Sometimes a restriction in genetic variability is imposed on populations by natural catastrophes such as flooding, earthquakes, etc. The surviving individuals reflect only a small, random genetic sample of the population affected. What is this process called bottleneck effect.
The bottleneck effect is a phenomenon that occurs when a population experiences a dramatic reduction in size due to a natural catastrophe or other factors. As a result, only a small number of individuals survive the event, leading to a significant loss of genetic variation within the population.
During a bottleneck event, the surviving individuals represent a random sample of the original population. The genetic makeup of the smaller population is based on the genetic variation present in the few individuals who managed to survive. As a result, certain alleles may become more or less common in the population, leading to a change in the genetic composition.
The bottleneck effect has several consequences for the affected population. First, the loss of genetic diversity reduces the gene pool, which can decrease the population's adaptive potential and increase its susceptibility to environmental changes or diseases. Second, genetic drift becomes a more influential factor in shaping the population's genetic composition, as random fluctuations in allele frequencies have a greater impact on a smaller population. Finally, the reduced genetic variability may lead to increased inbreeding and a higher risk of deleterious genetic traits being expressed.
Overall, the bottleneck effect highlights how natural catastrophes can have long-lasting effects on the genetic diversity and evolutionary trajectory of populations.
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cftr has multiple transmembrane domains. what would be the properties of the amino acids comprising that region of the protein?
CFTR is a single polypeptide with two transmembrane domains (TMDs), two nucleotide-binding domains, and an N-terminal lasso motif (NBDs) .
On various surfaces throughout the body, including the surface of the lung, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein aids in regulating the balance of salt and water.
Cells become entrapped with chloride, a salt component, when the protein is not functioning properly. The deletion of phenylalanine 508 (F508del) in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is a mutation that has been linked to the disease (CFTR). The CFTR's first nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) contains the amino acid. Gating issues and faulty channel processing result from this mutation.
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The diagram shows a basic food chain.
Answer:
wth? thats not a question
Explanation:
???
Answer:Rabbit
Explanation:
Your welcome
In the Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and Molecular Clocks lab, we analyze a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) product by using _____________.
In the Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and Molecular Clocks lab, we analyze a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) product by using agarose gel electrophoresis.
Agarose gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size. In the lab, the PCR product is mixed with a loading dye and loaded into wells in the agarose gel. An electric current is applied across the gel, causing DNA fragments to migrate towards the positive electrode.
The DNA fragments move at different speeds depending on their size, with smaller fragments moving faster than larger ones. Once the electrophoresis is complete, the gel is stained with a DNA-specific dye, and the separated DNA fragments can be visualized under UV light. This allows for the analysis of the PCR product in terms of size, which helps in identifying specific genes or genetic variations.
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Influenza is a bacterial infection whose symptoms include sore throat and fever. True or False
Answer: Im positive is true i hope this helps
Explanation: i leanded this last year
Breathing is controlled solely by the medulla oblongata and pons. FALSEThe rate of oxygen diffusion is affected by the pressure gradient of carbon dioxide. FALSEAccording to the Bohr effect, a low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO 2 .FALSEHemoglobin releases the same amount of oxygen to all the tissues regardless of variations in their metabolic rate. FALSE(could you explain these questions? thank you. )
In the lungs' millions of alveoli and the capillaries that surround them, gas exchange occurs. As seen in the diagram below, breathed oxygen travels from the alveoli to the capillaries' blood, while carbon dioxide travels from the capillaries' blood to the air in the alveoli.
Oxygen is carried by the air we breathe, which raises the amount of oxygen in the blood that circulates throughout the body. The blood's levels of carbon dioxide rise as it travels back to the lungs, discharging it from there and into the atmosphere. In order to increase the rate of diffusion, breathing in and out (a ventilation mechanism) maintains a sharp concentration gradient between the oxygen (and carbon dioxide) in the alveoli and the blood.
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the parts of DNA that provide the code for the protein are the
Answer:
the bases / base sequence!
Explanation:
Hope that helps!
What are the structures of the sympathetic nervous system?
The key structures of the sympathetic nervous system include: Sympathetic ganglia, Sympathetic nerve fibers, Adrenal medulla, Target organs.
The sympathetic nervous system is a division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for preparing the body for the "fight or flight" response to stress or danger.
Sympathetic ganglia: These are clusters of nerve cell bodies located along the sympathetic chain, which runs parallel to the spinal cord. They contain neurons that communicate with each other and with the target organs they innervate.
Sympathetic nerve fibers: These are the long, thin extensions of sympathetic neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the target organs. They are part of the peripheral nervous system.
Adrenal medulla: This is a specialized gland located above each kidney that is closely associated with the sympathetic nervous system. It secretes the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream in response to sympathetic stimulation, which further amplify the body's physiological responses to stress.
