In neutron activation analysis (NAA), stable isotopes are bombarded with neutrons. Depending on the isotope and the energy of the neutron, various emissions are observed. What are the products when the following neutron-activated species decay? Write an overall equation in shorthand notation for the reaction starting with the stable isotope before neutron activation.(c) ²⁸₁₃Al* → [β⁻ emission]
Answers
In shorthand notation It's 22 a l and Data s I 23
Briefly explained
When the nucleus undergoes decay, it produces a more stable nucleus. There are different types of decay in this problem. We're looking at the idea of beta decay, which means that this particle is produced another form of decay that we may see is positron or be positive, which means that this particle is produced. Both decays are initiated by a neutron bomb. Birdman.
So one of the react Ince's always a neutron. Chazz, this symbol here. And we can predict the products of each reaction by remembering that the mass numbers an atomic numbers must be equal. So upon neutron bombardment, an unstable nucleus is produced. We just symbolized with little star next to it. So to figure out how that formed, we know that we had some isotope plus a neutron to identify what the nucleus is.
We used the atomic numbers, the bottom number. So what? Plus zero makes 23 or 23. 23 has the same symbol. The the mass number is the different number. What? Plus one makes 52. So we're starting with vanadium 51. This quickly decays through beta decay. So we formed this particle plus to figure out the other product. We know that the numbers on the bottom have to equal 23.
We're X equals 24 which, using the periodic table we see is chromium and the mass number has to equal 52. So it's just 52. We can write this in shorthand notation, which is the reactant nuclear I'd and then in parentheses, the particle going in, followed by the particle going out and then the product. New climb. So for this one, the shorthand notation his vanadium 51 with the neutron going in, beta particle coming out, forming chromium 52.
So to identify the initial element, we know that the mass number has to be 20. The atomic number has to be 29 and the atomic number has to be 63 because 63 plus one is 64. The new element formed has to have an atomic number of 28 because 28 plus one is 29. This is nickel and the mass number is 64 because 64 plus zero is 64 in shorthand notation.
Final productIt's the starting reactant, followed by the neutron in in the beta particle out, followed by the final product when we could in fact right this using our symbols for a neutron is an N and for positron is B plus. Finally, receive the formation of the unstable nucleus a l 23 which forms from the bombardment of a neutron and produces a new particle through beta decay.
So the initial particle is still aluminum, the mass number of 22 and the final product has a mass number 14 which is s I in a mass number of 23 atomic number of 14 mass number of 23 in shorthand notation It's 22 a l and Data s I 23
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Related Questions
identify the 13c nmr chemical shift for each carbon atom in a molecule of 1-penten-3-one.
Answers
The principles governing 13 C NMR chemical shifts are the same as those governing 1 H, even though the normal range of chemical shifts is much wider (by a factor of about 20).
The carbons in tetramethylsilane (TMS), whose chemical shift is thought to be 0.0 ppm, serve as the chemical shift reference standard for 13 C. Typical 13 C-NMR chemical shiftsFormula for 1-Penten-3-one: C5H8O 84.1164 molecular weightA pentene molecule has five carbon atoms since the prefix pent- implies "five." The pentene molecule is an alkene, as indicated by the prefix -ene. A substance known as an alkene is an organic compound that has at least one C=C double bond. This indicates that two of the carbons in pentene are doubly bonded.
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Name and Title:
Include your name, instructor's name, date, and name of lab.
Objectives(s):
In your own words, what is the purpose of this lab?
Hypothesis:
In this section, please include the if/then statements you developed during your lab activity. These statements reflect your predicted outcomes for the experiment.
Procedure:
The materials and procedures are listed in your virtual lab. You do not need to repeat them here. However, you should note if you experienced any errors or other factors that might affect your outcome. Using your summary questions at the end of your virtual lab activity, please clearly define the dependent and independent variables of the experiment.
Data:
Record the composition of each of your compounds below. Be sure to include the number of atoms for each element. An example has been supplied for you.
