Answer:
1. 90 degree's angle
2. direct radiation
3. the angle of incidence of the Sun’s rays to the surface is 90°, the shadow is of minimum size, and the sunlight is concentrated into a small area, the maximum amount of heating takes place, and higher temperatures result.
4. The overall energy is greater per square meter because the sunlight is more direct.
5. The latitude receives the most indirect radiation and what I can infer about the temperatures is the latitude of where you are and where the Sun’s most direct rays are shining on Earth at that time of year. Then subtract that number from 90°.
6. Total energy received ranges from 0 (during polar winter) to about 50 (during polar summer) megajoules per square meter per day.
7. The high brightness of an LED flashlight can help you to temporarily blind the attacker and gain valuable time to run.
8. At higher latitudes, temperatures tend to be colder due to the Earth’s tilt. The angle of the Earth’s surface to the Sun changes as latitude increases, meaning that the Sun’s rays are not as direct.
9. Latitude or distance from the equator, and Prevailing wind.
Explanation:
1. The angle formed by rays of sunlight hitting the Earth is technically known as the angle of incidence.
2. "Normal radiation" describes the radiation that strikes a surface that is at a 90° angle to the sun's rays. As discussed in sun angle and insolation, by constantly keeping our solar collectors at a 90° angle with the sun, we maximize the direct radiation received on that day.
3. If the Sun is lower in the sky (e.g., 30° angle of incidence), the shadow length increases, sunlight is less concentrated; hence, less heating takes place, and a smaller increase in temperature occurs.
4. Sunlight equals the energy which powers a food chain. There will be more organisms in the ecosystems at the equator because more energy is available.
5. The most direct rays of the Sun are shining at: • 23.5°N on the summer solstice • 0° (the equator).
6. In the “summer hemisphere,” the combination of more direct sunlight and longer days means the pole can receive more incoming sunlight than the tropics, but in the winter hemisphere, it gets none.
7. A flashlight with 60-100 lumens is powerful enough to cause temporary blindness when it is pointed directly to the eyes. Some models of led torches feature a strobe mode that is specifically designed to disorient the person by emitting super bright light rapidly.
8. This means less solar radiation reaches those areas, meaning colder temperatures.
9. Temperatures drop the further an area is from the equator due to the curvature of the earth. In areas closer to the poles, sunlight has a larger area of atmosphere to pass through and the sun is at a lower angle in the sky. As a result, more energy is lost and temperatures are cooler. The prevailing wind is the most frequent wind direction a location experiences. In Britain the prevailing wind is from the Southwest, which brings warm, moist air from the Atlantic Ocean, particularly the North Atlantic Drift. This contributes to the frequent rainfall.
In order for speciation to occur, organisms can no longer interbreed. this is known as____.
Reproductive isolation prevents different species from interbreeding and producing viable offspring, possibly due to differences in mating habits, geographical barriers, or genetic incompatibilities.
When two populations are reproductively isolated, they evolve independently and eventually become distinct species.
What is the purpose of DNA? *
A. manufactures proteins
B. reduces activation energy
C. stores hereditary information
D. to aid in facilitated diffusion
Answer:
c is your right answer
Explanation:
The function of DNA is to store all of the genetic information that an organism needs to develop, function, and reproduce. Essentially, it is the biological instruction manual found in each of your cells.
how much does each parent contribute to a child's genetic makeup
Each parent contributes approximately 50% of a child's genetic makeup.
A child's genetic makeup is made up of roughly 50% contribution from each parent. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and each parent provides one chromosome from each pair to their offspring. This means that each child inherits 23 chromosomes from their mother and 23 chromosomes from their father, for a total of 46 chromosomes.
Within each chromosome, there are thousands of genes that determine various traits, such as eye color, height, and susceptibility to certain diseases. Each parent can pass on different versions of these genes, known as alleles, to their offspring. The combination of alleles that a child receives from their parents determines their unique genetic makeup.
It's important to note that while each parent contributes equally to a child's genetic makeup, the expression of these genes can be influenced by environmental factors, such as diet, lifestyle, and exposure to toxins. Additionally, genetic variations can occur spontaneously during cell division, which can result in differences between siblings even if they have the same parents.
