in the light reactions of photosynthesis, the cooperation between photosystem i and photosystem ii creates a flow of electrons from h2o to _
Answers
In the light reactions of photosynthesis, the cooperation between photosystem I and photosystem II creates a flow of electrons from H2O to NADP+. This electron flow generates ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle to synthesize glucose and other sugars.
The light reactions of photosynthesis, also known as the light-dependent reactions, are the first stage of photosynthesis that occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in plants and other photosynthetic organisms. These reactions are triggered by light energy and result in the generation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), which are energy-rich molecules used in the subsequent dark reactions or Calvin cycle to produce glucose and other organic molecules.
The light reactions can be summarized as follows:
Absorption of light energy: Chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membranes absorb light energy from sunlight, which excites electrons in the chlorophyll molecules to a higher energy state.
Electron transport chain (ETC): Excited electrons are passed along a series of protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane called the electron transport chain (ETC). As the electrons move through the ETC, their energy is used to pump protons (H+) across the thylakoid membrane from the stroma (the inner part of the chloroplast) into the thylakoid lumen (the space inside the thylakoid).
ATP synthesis: The buildup of protons in the thylakoid lumen creates a proton gradient across the membrane, which drives the synthesis of ATP through a process called chemiosmosis. ATP synthase, a protein complex in the thylakoid membrane, uses the energy from the protons flowing back into the stroma to synthesize ATP from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate.
Photolysis of water: Water molecules are split by an enzyme called water-splitting complex, releasing electrons, protons (H+), and oxygen gas (O2) as byproducts. The electrons are used to replace the excited electrons lost from chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane.
NADPH synthesis: In addition to ATP, another energy carrier molecule, NADPH, is generated in the light reactions. NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) molecules in the stroma pick up electrons and protons from the ETC, forming NADPH.
Overall, the light reactions of photosynthesis capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the dark reactions or Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide and synthesize glucose and other organic molecules.
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Related Questions
Which animal will have more biotic potential. A rabbit who gives birth in 4 months or an elephant who gives birth in 18 months? Why?
Answers
Answer:
I suppose that a rabbbit who gives birth in 4 months sounds correct.
Explanation:
Biotic potential is described by the unrestricted growth of populations resulting in the maximum growth of that population. Biotic potential is the highest possible vital index of a species; therefore, when the species has its highest birthrate and lowest mortality rate. So the rabbit giving birth in 4 months has better Biotic Potential because it has a more higher rate in population compared to the elephant.
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describe the role of promoters in the initiation of transcription. predict the results if promoters were not part of the transcription process.
Answers
The role of promoters in transcription initiation is to serve as the place where RNA polymerase will bind, following which transcription will proceed. Without a promoter, no protein synthesis will take place.
Promoters initiate gene transcription. Promoters are crucial mechanisms of appearance routes because they control the interaction of DNA and RNA polymerase. As a promoter, RNA binds to a gene of DNA during the transcription-polymerase process. The promoter series indicates the transcription path and the type of DNA that will be transcribed. A promoter is a DNA structure that allows RNA polymerase to connect to it. Transcription begins after the transcription bubble is created.
Promoters start transcription, and without them, no protein can be synthesized or created in a cell. This is due to the fact that if genes cannot be transcribed, proteins cannot be produced within the cell.
Second, promoters are quite important. As appearance vectors, their absence will result in the expression of a protein. To summarize, the greater the transcription of a gene, the greater the production of protein.
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A promoter is a section of DNA where a gene first begins to transcribe. Promoters are essential in expression vectors because they regulate how RNA polymerase binds to DNA.
DNA is converted to mRNA by RNA polymerase, and mRNA is then translated into a useful protein. RNA polymerase binds to a portion of a gene's DNA known as the promoter to start transcription of the gene. The promoter essentially instructs the polymerase where to "sit down" on the DNA and start transcription. A DNA segment known as a promoter is where the transcription machinery interacts to start transcription. Promoters typically exist before the genes they control.
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15. What is atherosclerosis?
A. the build up of fats and cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels
B. the field in which scientists investigate how many people have a disease
C. a method used to correct arrhythmias
D. another word for high blood pressure
Answers
Atherosclerosis refers to the build-up of fats and cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels (Option A).