Compound Name Chemical Formula Sodium (Na) Atoms Calcium (Ca) Atoms Hydrogen (H) Atoms Oxygen (O) Atoms Carbon (C) Atoms Chlorine (Cl) Atoms
Ex: Sodium
hypochlorite NaClO 1 0 0 1 0 1
Conclusion:
Your conclusion will include a summary of the lab results and an interpretation of the results. Please answer all questions in complete sentences using your own words.
Using two to three sentences, summarize what you investigated and observed in this lab.
Why do you believe knowing how elements and compounds react together is essential in everyday matters?
Some elements are more "reactive" than other elements; why do you think this is?
Choose one of the compounds from the table and explain how you know the numbers of atoms in your formula.
Is it possible for two different compounds to be made from the exact same two elements? Why or why not? With a limited number of elements (less than 120 are known), does this mean we also have a small number of compounds or do we have a large number of compounds in this world?
Answers
Answer:
I dont know your intructors name also do this yourself we dont know what the lab is
Explanation:
The weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occuring isotopes of an element is the
A) atomic mass of the element
B) atomic number of the element
C) mass number of each isotope
D) formula mass of each isotope
Answers
The weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element is the
A) atomic mass of the element
Further explanationIsotopes are elements that have the same Atomic Number (Proton)
Atomic mass is the average atomic mass of all its isotopes
So Isotopes have the same atomic number(the same number of protons and electrons), but different mass numbers (different neutron numbers)
Avg atomic mass = m1.%m1 + m2.%m2....mn.%mn
m1 = isotope 1
m2 = isotope 2
% = abundance of the elements in nature
The weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element is the : A) atomic mass of the element.
Isotopes can be defined as two or more forms of a chemical element that contains equal number of protons (atomic number) and electrons but different number of neutrons.
The isotope of any chemical element is denoted by \(C^Z_A\)
Where;
C is the chemical symbol of the chemical element. A is the atomic mass or mass number (number of nucleons). Z is the number of protons (atomic number).In Chemistry, the atomic mass of a chemical element is weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes and its units is u.
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If an 84.2 L container of helium is in a room with 2.10 atm of pressure and temperature of 323 K, then how many moles of the helium do you have?
Answers
The number of moles of helium can be calculated using ideal gas equation. Thus, the number moles of helium is calculated to be 6.67.
What is ideal gas equation?Ideal gas equation shows the relationship between number of moles, pressure, temperature and volume of a gas as written below:
PV = nRT
Where R is the universal gas constant.
Given that, volume of He gas = 84.2 L
Pressure = 2.010 atm
temperature = 323 K.
So that n = PV/RT
number of molecules = (84.2 L × 2.10 atm)/ (323 K × 0.082 L atm / (K mol))
Therefore, the number if helium gas at the given conditions of volume, pressure and temperature is 6.6 moles.
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How does the corresponding increase in carbon dioxide levels that occurs when arterial pH drops assist in maintaining acid-base balance?
A. Carbon dioxide loss through exhalation can raise arterial pH levels.
B. Carbon dioxide retention during exhalation can lower arterial pH levels.
C. Carbon dioxide is a base that can convert free hydrogen ions into a neutral substance.
D. Carbon dioxide is a buffer that can bind free hydrogen ions and form a neutral substance.
Answers
When arterial pH drops, the corresponding increase in carbon dioxide levels assists in maintaining acid-base balance by acting as a buffer that can bind free hydrogen ions and form a neutral substance.What is the relationship between arterial pH and carbon dioxide .
There is a direct correlation between arterial pH and carbon dioxide. When arterial pH decreases, carbon dioxide levels increase to help maintain the body's pH balance. In this way, arterial carbon dioxide levels play an important role in the body's acid-base balance.Carbon dioxide can act as both an acid and a base, allowing it to function as an important buffer in the body.
