I need more comments to be able to fully understand what is going on in the code. It's Huffman code. Also would you be able to give a brief explanation on how it works after adding more comments where it are needed?
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
struct nodes{
char node; //stores character
int frequency; //frequency of the character
nodes* left; //left child of current node
nodes* right; //right child
public:
nodes(){
node = ' ';
frequency = 0;
}
//initialize the current node
nodes(char name, int frequency){
this->node = name;
this->frequency = frequency;
}
};
//function to print huffman code for each character
void print(nodes* temp, string s, char chars[], string key[]){
if(temp == NULL){
return;
}
else if(temp->node == '\n'){
print(temp->left, s + "0", chars, key); // Assign 0 to the left node and recur
print(temp->right, s + "1", chars, key); // Assign 1 to the left node and recur
}
else{
// If this is a leaf node,
//then we print root->data
// We also print the code
for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++){
if (temp->node == chars[i]) {
key[i] = s;
}
}
}
}
//structure to compare
struct compare{
bool operator()(nodes* left, nodes* right) {
return (left->frequency > right->frequency); // Defining priority on the basis of frequency
}
};
void Huffman(int freq[], char chars[], string key[]) {
nodes* x;
nodes* y;
nodes* z;
// Declaring priority queue
// using custom comparator
priority_queue , compare> queue;
// Populating the priority queue
for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++){
nodes* temp = new nodes(chars[i], freq[i]);
queue.push(temp);
}
//keep on looping till only one node remains in
// the Priority Queue
while(queue.size() > 1){
x = queue.top(); // Node which has least frequency
queue.pop();//pop it from the queue
y = queue.top();// Node which has least frequency
queue.pop(); //pop it from the queue
z = new nodes('\n', x->frequency + y->frequency); // A new node is formed
// with frequency left->freq + right->freq
z->left = x;
z->right = y;
queue.push(z);// Push back node
//created to the Priority Queue
}
string s = "";
print(queue.top(), s, chars, key);
}
// driver functikon
int main(){
int freq[6];
string key [6];
char chars[6] = {'A',
'B',
'C',
'D',
'E',
'F'};
for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++){
cin >> freq[i];
}
Huffman(freq, chars, key);
for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++){
cout << chars[i] << ":" << key[i] << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Answers
Here's the modified code with additional comments explaining the functionality of each section:
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
using namespace std;
// Structure to represent each node in the Huffman tree
struct nodes {
char node; // Stores character
int frequency; // Frequency of the character
nodes* left; // Left child of the current node
nodes* right; // Right child of the current node
public:
nodes() {
node = ' ';
frequency = 0;
}
// Initialize the current node
nodes(char name, int frequency) {
this->node = name;
this->frequency = frequency;
}
};
// Function to print Huffman code for each character
void print(nodes* temp, string s, char chars[], string key[]) {
if (temp == NULL) {
return;
} else if (temp->node == '\n') {
// Assign 0 to the left node and recur
print(temp->left, s + "0", chars, key);
// Assign 1 to the right node and recur
print(temp->right, s + "1", chars, key);
} else {
// If this is a leaf node, print the character and its code
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
if (temp->node == chars[i]) {
key[i] = s;
}
}
}
}
// Structure to compare nodes based on frequency
struct compare {
bool operator()(nodes* left, nodes* right) {
return (left->frequency > right->frequency); // Defining priority based on frequency
}
};
void Huffman(int freq[], char chars[], string key[]) {
nodes* x;
nodes* y;
nodes* z;
// Declaring a priority queue using custom comparator
priority_queue<nodes*, vector<nodes*>, compare> queue;
// Populating the priority queue with nodes
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
nodes* temp = new nodes(chars[i], freq[i]);
queue.push(temp);
}
// Keep on looping until only one node remains in the priority queue
while (queue.size() > 1) {
x = queue.top(); // Node with the least frequency
queue.pop(); // Pop it from the queue
y = queue.top(); // Node with the least frequency
queue.pop(); // Pop it from the queue
// A new node is formed with frequency left->frequency + right->frequency
z = new nodes('\n', x->frequency + y->frequency);
z->left = x;
z->right = y;
queue.push(z); // Push back the newly created node to the priority queue
}
string s = "";
print(queue.top(), s, chars, key);
}
// Driver function
int main() {
int freq[6];
string key[6];
char chars[6] = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F'};
// Input the frequencies for the characters
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
cin >> freq[i];
}
// Perform Huffman encoding
Huffman(freq, chars, key);
// Print the characters and their corresponding Huffman codes
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
cout << chars[i] << ":" << key[i] << endl;
}
return 0;
}
``
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Related Questions
Your program will read from an input file that contains account records. Each account record starts with a delimiter, which is the ‘#’ character, followed by the account number, followed by the number of owners, followed by one or more owner records (there is one record for each owner), followed by the number of transactions, followed by one or more transaction records (there is one record for each transaction). An owner record consists of the owner’s name followed by the owner’s DOB in mm/dd/yyyy/hh format (hh is the hour in military time), followed the owner’s address. A transaction record consists of the transaction date, followed by the transaction type (1 for account creation, 2 for deposit, and 3 for withdrawal), followed by the amount. The various items are separated by a white space, and no item contains a white space. Below is an example of account record. The "//" and the comments that follow are added for clarification, but are not part of the file content.