Target organs: These are the various organs and tissues throughout the body that are innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers.
Overall, the structures of the sympathetic nervous system work together to mobilize the body's resources in response to stress or danger, allowing it to respond quickly and efficiently to potential threats.
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Use this graphic to answer the question.
An environmentalist uses a bar graph, a diagram, and a map as part of a presentation to Congress about global
warming.
Based on the process outlined in the diagram, what has most likely caused the higher levels of global surface
temperature since the 1980s, as shown in the bar chart?
O decreased ocean temperatures
O increased levels of greenhouse gases
O decreased solar and mermal radiation
O increased global surface temperatures
The various greenhouse gases' varying contributions to global warming are as follows: planting trees can reduce CO2 by 60%. More carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by trees than is released.
What effects of global warming have you personally noticed? How has it influenced the planet thus far?Storms, heat waves, floods, and droughts are just a few of the disasters that are getting worse as a result of rising temperatures. Warmer temperatures produce an atmosphere that can hold onto, release, and gather more water. This alters weather patterns such that wet areas get wetter and dry ones to get drier.
How are climate change and global warming-related?The heat from the sun gets trapped on Earth as a result of greenhouse gas production. Global warming and climate change result from this. The rate of global warming is presently higher than it has ever been. Weather patterns are shifting as a result of warming temperatures, which is also upsetting the natural order.
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Give examples of 10 different taxa of macroinvertebrates in the river?
The examples of 10 different taxa of macroinvertebrates in the river are mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, dragonflies, water striders, biting midges, leeches, snails, and beetles.
Macroinvertebrates are organisms that are large enough to be seen with the eye and don’t have a backbone. They are considered the most important organisms in river ecosystems as they play crucial roles in the food web. Here are ten different taxa of macroinvertebrates commonly found in rivers:
Mayflies – aquatic insects with flattened bodies that live in rivers and streams. They are an important food source for fish and birds.Stoneflies – aquatic insects with flattened bodies that prefer clean and cold water. They are also an important food source for fish and birds.Caddisflies – aquatic insects that use pieces of debris to build cases that they live in. They are important indicators of water quality and pollution levels.Dragonflies – insects with elongated bodies and wings that live near rivers and ponds. They are important predators of other insects and help to control their populations.Water striders – insects that can walk on the surface of water due to their specialized legs. They are predators that feed on smaller insects and provide food for fish and birds.Biting midges – small flies that live near water and can be a nuisance to humans. They are also an important food source for fish and birds.Leeches – segmented worms that live in freshwater habitats. They are predators that feed on other invertebrates and provide food for fish and birds.Snails – aquatic molluscs that have a hard shell. They are important decomposers and help to break down organic matter in the water.Beetles – aquatic insects that live in freshwater habitats. They are important predators and can feed on smaller insects and even fish.Crayfish – freshwater crustaceans that live in rivers and streams. They are predators that feed on other invertebrates and fish.Learn more about macroinvertebrates: https://brainly.com/question/32031540
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Because DNA differs for individuals, adding a restriction enzyme to a sample can create multiple cuts that are
unique to each sample.
1) Examine the sequences below and indicate where the Smal enzyme cuts the DNA and how many
fragments are created
A T C A T C C C G G G A G A G C T A G C C C G G G A A A T A G G C C C G G GAT CATGA T T
T A G T A G G G C C CTCTC G A T C G G GCCCTТТАТСC GGGCC C T A G T A C T A A
How many fragments are created?
AA C
A T GAA CATC C C G G G A T C A A G G C A G G A A A C C C G G G AT A G T T A A C C
T I G
T A C T T G T A G G G C CCTAGTтссстостттссссс СТАТ С A A T T G G
How many fragments are created?
Answer:
For the first sequence, the Smal enzyme cuts at the following sites:
ATC|ATC
AGC|CCG
GGA|TAG
CCC|GGG
ATA|GGC
CCCGGG|ATC
ATTTAG|CTG
This creates 7 fragments.
For the second sequence, the Smal enzyme cuts at the following sites:
TGAAC|ATCC
CGGG|ATTAGT
TCCC|TAG
TAACTT|GTAGG
GCC|CTAGT
TTCAG|GCC
TTA|TTGG
This creates 7 fragments.
The reproductive strategy when hatchlings are able to move and
feed themselves
Explanation:
Precocial development The reproductive strategy in which hatchlings of birds are able to move and feed themselves.
during your fetal pig dissection you discover an extremely long tubular organ that is associated with a dense network of vascular tissue. the organ most likely is the . group of answer choices large intestine stomach small intestine esophagus
The extremely long tubular organ you discover during your fetal pig dissection that is associated with a dense network of vascular tissue is most likely the small intestine.
The small intestine is the longest segment of the gastrointestinal tract, which is the long, continuous pathway through which food travels in your digestive system. Food is broken down into liquid in the small intestine, where the majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste is then transferred to the large intestine.