When arterial pH drops, the corresponding increase in carbon dioxide levels can assist in maintaining acid-base balance by acting as a buffer that can bind free hydrogen ions and form a neutral substance. As a result, arterial carbon dioxide levels help to maintain the body's pH balance.
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Question 3
The element with electron configuration 1s^2 2s^s 2p^6 3s^2 3p^2
S (Z = 16).
Mg (Z = 12).
C (Z = 6).
Si (Z = 14).
Answers
Answer:
I'm on the same question as you
A ball is sitting at the top of a ramp. As the ball rolls down the ramp, the potential energy of the ball decreases. What happens to the potential energy as the ball moves
Answers
Answer:
it is converted to kinetic energy
what is chemistry?
Answers
Answer:the branch of science which examines the material of the universe and changes that these materials undergo
Chemistry deals with composition,structure,properties of matter and changes that these materials undergo
In general, which characteristics are necessary for a location to be suitable for chemical storage?.
Answers
The characteristics which are necessary for a location to be suitable for chemical storage are:
TemperatureIgnition controlVentilationSegregationIdentification. What is chemical storage?Chemical storage as the name implies refers to the storage of controlled substances or hazardous materials as the case may be in chemical stores, chemical storage cabinets, or similar devices.
On this note, the characteristics which are necessary for a location to be suitable for chemical storage are as listed above.
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The characteristics required for suitable chemical storage include dark, dry, and cool.
Chemical storage refers to the techniques and procedures aimed at storing chemical products.These products (chemical products) can be hazardous when they are not stored properly.A cool dry site can be a lab pantry or a closed cabinet in which the temperature remains below 80% when considering the ambient temperature.In conclusion, the characteristics required for suitable chemical storage include dark, dry, and cool.
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Copper atoms are heavier than magnesium atoms. So, although each atom of magnesium can produce one atom of copper, the masses won’t be the same. The ratio of the atomic weight of copper to the atomic weight of magnesium is about 2.61. Given this ratio and the initial mass of the magnesium strip (0.38 g) measured in task 1, part A, calculate the mass of copper that can be produced. Recall: Mg + Cu(NO3)2 → Cu + Mg(NO3)2
Answers
Answer:
\(m_{Cu}=0.99gCu\)
Explanation:
Hello!
In this case, considering the given chemical reaction and the mass of the magnesium strip, following the indications of the atomic weight ratio (2.61 g Cu/1 g Mg), and keeping in mind the 1:1 mole ratio one could compute the produced mass of copper as shown below:
\(m_{Cu}=0.38gMg*\frac{2.61gCu}{1gMg} \\\\m_{Cu}=0.99gCu\)
Best regards!
In part 1, the magnesium strip weighed 0.38g. If each copper atom is 2.61 times heavier than a magnesium atom, we can set up the equation:
\(\frac{0.38mg}{1} x \frac{2.61cu}{1mg} =\frac{0.38x2.61}{1} = 0.99cu\)
The mass of the copper that can be produced is 0.99g.
A process in which a large nucleus splits into two or more parts is called _____.(1 point)
A. radioactive decay
B. nuclear fission
C. beta decay
D. nuclear fusion
Answers
A process in which a large nucleus splits into two or more parts is called nuclear fission. That is option B
What is nuclear fission?A nuclear fission is the process by which the unstable nucleus of heavy atoms splits into two or more smaller nuclei which are usually called the fission products.
Example of elements that can undergo nuclear fission reaction include the following:
plutonium-239,uranium-233, and uranium-235.Nuclear fusion is the combination of two or more lighter nuclei to form a single heavy nucleus with the release of energy. This is the direct opposite of a nuclear fission reaction.
Therefore, a process in which a large nucleus splits into two or more parts is called nuclear fission.
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3 sio2 + 4 al --> 3 s + 2 al2o3
if 9.33 moles of sio2 react, how many moles of al react?
Answers
6.22 moles of Al will react.
The balanced chemical equation shows that 3 moles of SiO2 reacts with 4 moles of Al. Therefore, to determine the number of moles of Al that react, we need to use a mole ratio.
