Q: How have the fields of anatomy and physiology changed over time and what led to these changes?

Answers

Answer 1
they have changed through technological advancements and societies advancements

Related Questions

Which of the following is NOT a function of the adrenal gland?

Answers

Nothing to choose from so I wish I could help

four-year-old maria will only drink liquids at breakfast. how could her parents respond? quizlet

Answers

Explanation:

Four-year-old Maria will only drink liquids at breakfast. How could her parents respond? enough money to buy food. consult a registered dietitian nutritionist who works with children who have special needs.

What infectious disease produces small lesions or tubercles in the lungs?
a. Emphysema
b. Asthma
c. Pneumonia
d. Tuberculosis
e. Bronchitis

Answers

The infectious disease that produces small lesions or tubercles in the lungs is tuberculosis (option d).

Tuberculosis is an airborne disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body such as the bones, joints, lymph nodes, and kidneys.

In the lungs, the bacterium can cause small lesions or tubercles, which are tiny nodules or bumps in the lung tissue. As the disease progresses, these tubercles can grow larger and cause cavities in the lungs, which can lead to symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, fever, and fatigue.

Tuberculosis can be treated with a combination of antibiotics over a period of several months. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have tuberculosis to prevent the spread of the disease to others.

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most common benign salivary gland tumor. true or false?

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The most common benign salivary gland tumor is pleomorphic adenoma, which accounts for about 70% of all salivary gland tumors.

This type of tumor usually occurs in the parotid gland, which is the largest salivary gland located near the ear. It can also occur in other salivary glands such as the submandibular and sublingual glands, although less frequently. Pleomorphic adenoma is a slow-growing tumor that is usually painless and can go unnoticed for years. It is more common in women than men and can occur at any age, although it is most commonly diagnosed in people between the ages of 30 and 60. The exact cause of pleomorphic adenoma is unknown, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations.

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When taking the blood pressure of a client after a parathyroidectomy, the nurse notes that the client's hand has gone into flexion contractions.

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Flexion contractions, also known as carpopedal spasm, are a common symptom of low calcium levels, which can occur after a parathyroidectomy. The nurse should promptly inform the healthcare provider to assess the situation and provide necessary treatment.

The parathyroid glands are responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body, and their removal can cause hypocalcemia. This can lead to muscle spasms, including flexion contractions, as well as other symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and muscle cramps. It is important for the nurse to recognize these symptoms and report them to the healthcare provider, as they may indicate the need for calcium supplementation or other interventions to manage the client's postoperative care. Additionally, the nurse should ensure that the client's blood pressure cuff is not applied too tightly, as this can also cause flexion contractions.
When taking the blood pressure of a client after a parathyroidectomy, the nurse notes that the client's hand has gone into flexion contractions. This may indicate a possible issue with calcium levels post-surgery, as the parathyroid glands are responsible for regulating calcium in the blood. Flexion contractions in this context could be a sign of low calcium levels (hypocalcemia), which can cause muscle spasms and involuntary contractions. The nurse should promptly inform the healthcare provider to assess the situation and provide necessary treatment.

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question 7 please help you get brianlest!

question 7 please help you get brianlest!

Answers

Answer:

40≥3(2.47+3.5)+5.66x

Explanation:

This could be a possible inequality for this situation, since Rosa only has $40 to spend and can't go over that amount, so it should be equal to or 40 should be greater than. The amount spent on popcorn, candy, and tickets has to be less than the amount of money Rosa has, $40.

Hope this helps! :)

Please help, I really need a good grade on this, can someone help? if you don't know the answer please don't answer.

Nurse Shane was working on his department’s paperwork. His task was interrupted when a doctor on his floor requested his assistance with a patient procedure. Nurse Shane put aside his paperwork and scrubbed in without complaint. Which trait is Nurse Shane exhibiting?
A.
reliability
B.
creativity
C.
empathy
D.
flexibility
E.
morality

Answers

Answer:

D. flexibility

Succes!!!!!!!!

For generalized anxiety disorder (gad), the pharmacological treatment of choice has been the category of drugs known as ___________.

Answers

For generalized anxiety disorder (gad), the pharmacological treatment of choice has been the category of drugs known as benzodiazepines.