Answers
The input file consists of structured account records marked by the '#' delimiter. Each record contains information about the account, its owners, and the transactions associated with it.
The input file contains account records with a specific format. Each record begins with a '#' delimiter, followed by the account number, the number of owners associated with the account, owner records, the number of transactions, and transaction records. Owner records include the owner's name, date of birth (in mm/dd/yyyy/hh format), and address. Transaction records consist of the transaction date, transaction type (1 for account creation, 2 for deposit, and 3 for withdrawal), and the transaction amount. All items within a record are separated by white spaces.
Owner records provide details such as names, dates of birth, and addresses, while transaction records include information about the transaction date, type, and amount. The format ensures clear separation of different elements within each record, allowing for efficient processing and analysis of the account data.
To process this input file effectively, you would need to implement a program that reads and parses the account records based on the provided format. The program should handle the delimiter, extract the necessary information for each record, and store or process it accordingly. By correctly parsing the owner and transaction records, you can perform various tasks, such as retrieving account information, calculating balances, or generating reports based on the transactions. The structured format of the input file enables systematic handling and analysis of the account data, facilitating efficient management and utilization of the information contained within.
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You have just been hired by a large organization which uses many different AWS services in their environment. Some of the services which handle data include: RDS, Redshift, ElastiCache, DynamoDB, S3, and Glacier. You have been instructed to configure a web application using stateless web servers. Which services can you use to handle session state data
Answers
Answer:
Elasticache and DynamoDB
Explanation:
The session data can be stored on Elasticache and DynamoDB
ElastiCache is the best fit for front end data stores thereby ensuring a high performance with extremely high request rates and/or low latency requirements
Fill in the blanks
A highway is 80km in length 3/4 of the Highway is paved. How many km of the Highway is
paved
Answers
Answer: 60km
Explanation:
Since the highway is 80km in length and 3/4 of the highway is paved. Therefore, the number of km of the highway that is paved will be gotten as:
= Fraction of highway that's paved × Length of highway
= 3/4 × 80km
= 60km
Therefore, 60km of the highway is paved.
Which word should a programmer use to describe what should happen when the condition of an if statement is NOT met?
A.
iterative
B.
when
C.
else
D.
also
Answers
The word that should a programmer use to describe what should happen when the condition of an if statement is NOT met is option C. else.
Why are conditional statements used in programming?When a condition is true or false, a conditional statement instructs a program to take a certain action. If-then or if-then-else statements are frequently used to represent it. The preceding example is a block of code that employs a "if/then" conditional statement.
Therefore, the else statement is used, "to indicate what should happen when the condition of an if statement is not fulfilled," is the proper response since the otherwise statement is typically used when computations are still necessary when a condition in an if and else-if statement is not met.