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Mucous membranes are an example of which type of tissue?
A) nerve
B) epithelial
C) muscle
D) adipose
Mucous membranes are an example of epithelial tissue.Mucous membranes are an example of epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, lines internal organs and cavities, and forms glands.
Mucous membranes are a type of epithelial membrane that lines various body cavities and structures and produces mucus, which helps protect and lubricate the tissues.Mucous membranes are a type of epithelial tissue that lines the various body cavities and structures that open to the external environment, such as the respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract. They are so named because they produce a thick, sticky substance called mucus, which helps protect and lubricate the tissues and prevent them from drying out. Mucous membranes are also an important part of the body's immune system, as they help to trap and remove harmful pathogens and other foreign particles.
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help please that would be great
Answer:
B or E
Explanation:
B and E are selected by man-kind not nature itself.
what are axolotls . . .
Answer:
The axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, also known as the Mexican walking fish, is a neotenic salamander related to the tiger salamander. Although colloquially known as a "walking fish", the axolotl is not a fish but an amphibian
Explanation:
Answer:
a endangered salamander
PLZ GUYS I DONT KNOW WHAT TO WRITE ,I NEED UR HELP
I need a 2 complex questions about human overpopulation
Answer:
1.) Is over population a problem only in areas where population density is high?
2.) why are developing countries experiencing rapid population growth while developed countries are growing more slowly or not at all?
Answer:
Is overpopulation a problem only in areas where population density is high?
What is the connection between population growth and climate change?
Refer to the illustration above.
During which stage do the centromeres divide?
Answer:
esa es la separación de cromasonas
Answer:
The answer is the first one of 1
Explanation:
This is because they division happens in the anaphase, in which the chromosomes divide which is the first illistration.
What roles do RNA and mRNA play in translation? Sort the descriptions to the appropriate bins. Reset Help contains a copy of the DNA triplet codes carries amino acid anticodon codon tRNA mRNA
mRNA serves as a template for protein synthesis and carries genetic information in the form of codons. tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain by binding to a specific codon on the mRNA.
The roles of RNA and mRNA in translation can be sorted into the following bins:
mRNA:
Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
Serves as a template for the synthesis of proteins
Contains codons, which are sequences of three nucleotides that code for specific amino acids, Binds to ribosomes during translation
tRNA:
Carries amino acids to the ribosome
Contains an anticodon, which is a sequence of three nucleotides that binds to a specific codon on the mRNA
Ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis
In summary, The mRNA molecule acts as a pattern or mold for protein production and contains the genetic code in the form of codons.
On the other hand, tRNA is responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosome and ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is added to the growing chain by attaching to the specific codon on the mRNA.
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100 POINTS & BRAINLIEST!!
Answer:
Restoration is generally accomplished by bringing sand to the beach from inland sites or adjoining beach segments, or by hydraulically pumping sand onshore from an offshore site.
Explanation:
Bring sand from sand to the beach from inland sights means alot of dumptrucks full of sand bring and dump sand onto the beach.
Adjoining beach segments means they remove a barrier blocking beaches and workers even out the beaches sand levels.
Hydraulically pumping sand onshore from an offshore site means they take a machine and normal pump sand from sandbars onto eroding parts of the beach to even out the sand levels
Answer: other one is correct
Explanation:
why micro organisms so important in the production of medicines? Describe two different medicines that rely on technology in their production.
Answer:
chemical and heydrogen
__________ released into the blood by the body cells tend to lower the pH of the blood and cause it to become acidic.
carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the blood by the body cells tend to lower the pH of the blood and cause it to become acidic.
One carbon atom is covalently doubly bound to two oxygen atoms in each of the molecules that make up carbon dioxide, which has the chemical formula CO2. Atmospheric CO2 is the main source of carbon for life on Earth since it is a gas at room temperature and a source of readily accessible carbon in the carbon cycle. In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide serves as a greenhouse gas because it absorbs infrared radiation despite being transparent to visible light. Groundwater, lakes, ice caps, and ocean all contain dissolved carbon dioxide. As atmospheric CO2 concentrations rise, carbon dioxide dissolves in water to create carbonate, mostly bicarbonate (HCO 3), which contributes to the acidification of the ocean.