What is atherosclerosis?Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by the build-up of fats and cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels.
This build-up of fats narrows the blood vessels, thereby difficulting the movement of blood in the bloodstream.
The symptoms of atherosclerosis include, among others, chest pain, shortness of breath and fatigue.
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Answer:
I hope this helps.
Explanation:
The cells in this part of a plant form long, vertical tubes. What is the most
likely relationship between the structure and function of these specialized
cells?
O A. The tubes allow water and nutrients to be transported throughout
the plant.
O B. The tubes prevent potential damage to the leaves caused
used by
strong winds.
C. The tubes allow the plant to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.
O D. The tubes prevent water loss from the leaves.
Answers
Answer:
xylem and pholem.....?
Which could be the entire inten al over which the
fonction is positive?
-2
-3
-2
-1
2.1
1
2.
3
2
2
0
-8
-10
-20
Answers
Answer:
-3 -2
Explanation:
two negatives multiplied are positive
negative times a positive is negative
0 times any number is 0
Will mark brainiest ; worth 24 points ; please help And also can you separate them by claim , evidence and reasoning
Answers
Based on the evidence, Sample B is a better choice for a marathon runner before a big race.
What makes Sample B better?Claim: Sample B is a better choice for a marathon runner before a big race.
Evidence:
Sample B has more calories, carbohydrates, and protein than Sample A.Marathon runners need a lot of calories, carbohydrates, and protein to fuel their long runs.Carbohydrates are the body's main source of energy.Protein is needed for muscle repair and growth.Reasoning:
Sample B has more of the nutrients that marathon runners need to fuel their long runs and recover from their races. Therefore, Sample B is a better choice for a marathon runner before a big race.
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How does a catalyst work?
Answers
Answer:I’m guessing in “your own words” so here goes nothing: Catalysts work by giving an (elective) system including an alternate progress state and lower initiation energy.
Explanation:
Does every muscle have the ability to have a concentric and eccentric muscle contraction?
Answers
Answer:
Eccentric muscle contraction is muscle lengthening as the muscle produces tension and the insertion moves away from the origin.
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NASCAR fans love race day when they get a chance to cheer on their favorite team! If a driver was able to travel 960 kilometers in 3 hours, what was his average speed?
Answers
If a NASCAR driver was able to travel 960 kilometers in 3 hours, his average speed was 320 km/hr.
What is average speed?Average speed is a measure of the distance traveled by an object, divided by the time it takes to travel that distance. It is a scalar quantity, expressed in units of distance per unit of time, such as meters per second or kilometers per hour.
The average speed can be calculated by dividing the total distance traveled by the time taken.
Average speed = 960 km / 3 hours = 320 km/hr
So, the driver's average speed was 320 km/hr.
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to possess optical activity, a compound must be: group of answer choices complex. of biological origin. asymmetric. colored. composed of at least three different types of atoms.
Answers
A compound must be asymmetric to possess optical activity. Optical activity refers to the ability of a substance to rotate the plane of polarized light.
Why does this optical phenomenon occur?This phenomenon occurs because the substance has a chiral or asymmetric molecular structure, which means that it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. As a result, the molecule interacts differently with polarized light depending on its orientation, causing the rotation of the plane of polarization.
What is polarization?Polarization is a property of waves that describes the orientation of the oscillations in the wave. It refers to the direction of the electric field vector in an electromagnetic wave, which can be oriented in different directions with respect to the direction of wave propagation.
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Loss of control is likely to be accompanied by ________ cortisol levels and ________ blood pressure.
Answers
Loss of control is likely to be accompanied by increased cortisol levels and elevated blood pressure.
When a person experiences a loss of control, such as in stressful or anxiety-inducing situations, the body's stress response system is activated. One of the key hormones released during stress is cortisol. Elevated cortisol levels are commonly associated with the body's response to stress, and loss of control can trigger an increase in cortisol production.
Cortisol, often referred to as the "stress hormone," is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. It helps regulate various bodily functions, including blood pressure, immune response, and metabolism. During periods of heightened stress or loss of control, cortisol levels rise to mobilize energy resources and prepare the body for a fight-or-flight response.