The mole ratio of SiO2 to Al is 3:4. This means that for every 3 moles of SiO2 that react, 4 moles of Al react.
Given that 9.33 moles of SiO2 reacts, we can set up a proportion:
3 mol SiO2 / 4 mol Al = 9.33 mol SiO2 / x mol Al
Solving for x, we get:
x = (4 mol Al * 9.33 mol SiO2) / 3 mol SiO2
x = 12.44 mol Al
Therefore, 6.22 moles of Al will react (since we only have 4 moles of Al available).
In this problem, we are given a balanced chemical equation:
3 SiO2 + 4 Al → 3 S + 2 Al2O3
We are asked to find out how many moles of Al react if 9.33 moles of SiO2 react. To solve this problem, we first need to determine the mole ratio between SiO2 and Al.
According to the balanced chemical equation, the mole ratio between SiO2 and Al is 3:4. This means that for every 3 moles of SiO2 that react, 4 moles of Al react.
Using this mole ratio, we can set up a proportion to determine the number of moles of Al that react:
3 mol SiO2 / 4 mol Al = 9.33 mol SiO2 / x mol Al
Solving for x, we get:
x = (4 mol Al * 9.33 mol SiO2) / 3 mol SiO2
x = 12.44 mol Al
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in order for a pathway to produce its products it must have sufficient inputs. which of the answer choices must be directly supplied to the citric acid cycle for it to proceed? select all that apply.
Answers
The inputs of TCA cycle are: 2 Acetyl CoA, 6NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP+Pi. The outputs are 4CO2, 6NADH, 6H+, 2 FADH2, 2ATP and 2 CoA, Therefore the correct options are (a), (b), (c), and (d).
Is citric acid bad for people?Acidic citrus is completely secure. It is broken by your body and excreted through urination. In fact, it could even help prevent kidney problems caused by calcium oxalate. As according studies, lemon juice helps stop the production of stones.
Is lemon juice the same as citric acid?Citric acid and lemon juice differ within this citric acid is a concentrated acid component, whereas citric acid, water, vitamin C, and other components can all be found in lemon juice.
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The complete question is -
in order for a pathway to produce its products it must have sufficient inputs. which of the answer choices must be directly supplied to the citric acid cycle for it to proceed? select all that apply.
(i)Acetyl CoA (ii)NAD+ (iii)FAD (iv)ADP (v)NADH (vi)ATP (vii)Pyruvate (viii) Glucose
The allele for purple flower color is most likely
A. dominant to the allele for white flower color.
B. recessive to the allele for white flower color.
C. codominant with the allele for white flower color.
D. incompletely dominant with the allele for white flower color.
Answers
In his experiment Alejandro sees that his numbers don't make very much sense
compared to his neighbors. He didn't make any mistakes in his experiment so this
must be a random error.
True
False
Answers
False. Both random and systematic errors can have an impact on experimental data.
Random mistakes are generated by unpredictability in measuring settings and are typical of minor magnitude. In contrast, systematic mistakes are generated by systematic biases in the experimental technique and result in a constant divergence from the correct value.
If Alejandro's results differ greatly from those of his neighbors, it could be due to chance, but it could also be due to systemic flaws in his experiment. Without more examination, Alejandro cannot assume that the variance is purely due to random mistakes. He should thoroughly examine his experimental approach for potential sources of systematic error. It may also be beneficial to repeat the experiment to establish whether the discrepancy is due to random error or if it is consistent.
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when does the digestion happen?
Answers
Answer:
The processes of digestion include five activities: Ingestion, Digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.
Ingestion- Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an organism. In animals, it normally is accomplished by taking in a substance through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as through eating or drinking. In single-celled organisms ingestion takes place by absorbing a substance through the cell membrane.
Digestion- Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process also involves creating waste to be eliminated.
Absorption- The simple molecules that result from chemical digestion pass through cell membranes of the lining in the small intestine into the blood or lymph capillaries. This process is called absorption.