What is Generalized anxiety disorder?Any age can experience a case of generalized anxiety disorder.severe, persistent anxiety that makes daily activities difficult.The illness shares symptoms with anxiety disorders such as panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These signs include difficulty concentrating, restlessness, and unceasing worry.Counseling and drugs like antidepressants may be used in treatment.For instance, you can experience acute worry about your safety or the safety of those close to you, or you might sense that something negative is about to occur. You experience severe distress in social, professional, or other aspects of your life as a result of your anxiety, concern, or physical symptoms.

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2.External jugular vein ends by opening into, *
Internal jugular vein
subclavian vein
Brachiocephalic vein
superior venacava

Answers

Answer:

External jugular vein ends by opening into

subclavian vein

a nurse researcher identified her accessible population as women with high-risk pregnancies in the state of new york. which group might be the researcher's target population?

Answers

The researcher's target population could be all women in the United States with high-risk pregnancies.

People over the age of 35 who become pregnant for the first time have high-risk pregnancies. According to research, they are more likely to have complications than younger people. These may include miscarriage and pregnancy-related health issues such as gestational diabetes. Only about 6% to 8% of all pregnancies have high-risk complications. These complications can be severe and necessitate special attention to ensure the best possible outcome. A high-risk pregnancy is one in which a woman and her fetus are more likely than usual to have complications. These risks may be caused by -related factors or by pre-existing maternal medical conditions such as cancer, diabetes, or lupus.

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attach to sclera allowing precise and rapid movement of the eyeball

Answers

Answer:

EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES

Explanation:

This is a group of 7 striated (fibrous, banded) muscles that connect to the sclera (see below) to control the movement of the eyes with rapid precision. :)

27 y/o G1 woman at 36 weeks gestation is undergoing an induction of labor for preeclampsia with severe features. Complains of HA, RUQ pain, and seeing spots. She is hypertensive, and fetal HR is normal. She has been given 10 hrs of oxytocin and receiving IV magnesium sulfate 2 g/hr. During the last 2 hours, her UO has decreased and her RR is down. Pulse ox is 88%. Fetal heart tracing is a Category 1. What is the next best step in the management of this patient?

Answers

Based on the presented scenario, the next best step in the management of this patient would be to discontinue oxytocin and administer an IV bolus of 5-10 mg of intravenous labetalol for blood pressure control.

                    The patient is showing signs of magnesium toxicity, which could lead to respiratory depression and decreased urine output. Magnesium toxicity is a potential side effect of magnesium sulfate, and the signs of toxicity include decreased reflexes, respiratory depression, decreased urine output, and decreased oxygen saturation. Discontinuing oxytocin and administering an IV bolus of labetalol will help to control the patient's blood pressure and prevent further magnesium toxicity. The fetal heart tracing is reassuring, and the next step would be to monitor the patient closely for signs of improvement or deterioration. The patient should also be evaluated for the need for delivery, given the severity of her preeclampsia with severe features.

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A patient is admitted to your unit with a 15-year history of COPD. The nurses assessment should include monitoring for:

Answers

Answer:

Cognitive changes such as personality and behavior changes and memory impairment. They should also Monitor pulse oximetry  values.

Explanation:

A patient is admitted to your unit with a 15-year history of COPD. The nurses assessment should include monitoring to Avoid problems and control the condition's course.

What is meant By COPD?

COPD, often known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a set of illnesses that impair breathing and impede airways. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are included. The 16 million Americans who suffer from COPD find it challenging to breathe.

The nurses assessment should include monitoring to Avoid problems and control the condition's course:

Keep the airways open.help implement strategies to ease gas exchange.Increase dietary consumption.Avoid problems and control the condition's course.Give details on the cause, prognosis, and course of treatment for the disease.

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Summarize the setting (background) for this case. 2. What symptoms does Annie exhibit? Prioritize these symptoms in order of what you think is the most concering and the least concerning. 3. What is the one common feature of all of her symptoms? 4. When did Matt notice that Annie was having trouble breathing? 5. List any diseases, disorders, or health problems that you can think of that might cause these symptoms. (Brainstorm)

Answers

In this case, Annie is having symptoms that shows that she is over stressed and fatigued

The symptoms that Annie is exhibitingBlurry visionEye strainweaknessgasping for air

The most concerning feature of all her symptoms is that she is gasping for air while the least is the eye strain.

One common feature of all of these problems that she is having is that it could be related to tiredness.

Matt noticed that Annie was having problems breathing when they were ready to go home and he threw her the keys for her to drive.