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are oxygen and hydrogen together a compound?
Identify the four chambers of the heart. Explain where oxygen enters and leaves the bloodstream. Same for CO2. Compare the functions of arteries, capillaries, and veins. Explain where urea is added or removed from the bloodstream. Do the same for glucose.
Answer:
see below
Explanation:
The four chambers of the heart are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle. The right ventricle then pumps the deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it receives oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. The left atrium pumps the oxygenated blood into the left ventricle, which then pumps it out to the rest of the body through the aorta.
Oxygen enters the bloodstream in the lungs, where it diffuses across the alveoli walls and into the pulmonary capillaries. Carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream in the lungs, where it diffuses across the alveoli walls and into the air.
Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body and are responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as other nutrients and waste products between the blood and the body's tissues. Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Urea is a waste product of protein metabolism and is formed in the liver. It is added to the bloodstream in the liver and removed from the bloodstream in the kidneys through the process of urine formation.
Glucose enters the bloodstream from the small intestine after being absorbed from food, and it leaves the bloodstream as it is taken up by cells for energy production or storage.
A__________
is a count of the population in particular areas.
A. bed check
B. poll
C. headcount
D. census
Pls help
Answer:
A census is a count of the population in particular areas.
Explanation:
For a quantitative variable, when a category/class has a frequency count of 0, you should
When a category/class has a frequency count of 0 in a quantitative variable, it means that there are no observations falling within that particular category.
In statistical analysis, a frequency count represents the number of times a particular value or category occurs in a dataset. For a quantitative variable, such as age or weight, categories are often defined by ranges or intervals. When a category/class has a frequency count of 0, it indicates that there are no data points or observations that fall within that specific category or interval.
Having a frequency count of 0 in a category does not necessarily mean that the category is invalid or irrelevant. It simply suggests that no observations in the dataset possess values falling within that particular range or interval. It could be due to the nature of the data or the characteristics of the population being studied.
Researchers should take note of such instances and consider the implications when interpreting and analyzing the data. It is important to acknowledge that the absence of data in a specific category may have implications for statistical analyses, such as measures of central tendency or hypothesis testing. Depending on the research question and context, appropriate strategies, such as grouping or recoding the data, may be employed to ensure meaningful analysis and interpretation.
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– Heart Rate Investigation
Students will investigate their heart rate during different physical activities.
They will measure their resting heart rate and then record their heart rate after
performing activities such as walking, running, or jumping.
They are to compare and analyse their heart rate data, noting any changes based
on activity intensity.
They will explain the relationship between heart rate and physical activity
The investigation on heart rate during different physical activities involves students measuring their resting heart rate and recording their heart rate after performing activities like walking, running, or jumping. They will compare and analyze the data to note any changes based on the intensity of the activity. The goal is to explain the relationship between heart rate and physical activity.
Heart rate is an essential indicator of cardiovascular fitness and provides insights into how the body responds to physical exertion. When the body engages in physical activity, the heart works harder to supply oxygen and nutrients to the muscles. As a result, the heart rate increases.
During rest, the heart beats at a baseline rate known as the resting heart rate. As individuals engage in different activities with varying intensities, their heart rate will respond accordingly. Light activities like walking may result in a moderate increase in heart rate, while more vigorous activities like running or jumping will lead to a more significant increase.
By comparing and analyzing their heart rate data, students can observe the relationship between heart rate and physical activity intensity.
They will likely find that higher-intensity activities elicit higher heart rates. This relationship demonstrates how the heart adapts to meet the increased demand for oxygen and energy during exercise.
Understanding this relationship is crucial for assessing cardiovascular fitness and designing appropriate exercise programs to improve heart health.
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A DNA sequence is shown.
AAT - CGA - GGT
Which sequences show the result of a deletion mutation in the DNA? Check all that apply.