A fetal pig dissection is useful for anatomy studies because the organs are easy to find and identify due to their size.
The small intestine is by far the longest section of the gastrointestinal tract, measuring approximately 22 feet in length. The lining of the small intestine has a large surface area that has been scrunched into folds and peaks. Many layers of tissues and muscles line the tube. Nerves, blood vessels, immune cells, and lymphatic glands are all found in the tissues.
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what did the experiment by avery, macleod, and mccarty in 1944 with the r and s strains of streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrate
The experiment by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty in 1944 with the r and s strains of streptococcus pneumonia demonstrate that DNA (rather than proteins) has the ability to change the properties of cells.
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, or Maclyn McCarty issued the outcomes of an experiment in 1944 that showed DNA is responsible to feed bacterial differentiation (the conversion of a specific strain of microorganisms to another strain for a chemical substance) and thus is likely to be bacteria's genetic material.
Proteases, which digest proteins, did not remove the transforming principle, according to Avery and McCarty. Lipases, which break down lipids, did not work either. They discovered that the material that transformed the substance was high in nucleic acids, however, Ribonuclease which usually digests RNA did not render it inactive.
Griffith found transformation in bacteria. He discovered that when a lethal pneumococcal strain's dead strain (S-type) is mixed with a nonlethal strain (R-type), the nonlethal strain (R-type) becomes lethal.
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In addition to carcinoma of the prostate, elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can occur due to:
Answer: Your answer would be C: benign prostatic hyperplasia
Explanation: In addition to prostate cancer, several benign (not cancerous) conditions can cause a person's PSA level to rise, particularly prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (enlargement of the prostate)
the two cell organelles that have similar function to the respitory and the alveoli
Mitochondria
...
................
.........
describe one special condition under which genetic drift occurs
One special condition under which genetic drift occurs is in small populations or isolated populations.
What is meant by Genetic drift?Genetic drift refers to the random fluctuation of allele frequencies in a population, which can occur due to chance events such as random mating, migration, or genetic mutations.
When a population is small, there are fewer individuals to contribute to the next generation's gene pool, and chance events can have a more significant impact on the frequencies of different alleles. In small populations, genetic drift can lead to the loss of beneficial alleles and the fixation of harmful alleles, reducing genetic diversity and increasing the risk of inbreeding depression and extinction.
Similarly, genetic drift can occur in isolated populations, which are separated from other populations by geographic barriers such as mountains, rivers, or oceans. Isolated populations can experience genetic drift because they are not exchanging genetic material with other populations, and chance events can have a more significant impact on their allele frequencies.
Therefore, small and isolated populations are particularly susceptible to genetic drift, and this can have significant evolutionary consequences.
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Explain how the Moon orbits the Earth.
Answer:
the moon orbits the earth in a circle, which makes the moon seam to have different fases because of the sun.
Which of the following are involved in coating Staphylococcus with host proteins? A. clumping factor
B. coagulase
C. protein A
D. leukocidin
E. clumping factor, coagulase AND protein A
clumping factor, coagulase AND protein A
The following options are involved in coating Staphylococcus with host proteins are clumping factor, coagulase AND protein A.
What is Staphylococcus?
Staphylococcus is a common bacterium that is typically found on the skin or in the nose of most individuals. Staph infections are caused by this bacterium, which can lead to skin infections, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections.
What is the role of Clumping factor?
Clumping factor, or clumping factor A, is a protein found on the surface of certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus that plays a role in the bacterium's ability to infect human tissues by promoting the clumping of bacterial cells.
What is Coagulase?
Coagulase is an enzyme produced by some Staphylococcus bacteria that can clot plasma. This clotting mechanism protects the bacterium from the host's immune system.
What is Protein A?
Protein A is a surface protein found in some strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Protein A binds to the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, which protects the bacteria from phagocytosis by immune cells and promotes bacterial survival.
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describe how more than one type of protein can be synthesized from the RNA produced from one gene
The expression of genetic information as protein is a complex process consisting of several steps. Genetic information is encoded in DNA that represents a linear sequence of nucleotides. The first step of the realization of genetic information is its storage and amplification that is controlled by replication. Replication is the process of the formation of two daughter DNA molecules based on the parent DNA molecule. Using special enzymes, the double helix of maternal DNA is decomposed into two strands, a second strand is built on each strand formed, producing two identical daughter DNA molecules, which are then twisted into separate spirals.
what is carbon cycle
Answer:
Explanation: In a simple easier way the carbon cycle is like a big game of tag! In this game, there are different players who play with a special tag called "carbon."
-The first player is the air. It takes the carbon tag and holds it up high, so all the plants and trees can reach it. The plants and trees take the carbon tag and use it to make their food. They turn it into a yummy meal that they can store in their leaves, stems, and roots.