Assimilation- Assimilation is the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used. For example: amino acids are used to build new proteins.
Egestion- Egestion is the act of excreting unusable or undigested material from a cell, as in the case of single-celled organisms, or from the digestive tract of multicellular animals.
Two samples of solids have similar reactivity with acids and similar densities. Their masses
and volumes, however, are not at all similar. Is it possible that these are the same
substance? (1 point)
O. No, it is not possible because they have different extensive properties.
O Yes, it is possible because they have similar intensive properties.
O Yes, it is possible because they have similar extensive properties.
O No, it is not possible because they have different intensive properties.
Answers
They may be the same substance even though they have different volumes and masses.
Intensive properties are the properties are characteristic a substance. Intensive properties are those properties of a substance that can be used to describe the substance.
We can see that the substances have similar reactivity and similar density. This means that they may be the same substance even though they have different volumes and masses.
The correct option is; "Yes, it is possible because they have similar intensive properties."
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What characteristic of an epic hero does this passage
show?
the ability to embark on a long journey
the ability to receive help from a supernatural force
the ability to speak with confidence
Answers
The ability to speak with confidence shows the characteristic of an epic hero does this passage show. Option C is correct.
What is confidence?
The feeling or emotion or belief that one or a person can have faith in or trust on someone or for something that he or she is doing or about to do and the hero are the inspiration for the society.
In other words a feeling or emotion of self-assurance or self believe arising or rises from an appreciation or motivation of one's own abilities or qualities or performance.
Therefore, ability to speak with confidence shows the characteristic of an epic hero does this passage show. Option C is correct.
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Answer:
B
Explanation:
Cuz
A 1.0-gram sample of solid iodine is placed in a tube and the tube is sealed after all of the air is removed. The tube and the solid iodine together weigh 27.0 grams. The tube is then heated until all of the iodine evaporates, filling the tube with iodine gas. After heating, the total mass will be:
Answers
Answer:
27.0
Explanation:
Because Mass can neither be created nor be destroyed hence total mass of sample of iodine and tube remain equal as it is sealed.
What does Hamlet allusion suggest?.
Answers
Hamlet's portrayal shows that he believes himself to be unworthy of heroic action and full of self-deprecation. Ghost claims that by ingesting the waters of forgetfulness from the Underworld river.
What type of irony is in Hamlet?Only Horatio and the readers discover the truth the about King's death in Hamlet, which creates dramatic irony. This kind of irony also emerges from his illusion of being angry. Others in the cast take him at his word when he lies to them.
What kind of metaphors are employed in Hamlet?When describing to Ophelia, Hamlet utilizes a simile to imply that it is both frigid and pure, or devoid of desire. Hamlet mocks Rosencrantz and Guildenstern by comparing playing a pipe to lying in this comparison (which they have been doing to him).
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Watch the animation, then check off the samples that will conduct electricity. Check all that apply.
Answers
NaCl solution will be used for the samples with Electricity conduction. It is choice A.
Electrical conduction is the development of electrically charged particles through a transmission medium. In response to an electric field, the movement can produce an electric current.
The fundamental system for this development relies upon the material. At the point when the sodium chloride breaks down in water, the sodium iotas and chlorine particles separate affected by the water atoms.
In the water, they can move freely as positively and negatively charged ions. The solution can carry electricity because of this charge separation.
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Question:
Watch the liveliness, then mark off the examples that will direct power. Select all relevant options. View Available Hints Select all relevant options.