Diseases that may cause this are

heart diseasesmultiple sclerosisInfectionsMigraine

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Yesterday your nephew was severely injured in a motorcycle accident. The provider believes there is a fracture in the thoracic spine but needs to have a radiological workup to determine the extend of the injury. your brother is very concerned because his son has no sensations or control of his body from the waist down. He has asked you what you think of his condition.

Answers

Answer:

It sounds like paralysis.

Explanation:

I don't think a fracture in the thoracic spine would cause him to not feel anything from the waist down. In fact, he should be feeling pain.

Radiological will reveal what exactly is going on without any unnecessary assumptions. I am leaning towards axial burst or extension fracture.

I am also not a doctor.

The best course of action is to follow the advice of the medical provider and undergo the necessary radiological workup to determine the extent of the injury.

What is the negative impact of the spinal injury?

Spinal injuries can be complex, and only a specialized medical team can provide a proper evaluation and recommend the appropriate treatment options.

During this difficult time, it's essential for your brother and his family to stay in close communication with the medical team, ask any questions they may have, and seek support from healthcare professionals who are experienced in dealing with spinal injuries.

Thus, the best course of action is to follow the advice of the medical provider and undergo the necessary radiological workup to determine the extent of the injury.

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Some viruses, such as human herpesvirus 1, infect a cell without causing symptoms. These are called?.

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Some viruses, such as human herpesvirus 1, infect a cell without causing symptoms; these are called: A. Latent viruses.

A cell lacking mitochondria would be incapable of what?
Question 47 options:

a)

Glycolysis

b)

Lactic acid fermentation

c)

Aerobic metabolism

d)

Hydrolysis

Answers

Answer:

A cell lacking mitochondria would be incapable of aerobic metabolism. Aerobic metabolism is the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy. This process takes place in the mitochondria, so a cell without mitochondria would not be able to produce energy through aerobic metabolism.

Glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation are both anaerobic processes, meaning they do not require oxygen. Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that breaks down molecules using water. None of these processes require mitochondria, so a cell lacking mitochondria would still be capable of glycolysis, lactic acid fermentation, and hydrolysis.

So the answer is (c).

What is one of the first things that your brain needs to determine in order to accurately perceive an
incoming image?
O-depth
O what is the figure and what is the background (figure-ground)
O the color of the item
O the movement path of the item

Answers

Answer:

the movement path of the item

Explanation:

The first thing that the brain needs to determine in order to accurately perceive an incoming image is the movement path of the item. So the correct option is D.

What is the process of image perception by the brain?

Recent research on visual perception has started to show how brain activity and consciousness visual experience are related. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human occipital lobe alters how people typically see objects, which may indicate that key components of visual perception are reliant on activity in early visual cortical regions.

Microelectrode recordings in animals reveal that numerous brain regions work together to produce the experience of the depth and brightness of visual surfaces. While neurons in future areas react in a way that is more akin to visual perception, activity in early areas is more closely connected with the physical characteristics of things.

There are about 30 discrete visual centers in the monkey brain, and each of these areas has separate modules and parallel processing streams, according to 40 years of neuroscience study.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

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Anthony has secretly been taking anabolic steroids to improve his athletic performance. Which of the following is a side effect that might tip off his friends and teammates that he has been abusing steroids?A) He is no longer aggressive or violent.B) His skin is remarkably free of acne.C) He has noticeably grown breasts.D) His cholesterol levels have never been lower.

Answers

Option C is the correct answer.Anabolic steroids are prescription-only medicines that are sometimes taken without medical advice to increase muscle mass and improve athletic performance.

If used in this way, they can cause serious side effects and addiction.

Anabolic steroids are manufactured drugs that copy the effects of the male hormone testosterone. They have limited medical uses and are not the same as corticosteroids, a different type of steroid drug that's more commonly prescribed.

Side effects include:-

1. reduced sperm count

2. infertility

3. shrunken testicles

4. erectile dysfunction

5. hair loss

6. breast development

7. increased risk of prostate cancer

8. severe acne

9. stomach pain

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The table shows the balance of a money market account over time. write a function that represents the balance y (in dollars) after t years. year, t balance 0 $150 1 $210 2 $294 3 $411.60 4 $576.24 5 $806.74

Answers

The function that represents the balance y (in dollars) after t years is  y(t) = $150 * (1.4)^t

To determine a function that represents the balance (y) of the money market account after t years, we can analyze the given data points. From the table, we can observe that the balance is growing over time, suggesting an exponential relationship between the years (t) and the balance (y).