Based on the given DNA sequence (AAT-CGA-GGT), a deletion mutation would involve the removal of one or more nucleotides.
Here are some possible sequences resulting from a deletion mutation:
1. AT-CGA-GGT (deletion of 'A' from the first triplet)
2. AA-CGA-GGT (deletion of 'T' from the first triplet)
3. AAT-GA-GGT (deletion of 'C' from the second triplet)
4. AAT-CG-GGT (deletion of 'A' from the second triplet)
The three main components of a DNA nucleotide are sugar, base, and phosphate. A nucleoside is created when sugar and enzyme are combined. A DNA nucleotide's sugar is called deoxyribose. A hydroxyl (-OH) group has to be attached to the 3' carbon of the deoxyribose sugar for a nucleotide to serve as the founding nucleotide of the growing DNA strand.
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The Complete question is
A DNA sequence is shown. AAT - CGA - GGT Which sequence best shows the result of a substitution mutation in the DNA?
A. AT-CGA-GGT
B. AA-CGA-GGT
C. AAT-GA-GGT
D. AAT-CG-GGT
Which of the following uses carbon from glucose as both an electron donnor and an electron acceptor?
a) anaerobic respiration
b) aerobic respiration
c) fermentation
b aerobic respiration
Explanation:
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Carbon from glucose is used in the process of anaerobic respiration as both an electron donor and an electron acceptor. Without oxygen present, this mechanism uses glucose as its primary energy source.
What happens in the anaerobic respiration ?During anaerobic respiration, glucose is converted to pyruvate, which is subsequently transformed into ethanol and carbon dioxide, among other compounds. As part of this procedure, glucose provides electrons to NAD+, which uses them to convert pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
NAD+ then accepts the electrons, becoming NADH. Carbon from glucose is also used in aerobic respiration as an electron donor and an electron acceptor. But for that to happen, oxygen is needed. This procedure results in the conversion of glucose into pyruvate, which is subsequently further broken down into water and carbon dioxide.
In this procedure, glucose provides electrons to NAD+, which uses them to convert pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water. NAD+ then accepts the electrons, becoming NADH. Carbon from glucose is used in fermentation as both an electron donor and an electron acceptor. It doesn't need oxygen to happen, though.
This process involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, which is subsequently broken down further into ethanol and carbon dioxide. As part of this procedure, glucose provides electrons to NAD+, which uses them to convert pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide. NAD+ then accepts the electrons, becoming NADH.
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Explain what is required for natural selection to take place
Answer:
Four conditions are needed for natural selection to occur: reproduction, heredity, variation in fitness or organisms, variation in individual characters among members of the population. If they are met, natural selection automatically results.
Explanation:
hope this helps
How can high population density be helpful to a population?
Answer:
Makes it easier for organisms to group together and find mates
what's a factor that doesnt vary in an experiment?
A factor that doesn't vary in an experiment is called controlled variables or constants.
An experimental component that remains constant and unaltered during the course of an investigation is known as a control variable in science. One typical class of controlled variable is temperature. A temperature is controlled if it remains the same during an experiment. Other examples of controlled variables are the intensity of the light, the use of the same kind of glassware, a constant humidity level, and the length of the experiment.
A constant is an unchanging amount. A constant can be measured, but it cannot be changed during an experiment, or you decide not to modify it. Compare this to an experimental variable, which is a component of an experiment that the experiment itself affects.
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Which of the following best explains why there are fewer secondary consumers than producers? (1 point)
O More secondary consumers can absorb radiant energy from the sun.
O Around 10% of the energy is transferred to support the next trophic level.
o Secondary consumers have less cell processes that need energy
O Heat energy given off from producers kills off primary and secondary consumers.
Answer:
The awnser is b
Explanation:
The statement 'around 10% of the energy is transferred to support the next trophic level' best explains why there are fewer secondary consumers than producers.
A trophic level can be defined as the position that occupies given groups of organisms in a food web. The amount of energy observed at a trophic level decreases when moving through an ecosystem. Approximately 10% of this energy at a given trophic level can be transferred to the upper level, the remaining is lost as heat.In conclusion, the statement 'around 10% of the energy is transferred to support the next trophic level' best explains why there are fewer secondary consumers than producers.