Additionally, loss of control can also lead to increased blood pressure. When a person feels overwhelmed, anxious, or stressed, the body's sympathetic nervous system is activated. This activation causes the release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which in turn can cause constriction of blood vessels and an increase in heart rate. These physiological responses can elevate blood pressure temporarily.
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The deer, snakes, and frogs represented in the food web are all types of
1 consumers
2 prey.
3 herbivores
4 predators
Answers
Explanation: The term “consumers” refers to animals (organisms) that survive by consuming other living organisms.
"an organism that cannot produce its own food and must eat other plants and/or animals to get energy"
Describe how secondary electron (SE) and backscattered electron
(BSE) signals are formed in a scanning electron microscope, making
clear in your answer four differences between the two types of
signal
Answers
In a scanning electron microscope, the signals from the sample result from the interaction of the electron beam with the sample. These signals include secondary electrons (SEs) and backscattered electrons (BSEs).SEs are formed when the incident beam strikes atoms in the sample and causes the emission of low-energy electrons.
SEs are emitted from a thin layer near the surface of the sample and carry information about the surface topography. They have low energy and are easily scattered by the sample. SE signals provide high-resolution images of the sample surface.
BSEs are formed when the incident beam strikes atoms in the sample and causes the emission of high-energy electrons. BSEs are emitted from a greater depth in the sample than SEs and carry information about the composition of the sample. They have high energy and can penetrate deeper into the sample.
BSE signals provide information about the atomic number of the sample material. The four differences between SE and BSE signals are:
1. Depth of origin: SEs are emitted from a thin layer near the surface of the sample while BSEs are emitted from a greater depth in the sample.
2. Energy: SEs have low energy while BSEs have high energy.
3. Scattering: SEs are easily scattered by the sample while BSEs are less scattered by the sample.
4. Information provided: SE signals provide high-resolution images of the sample surface while BSE signals provide information about the atomic number of the sample material.
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Part I Illuminating Photosynthesis #1 : Fill in this concept map depicting the major steps in photosynthesis in the chloroplast H20 of Photosystem I transfers Word Bank Electron Transport Chain ATP Synthase Calvin Cycle Light NADPH Chlorophyll Protons CO2 Photosystem II Electrons 02 to produce ATP G3P (Sugar Building Block) #2 : Fill in the table: Major Steps in Does this step depend on Experimental variable to What would happen if an Photosynthesis any other step? How? measure? herbicide disrupted this Photosystem II Photosystem l ATP Synthase Calvin Cycle
Answers
Photosynthesis in chloroplasts involves major steps such as light absorption, electron transport, ATP synthesis, and carbon fixation. It begins with light-dependent reactions in photosystems I and II, followed by electron transport and ATP synthesis.
Step 1: Photosynthesis is a complex process that occurs in the chloroplasts of plants, involving several major steps such as light absorption, electron transport, ATP synthesis, and carbon fixation.
Step 2:Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in the chloroplasts, specifically in three main stages: light-dependent reactions, electron transport chain, and the Calvin cycle.
During the light-dependent reactions, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). In PSII, water molecules are split, releasing electrons, protons (H+ ions), and oxygen. The electrons move through an electron transport chain, creating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. This gradient is essential for ATP synthesis by ATP synthase, using the energy from the electron flow.
In PSI, electrons are re-energized by absorbing more light energy and are ultimately used to produce NADPH, another energy carrier. The ATP and NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions are then used in the Calvin cycle.
The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions or carbon fixation, occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. It uses ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce glucose (G3P), which serves as a building block for sugars and other organic compounds. The cycle regenerates the starting molecule, ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), allowing the process to continue.
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Positive feedback occurs when (choose two correct answers below):
Select one or more:
a.the response is opposite of the stimulus (reduces the stimulus)
b. the response continues to be amplified (increases the stimulus)
c.a heating system keeping the temperature of a room at a certain temperature
d.the uterus contracts during the birth of a baby
Answers
Answer:
d and b
Explanation:
In a population of wolves, the birth rate is 4, the
death rate is 3, immigration is 2, and emigration is
3. Calculate the population growth by filling in the
formula below.