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Edhesive 4.2 question 2 answers
Answers
Answer:
total=0
pet=input("what pet do you have? ")
while pet!= "rock":
total=total+1
print("you have a "+pet+" with a total of "+ str(total)+ " pet(s)")
pet=input("What pet do you have? ")
Explanation: Just copy and paste above again just copy and paste this will get you a 100 percent i made another account just to give yall edhesive answers if yall need help with any edhesive just comment below
COMPUTER ACTIVITY
help guys thank you so much!!
Answers
A type of flowchart called an Entity Relationship (ER) Diagram shows how "entities" like people, things, or ideas relate to each other in a system.
What exactly is a ER diagram?A type of flowchart called an Entity Relationship (ER) Diagram shows how "entities" like people, things, or ideas relate to each other in a system. In the fields of software engineering, business information systems, education, and research, ER Diagrams are most frequently utilized for the design or debugging of relational databases. They use a defined set of symbols like rectangles, diamonds, ovals, and connecting lines to show how entities, relationships, and their characteristics are interconnected. They follow grammatical structure, using relationships as verbs and entities as nouns.
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which element is not a core component of the iso 27002 standard?
Risk assessment
Cryptography
Asset management
Access control
Answers
All "Risk assessment, Cryptography, Asset management, Access control" are core components of the ISO 27002 standard.
The ISO 27002 standard is a code of practice for information security management. It provides a framework of best practices for managing information security risks and protecting sensitive information. The standard covers a wide range of topics related to information security, including risk assessment, cryptography, asset management, and access control. All of these elements are considered core components of the standard and are essential to a comprehensive information security program.
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QUESTION 1 1.1 1.2 Using a schematic diagram describe the ROM memory family. Using a schematic diagram explain how a "1" is stored MOS ROM.
Answers
1.1 ROM Memory Family:
ROM stands for Read-Only Memory and is a type of non-volatile memory that is programmed before the device is shipped to the user. The ROM memory family consists of several types of ROMs, such as:
Mask ROM (MROM): This type of ROM is created by physically masking or altering the metalization layer on the chip during its fabrication. Once the mask is created, it cannot be changed.
Programmable ROM (PROM): This type of ROM allows users to program the memory after it has been manufactured by using special programming equipment.
Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): This type of ROM can be erased and reprogrammed using ultraviolet light.
Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): This type of ROM can be erased and reprogrammed electronically, usually through the use of a specialized programmer or through software commands.
1.2 How "1" is stored in MOS ROM:
MOS ROM (Metal Oxide Semiconductor ROM) uses a matrix of MOS transistors to store data. Each transistor represents a bit, which can be either a "0" or a "1". To store a "1" in a MOS ROM, a voltage is applied to the gate of the transistor, which turns it on and allows current to flow through it. This creates a conductive path between the source and drain terminals of the transistor, effectively storing a "1". To store a "0", no voltage is applied to the gate, which keeps the transistor turned off and prevents current from flowing through it. By selectively turning on and off specific transistors, data can be written to a MOS ROM.
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Which statement is the best definition of social media?
A. Social media is designed to facilitate and be promoted by social
interactions.
O B. Social media is the exchange of information from newspapers.
O C. Social media is the advertising of products to potential
consumers.
D. Social media is designed to allow people to view local news on
television.
Answers
Answer: A. Social media is designed to facilitate and be promoted by social interactions.
Explanation:
Social media refers to websites and mobile apps that enable users to interact with each other in virtual communities and networks, through text, audio, and video. The platforms provide a space for users to share and exchange information, ideas, personal messages, and other content or to participate in social networking. It’s a user-driven medium, where people can interact and share information with each other easily and in a variety of ways.
Computers that are close to one another are connected to form a LAN
Answers
Explanation:
different computer are connected to a LAN by a cable and an interface card
Answer:
network is a group of computers (or a group of smaller networks) that are connected to each other by various means, so that they may communicate with each other. The internet is the largest network in the world.
what process prevents infection by recording key attributes about your files to see if they changed overtime
Answers
The process that prevents infection by recording key attributes about your files to see if they changed overtime is called File Integrity Monitoring (FIM).
What is File Integrity Monitoring (FIM)?
