If a scientist studies the diversity of genes in a population, they are studying "population genetics."
Population genetics is a branch of genetics that focuses on understanding the genetic composition and variation within populations, which are groups of individuals belonging to the same species living in the same geographical area.
In population genetics, scientists analyze factors such as gene frequencies, genetic diversity, and the distribution of genetic traits within a population. They also examine the processes that cause changes in gene frequencies over time, including natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow.
By studying population genetics, scientists can gain insights into the evolutionary history, adaptability, and overall health of a population. This knowledge can help inform conservation efforts, track the spread of genetic diseases, and guide breeding programs for endangered species.
In summary, a scientist studying the diversity of genes in a population is focusing on population genetics, which involves analyzing gene frequencies, genetic diversity, and the distribution of genetic traits.
This field helps us better understand the evolutionary history and health of populations, as well as inform conservation and breeding programs.
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DNA that contains information from two different species is knows as
DNA (or deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries the genetic information in all cellular forms of life and some viruses. It belongs to a class of molecules called the nucleic acids, which are polynucleotides - that is, long chains of nucleotides.
identify the three domains and the different groups or kingdoms within each domain (marine science)
Answer:
The three domains are the Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eukarya.
Explanation:
Prokaryotic organisms belong either to the domain Archaea or the domain Bacteria; organisms with eukaryotic cells belong to the domain Eukarya.
The three kingdom domains are Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, and under these three domains there are many other branches, such as the bacteria, which are classified into gram positive and gram negative, etc.
What is the division of the three domains?The three domains are Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, and Eubacteria is further classified into purple bacteria, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, cyanobacteria, green filamentous bacteria, etc., and all the bacteria are prokaryotes in nature. They don't have a nuclear membrane.
The archaea have Methanosarcina, Thermoproteus, etc. The eukarya has subdivisions like animals, plants, fungi, ciliates, etc. All of them have a nuclear membrane that contains the genetic material. The cell wall composition of fungi differs from that of plants. The cell membrane composition of multicellular animals is different from the cell membrane of the unicellular slime mold.
Hence the three domains are Eubacteria, Archea, and Eukarya, which are further subdivided.
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Two short-tailed cats are bred together. They produce three kittens with long tails, five short tails, and two without any tails. a. From these results, how is tail length in these cats inherited? b. Write out the genotypes paired with the matching phenotypes for the offspring to support your answer.
Answer:
a) Cats show incomplete dominance which means the kitten can be born with full length tails, short length tails and without tails.
b) The genotype of the parent will be heterozygous (Tt ) and the kittens will be:
Genotype | Fenotype
-TT | (long tail)
-Tt | (short tail)
-tt | (no tail).
2.03 integumentary system structures note guide
The integumentary system is composed of the structures or organs that make up the external portion of the body.
The integumentary system forming the external portions of the body includes, skin, nails, hairs, as well as exocrine glands like the sweat glands and sebum glands. The function of the integumentary system is protection, body temperature regulation, elimination of wastes, etc.
The exocrine glands are the type of glands that release the secretions with the help of ducts present on the body surfaces. The secretions that are secreted by exocrine glands are: sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices, oil, etc.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Write a short note on the integumentary system and structures.
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  HURRY UP PLEASE Briefly describe the
characteristics of the four main
layers of Earth. Include
temperatures.
.
Crust:
Mantle:
Outer core
Inner core
.
Explanation:
crust is coolest and inner core is hot
Based on the properties of the monomers that make up the phospholipid polymer, which of the following best predicts how the two phospholipids are positioned in the cell membrane?
a)The hydrophilic heads will face outward toward the cell’s exterior and inward toward the cell’s interior. The fatty acids will be tail-to-tail in the center of the membrane.
b)The glycerol region in the fatty acid will bend toward the interior of the cell. The choline will bend toward the exterior of the cell.
c)The hydrophobic heads will bind with other hydrophobic heads and turn inward to the center of the membrane. The fatty acids will randomly move, giving the membrane fluidity.
d)One choline will turn inward toward other choline in the bilayer. The fatty acids will be attracted to the choline and form the interior of the membrane.
 
                                                Two phospholipids are positioned in the cell membrane ,the hydrophilic heads will face outward toward the cell’s exterior and inward toward the cell’s interior. The fatty acids will be tail-to-tail in the center of the membrane.
