scientists use a tool called a phylogenetic tree to visualize the evolutionary pathways and connections among organism. t/f

An enzyme may get denatured and cease to function at extremely high temperatures. There is an ideal pH range for each enzyme. Beyond this range, pH variations will restrict enzyme activity.

The vital function of enzymes is to reduce its activation energy of a reaction, or the amount of power needed for the reaction to start. In order to facilitate the chemical bond-forming and friendship processes, enzyme bind to reactant molecules and keep them in place.

Helicase, primase, Enzyme dna, and ligase are the four primary enzymes that aid in Replication of dna.

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The permanent teeth that replace the primary teeth are called successional teeth. Details about teeth can be found below.

A tooth is the hard, calcareous structure present in the mouth of many vertebrate animals, generally used for eating or chewing.

However, the teeth of mammals especially humans grows in phases. First comes the primary teeth also called milk tooth.

After the milk teeth, then comes the permanent teeth called the successional teeth that succeeds the primary teeth. The successional tooth is any permanent tooth that grows in the place of a milk tooth.

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If your body only has a very small number of germs, PCR tests can still reveal sickness. A small quantity of genetic material in a sample is copied several times during a PCR test.

For quickly and precisely identifying particular infectious diseases and genetic changes, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are used. The tests work by locating the DNA or RNA of an organism known as a pathogen (which is an organism that causes disease) or abnormal cells in a sample. In contrast to many other tests, PCR assays are able to identify illness indications even in the early stages of infection. Other tests could miss early disease symptoms if there aren't enough viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens present in the sample or if your body hasn't had enough time to generate an antibody response. In order to fight off foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, your immune system makes proteins known as antibodies. PCR testing can nevertheless detect disease even in the presence of just a very small number of pathogens in your body.

A PCR test involves repeatedly copying a little amount of genetic material from a sample. The term "amplification" describes the process of duplicating. If pathogens are present in the sample, amplification will significantly increase their visibility.

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Answer:

The correct answer is Multiple myeloma.

Explanation:

Multiple myeloma is a type of bone marrow cancer caused by a malignant degeneration of plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are part of the immune or immune system, responsible for dealing with infections and diseases of external origin. Plasma cells are normally found in the bone marrow, mixed with other cells of the immune system and with the cell-producing cells of the blood. When there is an infection, the B lymphocytes respond, become plasma cells or plasma cells and produce antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) that help the body fight infection. T lymphocytes respond with various transformations that allow them to directly attack infectious agents or help other types of cells defend the body.

The correct option is d) delays production of toxins that may alert the host to the presence of the bacteria.

Quorum sensing is a communication process used by bacteria to coordinate gene expression based on population density. In pathogenic bacteria, quorum sensing can play a role in virulence by controlling the timing of toxin production.

By delaying toxin production until the population of bacteria reaches a critical threshold, the pathogen can avoid detection by the host's immune system and increase its chances of establishing an infection.

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The two types of potential energy that the springs have when Marcus hangs the porch swing on his front porch are (A)elastic potential energy and (B)gravitational potential energy.

The elastic potential energy is stored in the springs due to their deformation from their natural state. The gravitational potential energy is stored in the swing due to its height above the ground, which is determined by the position of the springs.

When Marcus attaches the springs to the ceiling, the springs are stretched and deformed from their natural state. As a result, they store elastic potential energy. This energy is proportional to the amount of deformation, which in turn is proportional to the weight of the swing and the distance the springs are stretched.

When Marcus fastens the swing to the springs, the gravitational potential energy of the swing is determined by its height above the ground. The higher the swing is from the ground, the greater its gravitational potential energy. The swing's height is determined by the length of the springs and their position relative to the ceiling

Therefore, the correct answers are A. elastic potential energy and B. gravitational potential energy.

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Answer:

The lock and key model states that the active site of an enzyme precisely fits a specific substrate. The induced fit model states that the active site of an enzyme will undergo a conformational change when binding a substrate, to improve the fit.

Answer:

D

Explanation:

The diagram below shows a portion of a chromosome during meiosis. Meiosis is a process of cellular division that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells. The process of meiosis involves two rounds of nuclear division.