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Humans, chimpanzees, whales, and bats all have the same bones in their arms, fins, or wings. This is an example of a
Answer:
heres your answer
Explanation:
Humans, chimpanzees, whales, and bats all have the same bones in their arms, fins, or wings. b. Why is this evidence of evolution? This is evidence of evolution because if all these animals have the same bones, they probably all evolved from one creature that had those bones a very long time ago.
Humans, chimpanzees, whales, and bats all have the same bones in their arms, fins, or wings is an example of a Homologous structure.
What are Homologous structures?Homologous structure is defined as animal body parts that have the same structure or origin e.g. the arms of humans and the limbs of cats are homologous structures - the layout of the bones is very similar.
Homologous structures are organisms with similar physical characteristics that share a common ancestor, but the characteristics serve completely different functions. Some examples of homologous structures are the organs of humans, cats, whales, and bats.
Thus, humans, chimpanzees, whales, and bats all have the same bones in their arms, fins, or wings is an example of a Homologous structure.
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The word “soma” means body how does this relate to the meanings of autosome and somatic cell
If soma means body then somatic cells and autosomes are present in the body
What are autosomes?
One of the 22 numbered pairs of chromosomes that the majority of us have in practically all of the body's cells is called an autosome. We r,eally have 46 chromosomes in these cells, divided into 23 pairs but two of these, the X and Y chromosomes, are referred to by letters rather than numbers and are called sex chromosomes rather than autosomes because they play a role in determining our sex or gender. The 22 pairs of autosomes are identified primarily by their numbers, which are inversely related to their sizes. The smallest chromosome, Chromosome 1, is actually the largest chromosome. It contains about 3,000 genes. Finally, we reach the tiniest chromosomes those who have the highest numbers. You might assume Chromosome 22 since there are only roughly 750 genes on each of the 22 chromosomes, but in reality, Chromosome 22 is not the smallest of the autosomes. When it was first described, we believed it to be, which is how it got its name, 22. Chromosome 21 is actually a little bit smaller than Chromosome 22 as it turns out.What are somatic cells?
The body's somatic cells are those that are neither sperm or egg cells (which are called germ cells). Somatic cells in humans are diploid, which means they have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Somatic cell DNA mutations can have an impact on an individual, but they cannot be passed on to the individual's progeny.All living things are composed of somatic cells, which are the basic building blocks of all organisms. Somatic cells in humans are diploid, which means they have two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent. Somatic mutations can affect the person who has them but cannot be passed on to their offspring and have no impact on them.Therefore autosomes and somatic cells are related to body as they are present in body
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organic foods have proven to be nutritionally superior to conventionally grown foods.
"Organic foods have been shown to be nutritionally superior to foods cultivated conventionally."
The statement is true.
Studies show that numerous nutrients are slightly to moderately increased in organic foods. Certain antioxidants and flavonoids, which have antioxidant characteristics, may be present in higher concentrations in organic vegetables.
Many have maintained that organic foods are better for our body than non-organic, or "conventional" meals, which has led to a long-running controversy about them. The distinctions between these two possibilities, nevertheless, are more nuanced than they initially appear.
Foods that are organic are frequently more fresh than those that are conventional, especially if you get them from a local produce stand or farmer's market.
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the most atp is generated during which phase of cellular respiration?
The most ATP is generated during the electron transport chain phase of cellular respiration. The electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
During this phase, high-energy electrons, carried by molecules such as NADH and FADH2, are passed through a series of protein complexes and carriers. As the electrons move through the electron transport chain, they transfer energy, which is used to pump protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient.
This gradient drives the synthesis of ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Each NADH molecule can produce approximately 2.5 to 3 ATP, while each FADH2 molecule can generate approximately 1.5 to 2 ATP. The electron transport chain is responsible for the majority of ATP production in cellular respiration.
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Identify a country where the age profile of the population and the incidence of HIV/AIDS are most likely to make it difficult for that society to care adequately for the young people.