File Integrity Monitoring (FIM) is a security process that checks and verifies the integrity of all files and folders on a computer. FIM software tracks changes to the data and directories on a computer system by analyzing and logging file data attributes. The purpose of FIM is to prevent and detect unauthorized modifications and to alert security personnel to potential security risks.File Integrity Monitoring (FIM) performs the following:Monitors and evaluates files to ensure their integrity Detects and tracks changes to files and folders Monitors system logs for changes Detects file tampering Detects changes to access permissions to files Logs events that can be audited
What does FIM do?
FIM verifies the integrity of the computer systems and network by recording the changes that occur on a regular basis. The following are some of the functions performed by FIM:Protecting sensitive files, folders, and dataMonitoring changes to files and foldersDetecting and preventing data breachesProviding immediate alerts when suspicious activity is detectedAlerting security personnel to potential risksCreating a complete audit trail of eventsHow does FIM work?FIM works by performing periodic file checks, recording the hashes of files, and creating a baseline of normal behavior. FIM detects changes to the hash or other key attributes, such as file size, attributes, and permissions, and alerts administrators when a change occurs. FIM may also be used to generate compliance reports, which can help organizations to demonstrate compliance with industry standards and regulations.
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for the ip address, 10.10.40.2/19, what is its subnet address and subnet mask in decimal?
Answers
To find the subnet address and subnet mask in decimal for the IP address 10.10.40.2/19, please follow these steps:
1. Convert the prefix length (/19) to a binary subnet mask:
The prefix length of 19 means that the first 19 bits are set to 1, and the remaining bits are set to 0. The binary subnet mask will look like this: 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
2. Convert the binary subnet mask to decimal:
11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 in decimal is 255.255.224.0. This is the subnet mask.
3. Perform a bitwise AND operation between the IP address and the subnet mask to find the subnet address:
IP address (in binary): 00001010.00001010.00101000.00000010
Subnet mask (in binary): 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
Subnet address (in binary): 00001010.00001010.00100000.00000000
4. Convert the binary subnet address to decimal:
00001010.00001010.00100000.00000000 in decimal is 10.10.32.0. This is the subnet address.
Your answer: For the IP address 10.10.40.2/19, its subnet address is 10.10.32.0, and its subnet mask in decimal is 255.255.224.0.
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What is the difference between a microcontroller and a mini-computer?
Answers
Answer:
The latter is also present in both Microcontrollers and Microcomputers; both of which are essentially the same but built for different purposes: the microcontroller does basic logic and requires little time and components to do so, whilst the microcomputer does heavier computation and requires a longer time and more
Select the correct answer.
Terrence has five columns of numbers in a spreadsheet. He's entered formulas at the end of each column to calculate the average of the
numbers. One of the averages seems implausibly incorrect. Which TWO of the following might be causing this?
The spreadsheet software isn't working correctly.
Terrence made a mistake while entering the formula.
Terrence should have entered the numbers in rows rather than columns.
Terrence entered one or more numbers incorrectly.
A formula can calculate an average only if there's also a formula to calculate the sum.
Answers
Terence made a mistake while entering the formula.
Terence entered one or more numbers incorrectly.
Identify characteristics of top-down programming design. Choose all that apply.
It assumes the problem has a simple solution.
It is good for running simple calculations.
It is simple to modify if steps change.
It is made of one or more modules.
It breaks a task into simpler and simpler steps.
Answers
Answer:
The correct option is;
It is made of one or more modules.
It breaks a task into simpler and simpler steps.
Explanation:
The implementation of top-down programming approach begins from the system defining basic modules and progresses by putting in place intermediate modules that take charge of more detailed and complex activities and processes. The intermediate modules are further streamlined into more specific programming
Therefore, the top-down programming is made of one or more modules that breaks a task into simpler and simpler steps.
Answer:
A, B, D and E
Explanation:
Explain the expression below
volume = 3.14 * (radius ** 2) * height
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Cylinder base area:
A = π·R²
Cylinder volume:
V = π·R²·h
π = 3.14
R - Cylinder base radius
h - Cylinder height
The numbers of bit that's can be transferred per second over a given transmission medium . Finding single technical term
Answers
Can someone pls help with this (20 points)
Answers
Answer:
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. B
Explanation:
Hope this helps! Not sure if this is correct but im pretty sure the answers I gave are accurate. If Im wrong about any of the answers i put someone please correct me in the comments! :)
what are the documents involved in E payment
Answers
Answer:
Registration, Placing an order, and, Payment.