A phospholipid generally has a head and a tail. The head of the molecule has a phosphate group and is hydrophilic in nature, it is soluble in water. The tail of the molecule is made up of two fatty acids, which are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water.
Hence, Two layers of phospholipids where the outer layer has the hydrophilic heads facing toward the outside of the cell and the inner layer have the hydrophobic tails facing toward the inside of the cell.
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TRUE/FALSE. During transcription instead of using both sides of the DNA one whole side is usually copied
Answer:
TRUE
Explanation:
TRUE. During transcription, only one of the two DNA strands, called the template strand, is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule. The other DNA strand, known as the non-template or coding strand, is not used as a template for RNA synthesis.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
during transcript you can use only one side of the DNA
Plants have an added layer that animal cells do not. What is that added layer called?
Answer:
a cell wall
Explanation:
Which one of the following is the least likely conclusion that could be drawn from research in mice on how postnatal exposure to endotoxin affects susceptibility to dust mite allergies later in life?
a.	Postnatal exposure to endotoxin inhibits immune signaling pathways mediated by toll-like receptors.
b.	Like the nervous system, postnatal development of the immune system depends on experience, i.e., how the system is used.
c.	Postnatal development of the immune system in mice is affected by exposure to bacteria during a critical period immediately following birth.
d.	Early exposure to one allergen does not affect later responses to other allergens, thereby demonstrating that immune responses are very specific.
e.	Results from these studies support the hygiene hypothesis as it is used to explain the rising incidence of allergies and chronic inflammatory diseases in some human populations.
Option C, Studies in mice have revealed that postnatal exposure to endotoxin, a component inflammatory diseases of bacterial cell walls, has a significant impact on the later susceptibility to dust mite allergies].
The research suggests that postnatal development of the immune system is dependent on experience, meaning that the system is shaped by its environment . Environmental changes, such as increased exposure to air and traffic pollution, fungi, infectious agents, tobacco smoke, and other early-life and postnatal influences have been linked to an increase in the prevalence of allergies and chronic inflammatory diseases in some human populations. Thus, while early exposure to one allergen may have an effect on later responses to other allergens, demonstrating that immune responses are highly specific, the least postnatal likely conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that the hygiene hypothesis alone is sufficient to explain the rising incidence of allergies and chronic inflammatory diseases in some human populations.
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Please describe what is occuring in the graph below. Why is this pattern important to understand when understanding ecology? Be sure to include predator/prey
relationships in your answer
 
                                                Answer:
The pattern is showing the connection between the prey and predator. Whenever there is a marginal increse in the population of predators, there is a decrease in the number of prey. The relationship is based on an increase and decrease of the population of predators that allow for more prey to survive.
● Hypothesis: Revise 1
To help your investigation, here is some more data about the farm.
How should I include my data?? Will give points and I picked natural selection 
 
                                                To write an inclusive hypothesis from investigation, it should be structured with Mechanism of Evolution, Hypothesis and Data.
How to hypothesize?Mechanism of Evolution
The mechanism of evolution that I think caused the increase in FQ resistance is natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. In this case, the bacteria that are resistant to FQ are more likely to survive and reproduce because they are not killed by the drug. This means that the population of bacteria will become more resistant to FQ over time.
Hypothesis
My hypothesis is that the increase in FQ resistance in the bacteria on the farm is due to natural selection. I believe that this is because the bacteria that are resistant to FQ are more likely to survive and reproduce, which means that the population of bacteria will become more resistant to FQ over time.
Data
The new data supports my hypothesis because it shows that the number of bacteria that are resistant to FQ has increased. The data also shows that the bacteria that are resistant to FQ are more likely to be found in the environment where the FQ is being used. This suggests that the bacteria are evolving to become resistant to the FQ.
How to Include the Data
You can include the data in your hypothesis by stating that the increase in FQ resistance is due to the fact that the bacteria that are resistant to FQ are more likely to survive and reproduce. You can also include the data by showing a graph of the number of bacteria that are resistant to FQ over time.