a) NaCl arrangement
b) Strong NaCl
c) Strong sugar
d) Sugar arrangement
1. How many particles are in 8.14 moles of Na?
Answers
Answer:
8.14x6.022×10^23 ~ 4.901908x10^24
Explanation:
Thea is doing a chemistry experiment. The instructions say she needs to use pure water. Hamza offer her a bottle labelled “100% Pure Spring Water”. Suggest why this water is unlikely to be suitable for the experiment [2]
A scientist is comparing 2 samples of the same compound. One is pure and the other is impure. The compound is a solid at room temperature. Explain how the scientist could tell which is the pure compound. [2]
The melting point of pure asprin is 136oC. The melting point of a sample of asprin is measured as being between 128 – 132oC. Give two reasons that suggest the sample is not pure asprin. [2]
Gunpowder is a formulation of potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulphur in the ratio 15 : 3 : 2
What is meant by the term “formulation” [2]
Calculate the mass of charcoal in 40g of gunpowder [1]
if you can just give me hints that would be great
Answers
Help what’s the answer?
Answers
Answer:
in chemical reactions moles correspond to the number of molecules or atoms that go into reaction. It means that number that is in front of molecule or atom for example in this reaction you have one oxygen it means one mole of oxygen. 4 molecules of acid correspond to 4 moles of HCl. So the final answer would be:
4 moles of HCl
2 moles of H2O
2 moles of Cl2
1. Label the three bottles with the numbers 1 through 3 using the permanent marker.
2. Add 1 tablespoon of Epsom salt to each bottle.
3. Add the following amounts of water to, each bottle:
bottle 1: 2/3cup
bottle 2: 1/3cup + 1 tablespoon
bottle 3: 1 tablespoon
The amounts are different so that the total volume of liquid in each bottle will be the same after the an
4. Add the following amounts of ammonia to each bottle:
bottle 1: 1 tablespoon
bottle 2: 1/3 cup
bottle 3: 2/3 cup
Part A: What evidence would there be that a chemical reaction took place.
Part B: Compare bottles 1 and 2. How do the amounts of the reactants compare? How do the amounts of the products compare? For these two bottles, does the amount of product appear to be proportional to the amount of ammonia used?
Part C: In bottles 2 and 3. How do the amounts of reactants compare? How do the amounts of the products compare? For these two bottles does the amount of product appear to be proportional to the amount of ammonia used?
Answers
Evidence that a chemical reaction took place would be the formation of a new substance, a change in color, a release of gas, or a temperature change.
What is the evidence for a chemical reaction?There are several possible pieces of evidence that a chemical reaction has taken place in this experiment:
Change in colorFormation of a solidChange in temperatureFormation of gasChange in odorPart B: In bottles 1 and 2, the amount of ammonia used is different, with bottle 1 having 1 tablespoon and bottle 2 having 1/3 cup.
The amount of product in bottle 2 is more than the amount of product in bottle 1.
Therefore, the amount of product is not proportional to the amount of ammonia used in these two bottles.
Part C: In bottles 2 and 3, the amount of reactants is different, with bottle 2 having 1/3 cup + 1 tablespoon of water and bottle 3 having only 1 tablespoon of water.
The amount of product in bottle 2 is more than the amount of product in bottle 3.
Therefore, the amount of product is not proportional to the amount of ammonia used in these two bottles.
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How IS energy related to the change of state represented
by the model?
Atoms gain energy as a solid changes to a gas.
Atoms gain energy as a liquid changes to a gas.
Atoms lose energy as a solid changes to a gas.
Atoms lose energy as a liquid changes to a gas.
Answers
Answer:
Gain energy as a liquid changes to a gas
Explanation:
get further apart= more kinetic energy
liquid at beginning as not uniform but quite close together and takes shape of container
The answer is...Liquid into gas.
My Explanation:
Stated in the model, The atoms aren't that active but can still slider past each other; meaning, this is a liquid. As it shifts into a gas, which is when atoms pick up energy and move around more freely/actively, the definition of the following is "Vaporization".
So the answer is: B, or in other words, "Atoms gain energy as a liquid turns into a gas.
what are ion and there different types of ions
Answers
Answer:
An ion is formed by the loss or gain of electrons by an atom, so it contains an unequal number of electrons and protons. Example: Sodium ion Na+, magnesium ion Mg2+, chloride ion Cl–, and oxide ion O2–. There are two types of ions : cations and anion
Which of the following, when added to a saturated solution of AgCl, will cause a decrease in the molar concentration of Ag+ relative to the original solution?