D-C
·O·
+
Since the population growth is
the population is
+
DONE
=
Answers
Answer: Population growth is the increase in the number of organisms in a population. Most communities with high population growth experiences limited resources such as food, while communities with low rates of population growth do not. To determine the population growth of a population, this formula is used; (birth rate + immigration) - (death rate + emigration).
As given in the question,
Birth rate = 4, the death rate = 3, immigration = 2, and emigration = 3.
Population growth = Birth rate + immigration - death rate -emmigration
= 4 + 2 - 3 - 3
= 6 - 6
= 0.
Therefore, the population growth is 0.
Explanation:
Which type of energy does Earth receive from the sun?
A. Thermal
B. Kinetic
C. Chemical
D. Mechanical
Answers
Answer: it is A thermal energy
Explanation:
The sun gives off infrared radiation, amount other types of radiation.
advancements in our understanding of ____ and how DNA functions contribute to our understanding that populations change over time.options:A. geologyB. quantum physicsC. molecular biology D. chemistry
Answers
Question: advancements in our understanding of ____ and how DNA functions contribute to our understanding that populations change over time.
options:
A. geology
B. quantum physics
C. molecular biology
D. chemistry
Explanation:
Molecular biology has supported and expanded our understanding of evolutionary relationships and thus of population change over time. This is because molecular biology explains the phenomena of life from its macromolecular properties and two macromolecules, in particular, are its object of study: nucleic acids, among which is the molecule of heredity or DNA.
Answer:
molecular biology
When the northern hemisphere points toward the sun, the southern hemisphere faces away from the sun. In this instance, it is:
A.
summer in North America, and winter in Australia.
B.
summer in North America and Australia.
C.
winter in North America, and summer in Australia.
Answers
Answer:
A
Explanation:
the northern hemisphere is the opposite from the southern hemisphere
Since northern and southern hemisphere are in opposite directions therefore, option (A) is correct.
Why are the seasons reversed in each hemisphere?The axis of rotation of the Earth is inclined with regard to the plane in which it orbits the sun. This is the root reason of the changing of the seasons. When the axis of the earth is aligned with the sun, summer arrives in that hemisphere of the planet. Expect winter to arrive when the axis of the earth is tilted away from the sun.
Different places of Earth receive the Sun's most direct rays throughout the year. When the North Pole tilts toward the Sun, it's summer in the Northern Hemisphere. When the South Pole tilts toward the Sun, the Northern Hemisphere experiences winter.
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the part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands is called the a synapse b cell body c association area d dendrite e axon
Answers
The part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands is called the Axon
Neurotransmitters from one neuron are released, cross the synapse, and connect to unique molecules in the following cell known as receptors when neurons communicate. The message is taken in by the receptor, processed, and then transmitted to the following cell. The message eventually reaches the brain.Synapses: At specialized junctions known as synapses, dendrites receive impulses from other neurons. Neurotransmitters are delivered from one synaptically connected neuron to the next neuron in the little space between them.
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What is the answer here?
Answers
My best guess would be RR and rr
which of these sensors will allow you to observe the electrical activity of a muscle? group of answer choices ekg/emg sensor hand grip heart rate monitor respiratory belt dynamometer
Answers
The sensor that allows you to observe the electrical activity of a muscle is the EMG sensor.
An EMG sensor is an instrument that measures electrical activity in the muscles.
The electrical activity is generated when the muscle contracts, and it can be recorded using surface electrodes that are attached to the skin overlying the muscle or through needles that are inserted into the muscle.
The EMG signal provides valuable information about muscle function, such as the strength of muscle contractions, the timing of muscle activity, and the coordination of muscle groups.
EMG stands for electromyography, which is the study of muscle electrical activity. This technique is used in a wide range of applications, such as diagnosing neuromuscular disorders, assessing muscle function in athletes, monitoring rehabilitation progress in patients recovering from injury, and researching the biomechanics of movement.
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how does a snowy owl find its way back
Answers
Answer:
Dense camouflaged feathers (anatomical) - Snowy owls have white camouflaged feathers to help them blend into the white landscapes of the arctic. Their feathers extend thickly over all parts of the body unlike other owls which often have less on the face and legs in particular, the toe feathers of the snowy owl are more than twice as long as the next longest on an owl.