This is an example of how to include the data in the hypothesis:
I hypothesize that the increase in FQ resistance in the bacteria on the farm is due to natural selection. This is because the bacteria that are resistant to FQ are more likely to survive and reproduce, which means that the population of bacteria will become more resistant to FQ over time. The data supports this hypothesis because it shows that the number of bacteria that are resistant to FQ has increased. The data also shows that the bacteria that are resistant to FQ are more likely to be found in the environment where the FQ is being used. This suggests that the bacteria are evolving to become resistant to the FQ.
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Onepage review on why understanding gas and vapors in a work setting is important and what we can do in our workplace to prevent accidents with gases and vapors.
Understanding gas and vapours in a work setting is incredibly important for workplace safety. Gas and vapours can contain noxious substances that, if exposed to, can lead to serious injury or health implications.
In order to prevent such accidents, employers must perform risk assessments in order to assess and identify any areas of risk and put in place control measures to limit them. If gas and vapours are used onsite, then suitable ventilation and extraction systems should be in place.
Employers should also ensure that their staff are aware of the potential risks associated with such substances and provide adequate training and instruction in how to work safely. Finally, employers should also check that any necessary personal protective equipment is provided and communications are in place to be able to notify relevant emergancy responders in case of an accident.
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What is the activity that occurs during the movement of the plates under a volcano. 15 paragraphs pls.
 
                                                The activities that occur during the movement of the plates under a volcano is the melting of the mantle which rises through the plate.
What is a Volcano?This is referred to as an opening which is present the earth's crust through and is characterized by the escape of substances such as lava, gases etc through it.
Volcanoes have plates which are found under it and experience varying degree of movement as a result of the increase in the temperature and pressure around it.
This leads to the melting of the mantle which is found in the earth crust which then rises through the plate.
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Explain A wood frog species in Alaska can survive being frozen
almost completely solid. In spring it thaws and becomes more
active. Wood frogs that live in warmer climates do not have this
trait. Explain how this trait relates to adaptation and speciation.
Wood frogs are found in the United States throughout the forests of Alabama and Northwest into Idaho. Wood frogs are the only frogs that live North of the Arctic Circle. Adults usually live in woodlands and lay in vernal pools.
Wood frogs live in a variety of habits, from forests to bogs to tundra. They hibernate on land and breed in water.
The Wooded frog does adapt in warmer climates by hibernating by nestling down into the leafy litter on the forest floor.
I majored in Biology
Plants that reproduce from over-wintering storage organs such as bulbs, tubers, and rhizomes are called...
Plants that reproduce from over-wintering storage organs such as bulbs, tubers, and rhizomes are called geophytes. Geophytes have a unique life cycle that allows them to survive in adverse conditions and quickly reproduce when conditions become favorable.
Geophytes are plants that have evolved specialized structures to survive adverse conditions, such as drought, frost, and other environmental stressors. Bulbs are underground storage organs consisting of fleshy leaves or buds that store nutrients and energy for the plant to use during the next growing season. Tubers are thickened underground stems that store energy and nutrients for the plant. Rhizomes are horizontal underground stems that allow the plant to spread and propagate.
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what type of plate boundary form trenches
Which functional region of the cerebellum is implicated in planning the sequence and timing of complex movements?.
The part of the brain involved in the sequence and timing of complex movements is the cerebrocerebellum.
The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain that initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature.
The brain is divided into 3 functional areas which are;
cerebrocerebellum spinocerebellum vestibulocerebellumcerebrocerebellum communicates with the cerebral cortex and is thought to be involved with planning and initiating movement it receives inputs from the cerebral cortex and pontine nuclei and sends inputs sends the outputs to the thalamus and red nucleus
spinocerebellum this part of the cerebellum is involved in regulating body movements by allowing for error correction
vestibulocerebellum gives signals which detect the head movement and send signals through the cerebellum to the head rotation and maintain a stable center of gaze.
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The "master controller" gland is the _____. thyroid adrenal pituitary thalamus
Answer:
Hypothalamus is the correct answer to the given question.
Explanation:
Hypothalamus in the brain is the tiny portion of the mind also the Hypothalamus is situated at the foot of the nervous system .The Hypothalamus is just next to the pituitary gland. Hypothalamus is produced by a variety of nucleus as well as the nervous fibers. It's own neuronal links
The main objective of Hypothalamus is to hormonal fluctuation as well as controlling the temperature of the body.All the other option is not the master controller gland that's why these are incorrect option .Answer:
The pituitary gland is the master controller gland.