Let's examine the growth pattern by calculating the growth factor between consecutive years:

The growth factor (r) can be calculated using the formula:

r = y(t) / y(t-1)

For example:

For year 1: r = $210 / $150 ≈ 1.4

For year 2: r = $294 / $210 ≈ 1.4

For year 3: r = $411.60 / $294 ≈ 1.4

And so on...

We can observe that the growth factor remains constant at approximately 1.4.

Therefore, we can write the function representing the balance (y) after t years as:

y(t) = y(0) * (1.4)^t

Using the initial balance (y(0)) of $150, the function becomes:

y(t) = $150 * (1.4)^t

This function represents the balance (y) in dollars after t years.

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which components of bile can become solids when thy interact with calcium

Answers

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have shown that human bile contains one or more factors that inhibit the precipitation of calcium carbonate from supersaturated solutions of calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. Lower concentrations of this factor have been observed in the gallbladder bile of patients with calcified gallstones. We hypothesized that gallbladder bile contains factors that inhibit calcium carbonate and these factors are present in varying concentrations in normal persons and in patients with cholesterol gallstones with and without calcium carbonate.

Methods: Gallbladder bile of patients without gallstones (n = 8) and of patients with cholesterol gallstones containing either calcium carbonate (n = 8) or other calcium salts (n = 8) was assayed for calcium carbonate inhibition. Individual components of bile (bilirubin, phospholipid, bile salts, and albumin) were tested in different concentrations in the same assay system. In addition, samples of model bile were tested.

Results: An inhibitory factor for calcium carbonate precipitation was present within all human gallbladder bile, irrespective of the absence, presence, or type of gallstones. The addition of a bilirubin-albumin solution to a supersaturated solution of calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate entirely blocked precipitation of calcium carbonate from solution. In addition, serial dilutions of bilirubin exhibited a linear response between bilirubin concentration and inhibitory effect. Model bile and phospholipid dissolved in sodium taurocholate also exhibited a modest inhibitory effect on calcium carbonate precipitation.

Conclusions: We conclude that bilirubin, cholesterol, and phospholipids incrementally interfere with calcium carbonate precipitation in supersaturated solutions through the preferential formation of a soluble calcium complex.

katie is pregnant. katie will require fatty acids during her pregnancy to promote optimal fetal brain development and eye health.

Answers





Omega-3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are particularly important for fetal brain development and eye health. These fatty acids are found in fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines. They can also be obtained from plant-based sources like flaxseed, chia seeds, and walnuts.

Omega-6 fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, are also important during pregnancy, but excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids can interfere with the absorption and utilization of omega-3 fatty acids. Good sources of omega-6 fatty acids include vegetable oils like corn, soybean, and sunflower oil. It's important for Katie to consume a balanced diet that includes both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Including foods rich in these fatty acids can help promote optimal fetal brain development and eye health. It's always a good idea for Katie to consult with her healthcare provider or a registered dietitian for personalized dietary recommendations during pregnancy.

In summary, during pregnancy, Katie will require fatty acids, specifically omega-3 and omega-6, to promote optimal fetal brain development and eye health. Omega-3 fatty acids can be obtained from fatty fish and plant-based sources, while omega-6 fatty acids are found in vegetable oils. A balanced diet that includes both types of fatty acids is important for Katie's overall health and the development of her baby.

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What should George do when he encounters a new word?

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When George encounters a new word. He should read the words carefully by going through them in books and can listen carefully to the words in online lectures.

What is vocabulary?

Vocabulary is the word and meaning of any book or language.

George has the ability to break down words in such a way that he memorizes less and understands more.

Learn more about the origin and structure of medical words and discuss them with his colleagues more frequently.

Therefore, when George comes upon a new word. He should carefully read the words in books, and he might carefully listen to the words in online courses.

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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:

George Tomlin, RMA, has been working for several years in a specialty practice. He applies for a position closer to his home with better hours and more pay. This office, however, sees patients with a variety of illnesses. For the first time since he graduated from college, he is encountering words and procedures with which he is not familiar.