During the first round, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material. This process is known as crossing over.

The diagram below shows a section of the chromosome during the first meiotic division. The chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids, which are identical copies of each other.

These sister chromatids are held together by a centromere. At this stage, the sister chromatids are in the process of separating from each other. The arrows indicate the direction of movement of the chromatids as they separate. The diagram also shows a section of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids have already separated.

This section is known as a chiasma, and it is the result of crossing over. During crossing over, segments of DNA from the two homologous chromosomes exchange places. This process creates genetic variation in the gametes, which is important for evolution.

In conclusion, the diagram shows sister chromatids separating, alleles independently assorting, segments of DNA crossing over, but not genes replicating. The correct answer is A. Sister chromatids are separating.

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Answer:

A

Explanation:

Answer:

i would think A. but sorry if its not it and have a good day.

Answer:

DNA is the information molecule. It stores instructions for making other large molecules, called proteins. These instructions are stored inside each of your cells, distributed among 46 long structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called genes.

Answer:

Selective breeding.

Explanation:

Selective breeding method is used in order to produce more bushes that have the same kind of berries. In this method, Saskatoon bush which is a wild bush can be crossed with another bush belongs to the same family so the new seeds produced having the characteristics of Saskatoon bush and is able to produce large and sweet berries just like berries of Saskatoon bush.

The five evidences that support the theory of evolution are: Fossils, Anatomy, Embryology, Molecular Biology (or Biochemistry), and Biogeography.

Fossils show the physical change in a species over time, suggesting evidence for evolution. For an example, we can trace the origins of dolphins and whales all the way to a four-legged, dog-like hoofed mammal from about 50 mya. These mammals were fish eaters and so decided to spend a lot of time in the water. In fact, they spent so much time in the water, that in a few million years, they evolved a longer body and webbed feet. Then another few million years passed and they swapped their webbed feet for flippers and swapped their tail of a fin. Eventually, we get a fish-like mammal that once walked on land.

For anatomy, or structures, there's three types of structure comparisons: Homologous structures, Vestigial structures, and Analogous structures (or Convergent Evolution). Homologous structures show similarities between the structures between species, but serve different purposes. For an example, all mammals share common features within their arms, such as having 5 fingers. However, they serve different purposes, from whale fins for swimming, to bat wings for flying, to human hands for grabbing and for using tools.

Vestigial structures were structures that once served a purpose and have been reduced in size/power to the point where it's useless. For an example, large theropods such as the T. Rex spent so much time evolving more jaw muscles and biting power, that they sacrificed their arm muscles for such power. This explains why their arms were so short.

Another example would be ratites, flightless birds such as ostriches, emus, and cassowaries (penguins and kakapos are from a different group). They spent so much time evolving powerful legs as well as evolving in size, that there was no need to fly when they could just run with their improved legs. And also the fact that they're too heavy to even fly anyways.

Analogous structures is the similar functions of structures between species, but have separately evolved these functions. For an example, the wings from insects, birds, bats, and pterosaurs are very similar in shape and can be used to fly, but they've evolved separately. For an example, birds use feathers to fly while bats and pterosaurs use/used (pterosaurs are extinct) membrane between their bones to fly. Although they do have strikingly similar evolutionary histories, with their ancestors starting off as tree dwellers, they've evolved their flight abilities separately during different earth periods.

Embryology is evidence for evolution by using embryos from different species to suggest a common ancestor. For an example, we can prove that we're more related to whales than to fish by using embryos. The fish embryo will evolve gills while the embryos of humans and whales will not, since we do not breath by extracting oxygen from water.

Molecular biology is a more recent way of providing evidence for evolution. By taking the DNA from cells from different species, we can get an estimate of how related one species is to another. The more similar amino acid sequences are between species, the more recent their common ancestor is. For an example, by comparing amino acid sequences between humans and chimpanzees, we get an estimated amount that we once shared a common ancestor seven million years ago. Without molecular biology, we would still be digging for fossils to find that number.

Biogeography is the geographic distribution of species on earth that can be explained by evolution. For an example, we can tell that Australia separated first from Pangea rather than Asia or North America since Australia doesn't have bears while the Asia and North America do, with China having pandas and North America having brown and black bears. And also with the fact that Australia is the only continent with monotremes (egg-laying mammals like the platypus).