Explanation:
I just did this: The pituitary gland is sometimes called the "master" gland of the endocrine system because it controls the functions of many of the other endocrine glands.
A group of students studied heat transfer by placing a hot block of metal into a Styrofoam cup of room temperature water what method of heat transfer with the student studying
Radiation
Convection
Conduction
Thermal energy 
Answer: Thermal Energy
Explanation:
i worked it out tell me if im right
Method of heat transfer which is being studied by the student is thermal energy.
What is thermal energy?
Thermal energy is defined as a type of energy which is contained within a system which is responsible for temperature rise.Heat is a type of thermal energy.It is concerned with the first law of thermodynamics.
Thermal energy arises from friction and drag.It includes the internal energy or enthalpy of a body of matter and radiation.It is related to internal energy and heat .It arises when a substance whose molecules or atoms are vibrating faster.
These vibrating molecules and atoms collide and as a result of which heat is generated in a substance , more the collision of particles , higher is the thermal energy. There are 3 types of thermal energy 1) conduction 2) convection 3) radiation
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a) why do you think that the concentration at which microtubules begin to form (the critical concentration) is different in the two experiments?
The difference in the critical concentration at which microtubules begin to form in the two experiments could be attributed to variations in experimental conditions, protein sample purity, stabilizing or destabilizing factors, or differences in the experimental setup.
The reason the concentration at which microtubules begin to form (the critical concentration) is different in the two experiments could be due to several factors. Some possible factors include:
1. Variations in experimental conditions: Differences in temperature, pH, or buffer composition could affect the critical concentration.
2. Purity of the protein sample: Different levels of purity in the tubulin protein samples used in the experiments might influence the critical concentration.
3. Presence of stabilizing or destabilizing factors: Various proteins or molecules can interact with microtubules and affect their stability. If the two experiments have different concentrations or types of these factors, it may cause differences in the critical concentration.
4. Differences in the experimental setup: Different methods of measurement or data analysis might result in discrepancies in the observed critical concentration.
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in mature mrnas of eukaryotes, identify the event where a modified guanosine covalently attaches at the 5' end.
The event you are referring to is known as 5' capping. In mature mRNA of eukaryotes, the 5' end of the transcript is modified with the covalent attachment of a guanosine monophosphate (GMP) residue.
This is done through a reaction catalyzed by a capping enzyme. The guanosine residue is further modified by the addition of a methyl group and a 5’-5’ triphosphate linkage, thus forming a 5' cap.
The 5' cap is important for the stability of the mRNA and for the recruitment of ribosomes during translation. The capping process also serves to protect the mRNA from degradation. In addition, the cap structure is recognized by proteins involved in mRNA export and translation initiation.
The capping enzyme, 5' cap methyltransferase, and 5' cap-binding proteins are all necessary components in the process of 5' capping. The enzyme is responsible for the transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to the 5' end of the mRNA. The 5' cap methyltransferase catalyzes the methylation of the guanosine residue, and the 5' cap-binding protein binds to the cap and recruits the ribosomes for translation.
In conclusion, the event where a modified guanosine covalently attaches at the 5' end of mRNA in eukaryotes is known as 5' capping. This process is important for mRNA stability and translation, and requires the participation of various enzymes and proteins. 
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seedless plants use which specialized structures to reproduce 
A.) xylem
B.) spores
C.)sphentopytes
D.) microphylls
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Answer:
the answer is B. Spores
Explanation:
I just took the test and got 100%
Based on your reading of the reference article (Frank, Andrew J., et al. "Synthesis of silver nanoprisms with variable size and investigation of their optical properties: a first-year undergraduate experiment exploring plasmonic nanoparticles." Journal of Chemical Education 87.10 (2010): 1098-1101.) and on your analysis of the particle size data, propose one experiment to create nanoparticles of smaller size and one experiment to create nanoparticles of larger size.
In creating nanoparticles of a smaller size, the volume of the silver nitrate,the temperature and time can be reduced,surfactant can be altered, different reducing agent and altering AgNO3. In order to create nanoparticles of a larger size, silver nitrate should be increased, the temperature and time can be increased.