Kyle has sustained a severe knee injury during football practice and is told that he has torn ligaments and cartilage in his knee. Can he expect a quick, uneventful recovery? (Be Very Specific In Your Explanation & Rationale)

Answers

Probably not. Kyle has probably torn his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL); a torn ACL does not “heal” itself because its blood supply is poor. Repair of this torn ligament often requires surgery and physical therapy, and a full recovery of function can take months.
Kyle should not expect a quick uneventful recovery. The reason is that when Kyle injured his knee he most likely tore his ACL. An ACL injury results in surgery the majority of the time became it can’t heal on its own. He is looking at six to twelve months in order to make a full recovery.

Ony, a 30-year-old male, is overweight and has slightly elevated blood sugar levels. to prevent full-blown diabetes, it is best that he tony, a 30-year-old male, is overweight and has slightly elevated blood sugar levels. to prevent full-blown diabetes, it is best that he start an exercise program take slimming herbal teas go on a very-high-protein diet get a prescription for insulin quizlet

Answers

Tony, a 30-year-old male, is overweight and has slightly elevated blood sugar levels. To prevent full-blown diabetes, it is best that he start an exercise.

Utilizing your muscles promotes insulin function and aids in the burning of glucose. Because of this, blood glucose levels often decrease during exercise. But after exercise, your blood sugar level may also increase.

Stress hormones are produced by some exercise, such as hard weightlifting, sprinting, and competitive sports (such as adrenaline). By encouraging your liver to release glucose, adrenaline increases blood glucose levels.

Consuming food before or during exercise may also cause your blood sugar to increase. If you consume too many carbohydrates before working out, your sweat session might not be sufficient to keep your blood glucose levels within the target range.

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Patient allergies and medications are listed under what category in the Medical Note?

Answers

Patient allergies and medications are typically listed under the category of "Medical History" or "Medication History" in the Medical Note.

This section includes information about the patient's past and current medical conditions, as well as their medication history, including any allergies or adverse reactions to medications.

Listing allergies and medications under this category is important because it helps healthcare providers to avoid prescribing medications that may cause allergic reactions or interact negatively with other medications the patient is taking. It also provides important information for emergency responders in case the patient requires urgent medical attention. Additionally, this information can be used to monitor the patient's health and adjust their treatment plan as needed.

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Are there vaccines for viruses?

Answers

ummm, depends which virus?

Answer:

Yes!

Explanation:

Without vaccines we would probably be dead. They are specifically meant for viruses as they are not effected by antibodies.

Vitamin-_______ derivatives are primarily involved in reactions controlling cell growth and DNA synthesis.
A.) C
b.) K
c.) B
d.) D

Answers

Answer: c. B

Explanation:

Vitamin B derivatives are primarily involved in reactions controlling DNA synthesis.

Answer:

C)B

Explanation:

Vitamin-___B____ derivatives are primarily involved in reactions controlling cell growth and DNA synthesis.

A study which compares the amount of a specific nutrient consumed, with the amount of excretion of the same nutrient is a characteristic of a(an):

Answers

A study that compares the amount of a specific nutrient consumed with the amount of excretion of the same nutrient is a characteristic of a nutritional balance study or nutrient balance study.

These studies aim to assess the balance between nutrient intake and excretion to evaluate the utilization and retention of nutrients in the body.

By measuring the intake of a particular nutrient through dietary assessments and analyzing the excretion of the same nutrient in urine, feces, or other bodily excretions, researchers can estimate the net retention or loss of that nutrient.

This type of study provides insights into nutrient absorption, utilization, and overall nutrient balance in individuals or populations, helping to assess nutritional status and inform dietary recommendations.

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An animal weighs 54lbs. The desired dosage is 150g/kg. How many do you give if there are 250 g/tab

Answers

For an animal weighing 54 lbs with a desired dosage of 150 g/kg and tablets weighing 250 g/tab, approximately 15 tablets should be administered based on the calculations. Consulting a healthcare professional or veterinarian is advised for accurate dosing instructions.

Given:

Animal weight: 54 lbs

Desired dosage: 150 g/kg

Tablet weight: 250 g/tab

First, let's convert the animal's weight from pounds to kilograms:

54 lbs * 0.4536 kg/lb = 24.4944 kg (rounded to 4 decimal places)

Next, we can calculate the total dosage required for the animal:

Total dosage = Desired dosage per kg * Animal weight

Total dosage = 150 g/kg * 24.4944 kg = 3674.16 g (rounded to 2 decimal places)

Now, let's determine the number of tablets needed:

Number of tablets = Total dosage / Tablet weight

Number of tablets = 3674.16 g / 250 g/tab = 14.69664 tablets

Since we cannot administer a fraction of a tablet, we need to round the number of tablets to the nearest whole number. Therefore, the appropriate number of tablets to give to the animal would be 15 tablets.