Similar to biogeography, there's also direct observation, which is evolution that has happened in our own eyes. An example would be the underground London mosquito. Mosquitoes usually target birds like pigeons. But after an underground tunnel was built in London, some mosquitoes managed to get inside and instead of birds, they targeted, mice, rats, and of course, humans. After only a few hundred years, a mosquito from the underground tried to mate with another mosquito from land and they could not, simply because they were different species. This shows that their new choice of feeding on mammalian blood has actually altered their DNA and created a new species, during the existence of humanity!

Answer:

1. Malaria

2. Polio

3. rabies

Explanation:

Hope I've helped

The control of the mosquito population helps in managing the outbreaks of malaria. Infantile paralysis is another name for polio. Travelers to the Central and South America can get vaccinations for rabies. Thus, the correct options for 1, 2, and 3 are A, A, and B, respectively.

Malaria is a serious diseases which could be a fatal disease sometimes and it is caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito species which feeds on the human blood. People who get the  malaria infection are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness and other symptoms.

Infantile paralysis is another name used for polio. Polio is a condition which is caused by a virus that mainly affects the neurons in the spinal cord or the brain stem. In its most severe form, polio infection can lead to a person being unable to move certain limbs or joints, also called paralysis.

Therefore, the correct options for 1, 2, and 3 are A, A, and B.

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In general, lycophytes produce spores while monilophytes produce both spores and true fern leaves, known as fronds.

Lycophytes and monilophytes are two major groups of plants classified as fern allies. Lycophytes, which include clubmosses and spike mosses, typically produce spores as a means of reproduction.

These spores develop into independent gametophytes that produce eggs and sperm, eventually leading to the formation of a new sporophyte generation.

On the other hand, monilophytes, which encompass true ferns and horsetails, not only produce spores but also possess specialized leaves called fronds. These fronds are characteristic features of ferns and serve various functions such as photosynthesis and spore production.

Thus, while lycophytes primarily rely on spore production, monilophytes exhibit a dual reproductive strategy involving both spores and fronds.

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These two species of Paramecium, P. caudatum and P. bursaria, are able to coexist in the same culture tube because they can use different niches within the tube. Thus, correct option is C.

The ability of these two species to occupy various niches within the culture tube enables their coexistence. Each species resides in a distinct ecological niche, which describes a species' place or function within its environment.

While they might contend for some resources, they have evolved to use different resources or live in other microhabitats, which lessens direct competition. This makes it possible for both to coexist in the same area without one species eradicating or entirely outcompeting the other. In light of this, argument C, "They can use different niches in the culture tube," is the most likely explanation for their cohabitation.

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The given question is incomplete, complete question is- "rowth when two species of Paramecium, P. caudatum, and P. bursaria, are grown together. Why might these two species be able to coexist in the same culture tube?

A. One species eats the other one.

B. They occupy the same niche in the culture tube.

C. They can use different niches in the culture tube.

D. They undergo intraspecific competition instead of interspecific competition."

An organism that is heterotrophic, reproduces sexually, is multicellular, and does not have cell walls belongs to the kingdom of C. Animalia.

The Kingdom of Animalia is a huge phylum of eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that live in heterotrophic environments. As a result, they rely on outside sources for nutrients. Animal cells lack a cell wall, which is found in plant cells, despite the fact that they are unable to create their own food, which is one of the most distinguishing traits of plants.

The majority of animals, with the exception of a few, are motile, which helps them to successfully respond to stimuli and find food, among other things. In general, animals are separated into two groups: vertebrates (animals with a backbone) and invertebrates (animals without a backbone) (animals that lack a backbone).

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The primary pathway of energy production at each stage of exercise includes aerobic respiration, anaerobic glycolysis, and phosphocreatine system.

During exercise, the body utilizes different energy systems to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that provides energy for muscle contraction. The primary pathways involved in energy production are aerobic respiration, anaerobic glycolysis, and the phosphocreatine system.

At the beginning of exercise, the phosphocreatine system is the primary energy pathway. Phosphocreatine molecules break down to release energy and rapidly regenerate ATP.