In order to create nanoparticles of a smaller size, the following experiment may be conducted. The volume of the silver nitrate solution should be reduced. The temperature and time of the reduction step can be reduced. The amount of surfactant, as well as its type, can be altered. A different reducing agent can be used. Altering the concentration of AgNO3, surfactant and/or sodium borohydride. In order to create nanoparticles of a larger size, the following experiment may be conducted. The volume of the silver nitrate solution should be increased. The temperature and time of the reduction step can be increased. The amount of surfactant, as well as its type, can be altered. A different reducing agent can be used. Altering the concentration of AgNO3, surfactant and/or sodium borohydride.
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Use the following information to answer the questions below. Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited via a single gene with four different alleles. One fish of this type has alleles 1 and 3 (S1S3) and its mate has alleles 2 and 4 (S2S4). If each allele confers a unit of color darkness such that S1 has one unit, S2 has two units, and so on, then what proportion of their offspring would be expected to have five units of color
Answer:
1/2 = 50% of the progeny is expected to have 5 units of color → S1S4 + S2S3
Explanation:
Available data:
Single gene with four different alleles → S1, S2, S3, S4Each allele confers a unit of color darknessS1 one unitS2 two unitsS3 three unitsS4 four unitsCross:
Parentals) S1S3 x S2S4
Gametes) S1 S3 S2 S4
F1) 1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be S1S2 → 3 units
1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be S1S4 → 5 units
1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be S2S3 → 5 units
1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be S3S4 → 7 units
1/2 = 50% of the progeny is expected to have 5 units of color → 1/4 = 25% S1S4 + 1/4 = 25% S2S3
Please help! skin melanocytes produce the protein melanin, which gives the skin pigment. muscle cells do not produce melanin. which statement explains this difference between skin melanocytes and muscle cells?
A. muscle cells rely on rna, while melanocytes rely on dna.
B. melanocytes and muscle cells express different genes.
C. muscle cells destroyed the gene for melanin, but melanocytes did not. 
D. melanocytes contain different genes from muscle cells
Answer:
The correct answer is B. "Melanocytes and muscle cells express different genes."
Although all cells in an organism (such as a human) contain the same DNA, different cell types express different sets of genes. Gene expression is the process by which specific genes are activated to produce a needed protein. In this case, the gene responsible for melanin production is expressed in melanocytes, but not in muscle cells.
This does not mean that muscle cells have destroyed the gene for melanin (as stated in option C) or that melanocytes contain different genes from muscle cells (as stated in option D). All cells within an organism contain the same genes, but not all genes are expressed in every cell. The process of gene expression is regulated by the cell to ensure that each cell type functions properly.
Option A is also incorrect because all cells, including both muscle cells and melanocytes, rely on both DNA (for storing genetic information) and RNA (for transmitting that information and producing proteins). DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins. This process occurs in all cells.
The statement explains the difference between skin melanocytes and muscle cells is - melanocytes and muscle cells express different genes. So option b is correct.
Melanocytes are dark, dendritic-shaped, highly differentiated cells that secrete melanin, a pigment found in melanosomes, which is the primary function of melanocytes.
Melanocytes are a type of cell derived from the neural crest. They form a synapse with keratinocytes through their dendrites in the epidermis. Melanocytes play an important part in skin pigmentation and their role in the generation and distribution of melanin has been extensively studied.
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Pollen and Ovules are gametes. How many chromosomes would they have compared to the rest of the plant's body cells? What process made them that way?
Answer:
a. They would have half chromosomes as much as the plants body cells.
b. Meiosis
Explanation:
Gametes are sex cells produced only in sexually reproducing organisms. In plants as stated in this question, male gametes are contained in pollens while female gametes are contained in ovules. The process by which these gametes are made is called MEIOSIS.
Meiosis is a cell division that reduces the chromosomal number of the parent cell by half. This means that each GAMETE will contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Fir example, if the body cell of a plant contains 30 chromosomes, each gamete formed via Meiosis in that plant will have 15 chromosomes.
In a nutshell, pollen and ovules, which are gametes of plants formed by MEIOSIS would have half chromosomes as much as the plants body cells.