Please note that it is important to consult with a healthcare professional or veterinarian for accurate dosing instructions and to ensure the safety and well-being of the animal.

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How fast must a train accelerates from rest to cover 518 m in the first 7.48 s? Which best describes the central idea of this stanza?Paul Revere will warn people that the British are coming as soon as he parts with his friend.Paul Revere will hang a lamp in a church to let his friend know when the British are coming.Paul Reveres friend will send a secret signal to inform him of the British armys plan.Paul Reveres friend will ride through the country alerting everyone that the British army is on the move. When countries create tariffs,they ______? 4NH 3+32 to 2 and 2+ 6H20 What is the mole ratio of NH3 to N2 doxycycline can be used for treatment of and protection from the causative agent of Chagas disease. T/F Solve for P : p/10 = 7.2/3 Please help me solve the following using y=mx+b The table below models a particular physical situation.x 8, -2, 1, 8y 5, 9, 2, 4Find the piecewise linear equation that models the data above. y =____ x + 8 x 2y= ____ x + 2 < x 1y= _____ x + 1 < x 8 Make a list of contribution made by your parents to your happiness Which is the equation of the given line?x = 4y = 3y=2xy = xNumber graph that ranges from negative five to five on the x and y axes. A line passes through the labeled points (four, three) and (four, negative two). the mean average of dr frost and sebastians age is 19.5 if sebastian is 13 how old is dr frost people engaging in bring their previously held ideologies and beliefs to a given political message. they are more likely to perceive those messages in ways that support their previously held beliefs. An Enterprise Social Networking Site in one in which customers can interact with the sales and marketing team of an organization. (T/F) Someone plz help me :( according to the theory of reasoned action, behavioral intentions are based on: In the case of a hit song from the 1960s, who would receive a royalty if it were played on an fm radio station in chicago today? Convert the polar equation racos(20) = 10 to a rectangular equation in terms of x and y). Question 2 of 25What does it mean to democratize knowledge?A. To grant everyone the right to own and use a computer or anyother electronic deviceB. To give everyone a chance to decide what knowledge is shared byvotingO C. To give people equal access to information and the ability tocontribute to that informationD. To allow people to decide together what is important for the publicto know GIVING ALOTS OF POINTS !!! Is the following sentence true or false? Where a river flows in a straightline, the water flows faster along the river's sides than near its center. Yoni has a ribbon that measures 5/3 yards. She wants to cut it into 3 equal pieces. What is the length of each piece of ribbon? 5\8 yards 5/6 yards 5/9 yards 5/3 yards Crizpie Berhad (CB), a Malaysian resident company since 1999. Its business is dealing with retailing household groceries and CB has many outlets all over Malaysia. Its issued share capital is RM5 million. The following information pertaining to expenditure were extracted from financial data of CB for the year ended 31 December 2021. 1. Gift of laptops to primary school to support e-learning during Covid-19 pandemic amounted to RM34,500. 2. Cost of souvenirs of RM45,900 distributed at an approved international trade fair in Dubai to promote its products. 3. New signatured board displayed at highways costing RM15,400. 4. CB took a bank loan of RM450,000 from CXMB bank in October 2020 for investment in fixed deposit (RM130,000) and the remaining of RM320,000 for working capital of the business. The bank charged interest on loan for year of assessment 2021 amounted to RM31,500. CB has a subsidiary, namely MoonLight Sdn Bhd (MLSB), which is a Malaysian tax resident and its shareholdings in MLSB is 90%. MLSB has issued capital of RM3.5 million and it has the same financial year end with CB. Currently CB and MLSB are not enjoying any form of tax incentives. For year of assessment 2021, MLSB suffered adjusted loss amounted to RM700,000 while CB has an aggregate income of RM2.1 million. The loss is due to the impact of pandemic Covid-19 on the business operation in 2021. Required: a. Explain the tax treatment for the above expenditures incurred in arriving at the adjusted income. (8 marks) b. Discuss whether MLSB and CB are entitled for group relief loss. (3 marks)