As exercise intensity increases, anaerobic glycolysis becomes more significant. Glucose is metabolized to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen, leading to the formation of lactic acid.

During prolonged exercise, aerobic respiration becomes the dominant energy pathway. Oxygen is used to break down glucose or fatty acids, producing ATP more efficiently and without the build-up of lactic acid.

The body continuously adjusts the contribution of these pathways based on the intensity and duration of exercise, ensuring an adequate supply of energy to meet the demands of the muscles.

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Answer:

As light intensity increases (distance between lamp and plant decreases) the volume of oxygen (or the rate of bubble production) increases. This indicates that the rate of photosynthesis increases with light intensity. However, at sufficiently high levels of light intensity, the rate oxygen evolution remains constant.

Explanation:

“It is not always possible to find or buy organic fruits and vegetables in today's conditions. In order to purify pesticide residues in foods, the first thing that is usually done at home is to put these foods in vinegar water. However, vinegar water is not effective in reducing pesticide residues, but in reducing the microorganism burden. Studies have done that vinegar water increases the effectiveness of pesticide residues even more. The main purpose of adding vinegar to the washing water is to create an acidic washing environment and to remove the potentially harmful biological factors that can be found on the food in case of inadequate washing. However, many of the pesticides commonly used today cannot be removed from the food due to insufficient washing and are taken into thBe body. This causes pesticides to continue their harmful effects for long periods of time.

Answer:

Fruits, Vegetables and grains should be washed thoroughly to wash off any germs on them. It is really important to wash them to remove any harmful bacteria off them. These bacteria can be really dangerous for our stomach and can cause different diseases. Peeling them is also a way to remove bacteria.

Answer:  The arrangement of these nitrogen bases contains the code for

genetic traits. These bases are arranged in a particular

sequence, such as TGCATTCA. The sequences of DNA can vary

from several hundred bases to a million or more bases.

Explanation: put this and my teacher said amazing  

The complementary side’s bases if one side of a DNA molecule has the following sequence of nitrogen bases GGTACTTACGCA are: CCTGAAATGCGT.

Thus, the complementary nitrogen base sequence of GGTACTTACGCA is CCTGAAATGCGT. It is because the complementary nitrogen bases pair up: A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G.

The sequence codes for 4 amino acids. Every three nitrogen bases code for one amino acid. So, since there are 12 nitrogen bases, the sequence codes for 12/3 = 4 amino acids.

To determine the number of amino acids coded by this sequence, first note that a codon consists of three nucleotide bases, and each codon corresponds to one amino acid. The sequence has 12 bases, so there are 4 codons: GGT, ACT, TAC, and GCA. Since each codon codes for one amino acid, this sequence would code for 4 amino acids.

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Two primary agents of cellular communication are hormones and chemicals produced by nerve cells.

Cellular communication is a stepwise process that affects the generation of an extrinsic signal, detection of the signal by a receptor, transduction of the signal by intracellular signalling molecules and cellular response. When the extrinsic signal is removed, cellular communication processes cease.

Thus,  hormones and chemicals are two primary agents of cellular communication.

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The role of stomata in transpiration is that water vapor flows out of them when they are open.

The correct option is D.

Stomata are tiny pores found on the surface of leaves and stems of plants that are responsible for gas exchange.

The main function of stomata is to facilitate the movement of gases, such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor, between the plant and its surroundings.

During photosynthesis, stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter the plant, which is then converted into glucose and oxygen. At the same time, water vapor is released through the stomata in a process called transpiration.

Stomata also regulate water loss by opening and closing in response to environmental factors such as light, temperature, and humidity.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Codominance means that neither allele can mask the expression of the other allele. An example in humans would be the ABO blood group, where alleles A and alleles B are both expressed. So if an individual inherits allele A from their mother and allele B from their father, they have blood type AB.

Answer:

B-Heat flow out

Explanation:

When you change the amount of greenhouse gases the factor you expect to change is Heat flow out.

What is greenhouse gases?

The main greenhouse gases whose concentrations are rising are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and ozone in the lower atmosphere.

How many greenhouse gases are there?

There are ten primary GHGs; of these, water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are naturally occurring.

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