1. HCl(g)
2. AgCl(s)
3. MgCl2(s)
Select one:
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1 and 3 only
Answers
The following, when added to a saturated solution of AgCl, will cause a decrease in the molar concentration of Ag+ relative to the original solution is 1 and 3 only.
What is concentration?Concentration is the ability to focus attention on a single task or thought, while blocking out distractions or other external stimuli. It involves a person’s ability to process information and maintain focus on the task at hand, and is an important skill in many areas of life, such as academics, sports, and work. Concentration can be improved with practice, and can be hindered by factors such as anxiety, boredom, or fatigue.
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I WILL GIVE A LOT OF EXTRA POINTS. PLEASE ANSWER ALL OF THEM
Answers
75 for all
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation: Li= Lithium, Na= Sodium, K= Pottasium, Rb= Rubdium Cs= Cesiuna, Fr= Fransium
6. Energy levels increases as if you move down a group during the number of electrons increases again.
7. A charge with higher and effective nuclear charge makes greater attractions to the electrons, pulling the electrons cloud closer to the nucleus makes it in a smaller atomic radius.
8. Ge= Germanium, He= Helium, O=Oxygen, Barium
Q-3 Determine the fugacity in atm for pure ethane at 310 K and 20.4 atm and change in the chemical potential between this state and a second state od ethane where temperature is constant but pressure is 24 atm.
Answers
The fugacity in atm for pure ethane at 310 K and 20.4 atm is given by the equation: f = 20.4 exp (-Δg1/RT). The change in chemical potential between this state and a second state of ethane where the temperature is constant but the pressure is 24 atm is -0.0911RT.
Fugacity is a measure of the escaping tendency of a component in a mixture, which is defined as the pressure that the component would have if it obeyed ideal gas laws. It is used as a correction factor in the calculation of equilibrium constants and thermodynamic properties such as chemical potential. Here we need to determine the fugacity in atm for pure ethane at 310 K and 20.4 atm and the change in the chemical potential between this state and a second state of ethane where the temperature is constant but the pressure is 24 atm. So, using the formula of fugacity: f = P.exp(Δu/RT) Where P is the pressure of the system, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature of the system, Δu is the change in chemical potential of the system. Δu = RT ln (f / P)The chemical potential at the initial state can be calculated using the ideal gas equation as: PV = nRT
=> P
= nRT/V
=> 20.4 atm
= nRT/V
=> n/V
= 20.4/RT The chemical potential of the system at the initial state is:
Δu1 = RT ln (f/P)
= RT ln (f/20.4) Also, we know that for a pure substance,
Δu = Δg. So,
Δg1 = Δu1 The change in pressure is 24 atm – 20.4 atm
= 3.6 atm At the second state, the pressure is 24 atm.
Using the ideal gas equation, n/V = 24/RT The chemical potential of the system at the second state is: Δu2 = RT ln (f/24) = RT ln (f/24) The change in chemical potential is Δu2 – Δu1 The change in chemical potential is
Δu2 – Δu1 = RT ln (f/24) – RT ln (f/20.4)
= RT ln [(f/24)/(f/20.4)]
= RT ln (20.4/24)
= - 0.0911 RT Therefore, the fugacity in atm for pure ethane at 310 K and 20.4 atm is:
f = P.exp(Δu/RT)
=> f
= 20.4 exp (-Δu1/RT)
=> f
= 20.4 exp (-Δg1/RT) And, the change in the chemical potential between this state and a second state of ethane where the temperature is constant but pressure is 24 atm is -0.0911RT. Therefore, the fugacity in atm for pure ethane at 310 K and 20.4 atm is given by the equation: f = 20.4 exp (-Δg1/RT). The change in chemical potential between this state and a second state of ethane where the temperature is constant but the pressure is 24 atm is -0.0911RT.
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