HI NEED HELP URGENT, I'LL BE REWARDING BRAINLIEST.PLS ANSWER THESE WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
1. Clownfish make their homes among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. The clownfish gain protection from predators while attracting prey for the anemones to eat. Why is this an example of a mutualistic relationship? *
• The clownfish benefit but the anemones are not affected
• The clownfish and anemones both benefit
• The anemones benefit but the clownfish is not affected
• The anemones are harmed by clownfish
2. Which of the following is a biotic factor within the ecosystem *
• The climate in the area
• The herbivore that feed on producers
• Amount of oxygen
• Amount of sunlight
3. Which of the following contains only biotic factors? *
• Temperature, pH and rainfall
• Algae, shrimp and humidity
• Frog, climate and insect
• Ant, grass and snail
4 . In all symbiotic relationships, at least one organism benefits *
• True or False?
5 . Lions kill and eat animals such as zebras and wildebeasts. Jackals then scavenge on the leftover remains. The jackals benefit from the lions without harming or benefiting them in return. What type of relationship is this? *
• Mutualistic
• Parasitic
• Commensal
• Competitive
Answer:
1 - b
2 - c or d
3 - d
4 - true
5 - c
Explanation:
Determine the mean for each data group, and describe in a complete sentence how you calculated them.
The mean is the average of a data set. We can get it by making an addition of all the data set values, and then divide the result by the total number of values. In the example, the mean is 8.73.
Since I could not find the data groups, I will explain what the mean is and how to get it, and then I will provide an example for you to understand and use as a guide.
What is the mean?
The Mean, together with media and mode, is a central tendency measure. It is used in statistical analysis to identify the tendency of a data set concerning information inclination.
This measure is used to expose the result of a research in a resumed way to avoid providing extensive information.
The Mean is the average value of a data set.
To calculate the mean you just have to add all the data and divide it by the amount of data you have.
For instance, let assume our data set is as follows,
4.5,5,7,7,7.5,7.5,7.5,7.8,7.8,8,8,9,9,9.2,9.3,10,10,10.5,13,17To get the mean we need to add these values and then, divide them by the total number of values.
Addition:
4.5 + 5 + 7 + 7 + 7.5 + 7.5 + 7.5 + 7.8 + 7.8 + 8 + 8 + 9 + 9 + 9.2 + 9.3 + 10 + 10 + 10.5 + 13 + 17 = 174.6
Total number of values: 20
Mean = (Σ values) / Total number of values = 174.6 / 20 = 8.73
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What is the fundamental difference between the feedback mechanism involving oxytocin and birth and the mechanism involving insulin and blood sugar?
According to the given statement:
Insulin's activity is intended to function as a negative feedback system.There is no typical homeostatic range for birthing.Insulin's purpose in this is to generate facilitated diffusion pathways in body cell plasma membranes, allowing glucose to enter the cell.During labor, the level of oxytocin continues to rise until the end point is achieved.Briefing:Insulin's activity is intended to function as a negative feedback mechanism. The objective is to maintain blood sugar levels within normal homeostatic limits. Insulin's purpose in this situation is to open wider developmental channels in body cell plasma membranes, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, blood sugar levels fall. Other actions will be taken as needed to raise blood sugar levels. There is no typical homeostatic range for birthing. There is a climactic endpoint, which is birth. During labor, the level of oxytocin continues to rise until the end point is achieved.
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trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus small t antigen synergistically modulates s6 protein translation and dna damage response pathways to shape host cell environment
trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus small t antigen synergistically modulates s6 protein translation and dna damage response pathways to shape host cell environment is
Unknown
Trichodysplasia spinulosa is a disfiguring skin disease caused by the trichodysplasia spinulosa–associated polyomavirus (TSPyV).¹ Like other polyomaviruses, TSPyV expresses the large T and small T (sT) antigens, but how these proteins regulate trichodysplasia spinulosa pathogenesis is unknown.
What is trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus?
Trichodysplasia spinulosa is a rare cutaneous condition that has been described almost exclusively in immunocompromised patients, typically organ transplant recipients, on immunosuppressive medication regimens.
It is also known by many other names, including viral-associated trichodysplasia, viral-associated trichodysplasia, pilomatrix dysplasia, and ciclosporin-induced folliculodystrophy, although the latter name is incorrect. A total of 32 cases has been documented in the medical literature as of the beginning of 2016. Despite its rarity, TS is thought to be underdiagnosed, and the rising number of patients using immunosuppressive medication regimens raises the possibility that its occurrence may increase.According to some sources, TS is a developing infectious disease.
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