Cote D’Ivoire
Tanzania
Angola
Uganda
Uganda is a country where the age profile of the population and the incidence of HIV/AIDS make it challenging for society to adequately care for young people. The combination of a high youth population and a significant HIV/AIDS burden places a strain on Uganda's resources and social systems.
Uganda has a relatively young population, with a significant proportion of the population being under the age of 18. This puts pressure on providing adequate education, healthcare, and social support systems to meet the needs of the young population.
Furthermore, Uganda has been severely affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The country has experienced high prevalence rates, and the impact of the disease has resulted in increased mortality rates and a significant number of orphaned children. The loss of parents due to AIDS-related illnesses leaves many young people without proper family support and exposes them to various vulnerabilities.
The combination of a large youth population and the burden of HIV/AIDS makes it challenging for Uganda to adequately care for its young people. It requires comprehensive efforts in healthcare, education, social services, and support networks to address the unique needs and challenges faced by young individuals affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
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25. Stomach stones used by ancient reptiles to grind food are called: a. coprolites b. carbon films c. gastroliths d. petrified stones 26. What type of nucleus breaks apart during radioactivity? a. delicate b. stable c. unstable d. Fossilized 27. In radiometric dating, geologists measure the ratio between the and the in a sample of rock. a. gastroliths; coprolites b. fossils ; minerals d. half-life ; full-life 28. A nonconformity exists if: a. A fault has fractured Earth over distance of at least 300 meters b. a layer of sedimentary rock is interrupted by a canyon c. an erosional surface separated an igneous rock layer from a sedimentary rock layer d. layers of sedimentary rock are tilted then another sedimentary layer is deposited on top 29. Which of the following fossils are layered mounds of calcium carbonate left behind by cyanobacteria? a) stromatolites b) coprolites c) ammonites d) trilobites
Option C: The type of nucleus that breaks apart during radioactivity is an unstable nucleus.
Option C: Nonconformity exists if an erosional surface separated an igneous rock layer from a sedimentary rock layer.
Stomach stones were swallowed by reptiles and acted as a form of mechanical digestion, helping to break down tough plant material or facilitate the digestion process. Radioactivity occurs when the nucleus of an atom is unstable and undergoes decay, emitting radiation in the process.
A nonconformity exists when an erosional surface separates an igneous rock layer from a sedimentary rock layer. It represents a time gap in the geological record where erosion removed rock layers before new sediments were deposited, resulting in the unconformity.
Stromatolites are the structures that are formed by the trapping and binding of sediment by microbial communities, primarily cyanobacteria. Stromatolites are some of the oldest known fossils and provide valuable insights into early life on Earth.
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Which best explains how the collisions of materials in space contribute to the formation of layers in protoplanets? The materials undergo decay when they collide, which results in the heating and subsequent melting and rising of materials. The collisions release heat, which results in the heating and subsequent melting, sinking, and rising of materials. The materials undergo decay when they collide, which results in the cooling and subsequent hardening and sinking of materials. The collisions absorb heat, which results in the cooling and subsequent hardening and rising of materials.
Answer:
The collisions release heat, which results in the heating and subsequent melting, sinking, and rising of materials.
Explanation:
The collisions literally release heat (kinetic energy). Energy from collision increased temperature, causing materials to melt.
The statement which best explains how the collisions of materials in space contribute to the formation of layers in protoplanets is: B. The collisions release heat, which results in the heating and subsequent melting, sinking, and rising of materials.
Accretion can be defined as the accumulation of coastal sediment, sand or land mass on a tectonic plate at a subduction zone over time.
Protoplanets refers to a large collection of matter within a giant cloud of gas and dust in orbit around the sun and developing into a planet.
Hence, a protoplanet is a large planetary embryo in its early stages of evolution through accretion.
Basically, the collisions of coastal sediment, sand or land mass in space contribute to the formation of multiple layers in protoplanets through a process called accretion.
Heat is typically generated through the collisions of materials in space and it subsequently melts, sinks and causes the materials to rise, which forms multiple layers in protoplanets.
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