Explanation:
Choose the term that best matches the description given.
Cells that engulf and destroy bacteria _____________.
Answers
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Choose the term that best matches the description given.Cells that engulf and destroy bacteria _____.
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Cells that engulf and destroy bacteria phagocytes.
Answer:
Cells that engulf and destroy bacteria is " Phagocytes"
the anatomic area(s) not seen in a transverse plane:
Answers
The anatomic areas not seen in a transverse plane Are anterior and posterior.
The horizontal plane divides the body or part of it into upper and lower parts. The median plane is the sagittal plane through the midline of the body. Divide the body or part of it into right and left halves. The sagittal plane is the vertical line that divides the human body into left and right. The coronal plane is the vertical line that divides the human body into anterior and posterior parts.
The transverse plane, on the other hand, is the horizontal line that divides the human body into upper and lower parts. A transverse plane divides the body or part of it into upper and lower parts. Note that each of the three anatomical planes can be traversed and retains the names associated with those directions. Imagine standing at the shallow end of a pool with water about navel high.
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Which equation best represents conservation of matter?
A 6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
B 6H2O + 6CO2 → C3H6O3 + 3O2
C 3H2O + 3CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
D 6H2O + 10CO2 → C6H12O6 + 4O2
Answers
Answer:
A 6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Explanation:
The law of conservation of matter states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a system. In other words, when elemental matter undergoes a reaction, the amount of elements used must be equal the amount produced.
The equations in this question depicts the overall photosynthetic process where CO2 combines with H2O to produce C6H12O6 and O2. In order for this equation to obey the "conservation of matter", each individual element must be equal on both the reactant and the product side i.e. the equation must be balanced.
The equation that fulfills this is:
6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Hence, it correctly describes the conservation of matter.
Answer:
A 6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Explanation:
The law of conservation of matter states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a system. In other words, when elemental matter undergoes a reaction, the amount of elements used must be equal the amount produced.
The equations in this question depicts the overall photosynthetic process where CO2 combines with H2O to produce C6H12O6 and O2. In order for this equation to obey the "conservation of matter", each individual element must be equal on both the reactant and the product side i.e. the equation must be balanced.
The equation that fulfills this is:
6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Hence, it correctly describes the conservation of matter.
Explanation:
which elemet are metal
Answers
Answer:
ELEMENT
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
By definition, a metal element is an element that form positive ions and has metallic bonds. Most elements on the periodic table are metals. Examples of metal elements include iron, copper, silver, mercury, lead, aluminum, gold, platinum, zinc, nickel and tin
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is:
an intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached
an intracellular membrane that is studded with microtubular structures
a membranous structure found within mitochondria
only found in prokaryotic cells
Answers
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is an intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached. So the first option is the correct answer.
Endoplasmic reticulum is a continuous network of membranous tubules that runs through the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. The cytoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum extends from the nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum, which is the biggest organelle in the majority of eukaryotic cells, is completely encircled by a continuous membrane.It participates in the production of proteins and lipids and typically contains ribosomes attached.There are mainly two types of endoplasmic reticulum:1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosome in theire outer membrane and smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosome.Based on the presence of endoplasmic reticulum they are named smooth and rough.
So, the first option is the correct answer.The rough endoplasmic reticulum is an intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached.
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FILL THE BLANK.
"The amount of gases that can dissolve in seawater depends on
temperature and ____________________.
Group of answer choices
nutrients
depth
currents
salinity"
Answers
"The amount of gases that can dissolve in seawater depends on temperature and salinity." The quantity of dissolved salts in saltwater is known as salinity. It is one of the main elements affecting how soluble gases are in salt water.
The idea of colligative qualities can be used to explain the connection between salinity and gas solubility. The osmotic pressure produced by salts in saltwater, such as sodium chloride, has an impact on the solubility of gases.
Osmotic pressure rises in tandem with rising saltwater salinity. Gases are less soluble in water as a result of the higher osmotic pressure. Because of this, saltwater with a greater salinity has a lesser ability than seawater with a lower salinity to dissolve gases.
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What is the random chance that some individuals have more offspring than others called?
Adaptation
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Punnett square