Explanation:
if you wanted to find a particular number in an array of 1 million integers which method would not work
Answers
If you wanted to find a particular number in an array of 1 million integers which method would not work is binary search algorithm.
What is Binary Search?When dealing with unsorted arrays, the binary search algorithm is not reliable. Although highly efficient for sorted arrays, this commonly used search method follows a divide-and-conquer framework to quickly locate an element within logarithmic time complexity.
In the worst-case scenario, it requires at most log2(1,000,000) = 20 comparisons, which makes it a frequently sought out solution. That being said, the algorithm would fail if the array were not sorted, as its accuracy relies entirely on that particular presumption.
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One of the great advantages of ____ references is that you can quickly generate row and column totals without having to worry about revising the formulas as you copy them to new locations.
Answers
Answer:
relative
Explanation:
Discuss the evolution of file system data processing and how it is helpful to understanding of the data access limitations that databases attempt to over come
Answers
Answer:
in times before the use of computers, technologist invented computers to function on disk operating systems, each computer was built to run a single, proprietary application, which had complete and exclusive control of the entire machine. the introduction and use of computer systems that can simply run more than one application required a mechanism to ensure that applications did not write over each other's data. developers of Application addressed this problem by adopting a single standard for distinguishing disk sectors in use from those that were free by marking them accordingly.With the introduction of a file system, applications do not have any business with the physical storage medium
The evolution of the file system gave a single level of indirection between applications and the disk the file systems originated out of the need for multiple applications to share the same storage medium. the evolution has lead to the ckean removal of data redundancy, Ease of maintenance of database,Reduced storage costs,increase in Data integrity and privacy.
Explanation:
Select the correct answer.
An Al scientist placed an agent in a known environment. The agent observed changes in the environment. Soon, it began to take action
toward making a decision. What was the agent doing?
A. offline computation
B. online computation
OC. learning
OD. perceiving
Answers
According to the given condition, the agent doing the process of perceiving. Thus the correct answer is D.
What is perceiving?Perceiving refers to the implementation of any concept based on learning, understanding, and observation of skills to make effective decisions.
In this situation, the agent has observed changes in the environment and based on his observation and analysis began to take action for decision making.
These perceiving nature helps to enhance the process of learning to seek improvement.
Therefore, option D reflects the perceiving nature of agent.
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You show inheritance in a UML diagram by connecting two classes with a line that has an open arrowhead that points to the subclass.
T/F
Answers
The statement, "You show inheritance in a UML diagram by connecting two classes with a line that has an open arrowhead that points to the subclass." is false.
In UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagrams, inheritance is depicted by connecting two classes with a line that has a closed arrowhead that points to the superclass, not the subclass.
The line represents the inheritance relationship, indicating that the subclass inherits characteristics (attributes and methods) from the superclass.
The closed arrowhead indicates the direction of the inheritance, from the subclass towards the superclass.
This notation visually represents the "is-a" relationship, where the subclass is a specialized version of the superclass.
To summarize, the correct statement is: You show inheritance in a UML diagram by connecting two classes with a line that has a closed arrowhead that points to the superclass.
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what refers to the copying snapshorts of instances to different locations to protect quizklet
Answers
The process referred to as "copying snapshots of instances to different locations to protect Quizklet" is known as data replication.
Data replication is the practice of creating and maintaining copies of data in multiple locations. It is done to ensure data availability, durability, and protection against data loss. By creating snapshots or copies of instances, data replication allows for quick recovery and restoration in case of failures or disasters.
These copies are stored in different physical or virtual locations, which provides redundancy and safeguards the data from potential risks. In the context of protecting Quizklet, data replication plays a vital role in ensuring the availability and integrity of its data.
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Write: In paragraph 137, why does Norma use "us" over and over again?
Answers
In paragraph 137 of Button, Button by Richard Matheson, Norma used 'us' over and over again because she wanted to stress the fact that her request was not born out of selfishness.
