5937535396166 = (20 * 1 - 14.678481) / 20

= 3.45344278981875

Rounding to the nearest whole number, we get:

The number of males needed is 3.

Therefore, the answer is (b) 10.

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A biologist wants to use this method for a population census of desert mice. This will work if the mice are recaptured in the same location using the same trapping methods.

Kangaroo rats, jerboas, and hopping mice can all endure in arid environments. They live in enormous burrows, have well-developed hind legs, and hardly ever consume water.

Pocket mice have adapted to live in dry climates with a variety of foods. By residing at night, they might be able to avoid the stifling desert heat. These mice spend the day in cool, underground tunnels and eat at night. Their sand-colored fur allows them to blend in with their surroundings and avoid predators.

Only once a year do desert mice breed, and they frequently have three young. Desert mice reach sexual maturity at the age of 10 weeks. Populations significantly increase after a fire, a good downpour, and increasing vegetation cover. The desert mouse inhabits all of Australia's semi-arid and arid regions.

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The complete question is:

Biologists often determine population density by capturing animals and marking them for later identification upon recapture. A biologist wants to use this method for a population census of desert mice. This will work if the __________.