Why did Norma use the word, 'us' repeatedly?After the conversation that Norma had with Arthur the night before, she could not help but believe that Arthur considered her to be a selfish person.
In her quest to prove that her request was not just for her but also for Arthur, she used the word 'us' over and over again. This was meant to demonstrate the fact that her intention was selfless and she was working for the good of two of them.
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What will happen if both indent marker and tab stop applied in formatting the measurement layout of your document? Can both be applied at the same time?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
indent marker:
indent markers are located to the left of the horizontal ruler, and they provide several indenting options like left indent, right indent, first line indent and hanging indent. they allow you to indent paragraphs according to your requirements.
tab stop:
a tab stop is the location where the cursor stops after the tab key is pressed. it allows the users to line up text to the left, right, center or you can insert special characters like a decimal character, full stops, dots or dashed lines or can even create different tab stops for all the text boxes in a publication.
yes both can be applied at the same time. you do the settings according to the formatting of your layout.
the ____ sublayer of the data link layer defines the media access method and provides a unique identifier for the network card.
Answers
The Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer of the data link layer defines the media access method and provides a unique identifier for the network card.
It is responsible for controlling how data is transmitted and received over a shared medium, such as an Ethernet network. The MAC sublayer uses a unique hardware address called a MAC address, which is assigned to each network interface card (NIC). This address ensures that data packets are accurately delivered to their intended recipients.
The MAC sublayer also implements error detection through mechanisms like the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) to ensure data integrity during transmission. Overall, the MAC sublayer plays a critical role in facilitating reliable communication between devices on a network.
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condiser the purposes/goals/use of different reliable data transfer protocol mechanisms. For the given purpose/goal/use match it to the RDT mechanism that is used to implement the given purpose/goal/use
Answers
1. Purpose/Goal/Use: Ensuring reliable data transfer over an unreliable network.
RDT Mechanism: Stop-and-Wait Protocol.
2. Purpose/Goal/Use: Handling out-of-order delivery and reordering packets.
RDT Mechanism: Sliding Window Protocol.
3. Purpose/Goal/Use: Detecting and correcting errors in the received data.
RDT Mechanism: Error Detection and Correction Mechanisms such as Checksum or Forward Error Correction (FEC).
4. Purpose/Goal/Use: Managing congestion control and flow control.
RDT Mechanism: Congestion Control Mechanisms such as TCP Congestion Control or Window-based Flow Control.
1. The Stop-and-Wait Protocol is a simple mechanism where the sender sends a single packet and waits for an acknowledgment from the receiver before sending the next packet. It ensures reliable data transfer by ensuring that each packet is successfully received and acknowledged by the receiver before proceeding.
2. The Sliding Window Protocol is used to handle out-of-order delivery and reordering packets. It allows the sender to send multiple packets without waiting for individual acknowledgments. The receiver uses a sliding window to acknowledge and process packets in the correct order.
3. Error detection and correction mechanisms such as Checksum or Forward Error Correction (FEC) are used to detect and correct errors in the received data. Checksum involves calculating a value based on the data and comparing it with the received value to detect errors. FEC adds redundant information to the data to enable the receiver to correct errors.
4. Congestion control mechanisms such as TCP Congestion Control or Window-based Flow Control are employed to manage network congestion and regulate the flow of data. These mechanisms adjust the transmission rate based on network conditions to prevent network congestion and ensure efficient data transfer.
Different reliable data transfer (RDT) mechanisms serve specific purposes and goals in ensuring reliable and efficient communication over networks. The Stop-and-Wait Protocol is used for reliable data transfer, the Sliding Window Protocol handles out-of-order delivery, error detection and correction mechanisms detect and correct errors, and congestion control mechanisms manage network congestion and flow control. By utilizing the appropriate RDT mechanisms, reliable and effective data transfer can be achieved across various network environments and conditions.
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a set of rules that access uses to ensure that the data between related tables is valid. true or false
Answers
Answer:
A set of rules that access uses to ensure that the data between related tables is valid. True or False.
TrueExplanation:
You're welcome.