-The second player is the animals. They eat the plants and trees and take the carbon from them to use as energy to grow, play and run. They also breathe out carbon into the air.
-The third player is the soil. When the plants and trees die, their bodies fall onto the ground and become part of the soil. The carbon from the plants and trees also mixes into the soil.
-The fourth player is the water. It takes the carbon from the soil and the air and helps it move around the planet. The water also helps the carbon get to the plants and trees, so they can use it to make their food.
-And that's the carbon cycle! The game goes on and on, with the carbon tag always moving and changing hands between the different players. It's like a never-ending game of tag!
A dead organism takes matter out of the ecosystem cycle and that matter
can never be used again. *
O True
False
Answer:
Decomposers break down dead organisms into nutrients and gases so that they can be used by other organisms. Nutrients can enter or exit an ecosystem at any point and can cycle around the planet.
Answer:
False
Explanation:
mmune complexes recruit various inflammatory components such as and , which would eliminate ag-ab complexes as part of the normal immune response.
Immune complexes recruit various inflammatory components such as complement proteins and phagocytic cells, which would eliminate ag-ab complexes as part of the normal immune response.
The complement system is a group of proteins that can be activated by immune complexes, resulting in the formation of membrane-attack complexes that can destroy cells.
Phagocytic cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, are also recruited to the site of immune complex deposition to engulf and destroy the complexes. This process is important for clearing pathogens and damaged cells from the body, but can also lead to tissue damage and inflammation if not regulated properly.
Overall, the recruitment of inflammatory components is an important part of the immune response to immune complexes and helps maintain homeostasis in the body.
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Many people want to live in urban areas one of the main factors that limit the number of people that can live in an area is
Answer:
limited resources
Explanation:
Resources like infrastructure, land, water, food etc are essential to stay in any area. With limited infrastructure services the living quality of an area degrades. Like wise non availability of resources like water, land (or very costly land due to high demand) also degraded the living condition in any urban area.
Describe both the psychological and mental benefits of
exercise.
Exercise Recovery ISSA
Regular exercise not only strengthens your body but also offers psychological and mental benefits. Here's how:Psychological benefits of exercise:Regular physical activity can have a positive impact on your psychological well-being and emotional state by:Reducing the risk of depression and anxiety: Exercise can aid in the prevention and treatment of mental health issues like anxiety and depression by reducing stress levels, lowering inflammation, and promoting the production of positive brain chemicals like endorphins.
Boosting mood: When you exercise, your body produces endorphins, which are natural chemicals that make you feel good and relieve pain, tension, and anxiety.Boosting self-esteem: Regular physical activity can help you feel more confident and self-assured, thanks to improved self-image and an increase in feelings of competence.Improving cognitive function: Exercise can also help you maintain cognitive function as you age, as well as boost your memory and ability to learn.
Mental benefits of exercise:When it comes to mental health, regular physical activity can help by:Reducing stress: Exercise can help you relax, manage stress, and sleep better. Furthermore, participating in physical activity has been found to increase resilience, allowing you to better cope with stressors in your life.
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both compost and chemical fertilizer can be used for the balanced growth of plants.Do you agree?
Answer: Yes I do.
Explanation:
Chemical fertilizers provide the plant with the major nutrients they need which are Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus and they do so in abundant quantity such that the plant is able to utilize them and grow faster.
Organic fertilizer also provides those same nutrients but does so at a slower rate. It will however add other things to the soil such as beneficial microorganisms, and microbes which will work overtime to improve soil fertility.
In building soil fertility, the plant will have more nutrients as it grows.
Using both is therefore balanced with one providing nutrients early and the other ensuring that nutrients will be continually available for the plant.
A cell pumps hormones out into the bloodstream; a process that requires energy. If 4 ATP were converted to ADP, how much energy was used?
A.4 kJ
B. 1600 kJ
C. 30.5 kJ
D. 122 kJ
Answer: Option D.
122kj
Explanation:
It is 122KJ of energy is used from the conversion of ATP to ADP because hydrolyses of 1 mole of ATP requires 30.5KJ of energy. Therefore, if 4 ATP is hydrolyses, it will be 4× 30.5=122KJ.
It will give 122KJ.
This energy is given out because there is cleavage of high energy phosphate bond in ATP while converting it into ADP.
In order to initiate the cleavage of this bond, activation energy is required and it is use. But this activation energy is very less in magnitude compare to the energy released when high energy phosphate bond is cleaved.
What that is gotten from 4 ATP been converted to ADP is 122KJ and the rest is use to compensate activation energy.
Answer: D
Explanation:
What molecule accepts and then carries the electrons produced when water is split?
O FAD+
O NAD+
O G3P
O ATP
Answer:
Chapter 9

B) NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. ... 7) The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by ... 8) The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which ...
is more electron
In rats, hippocampal _______ cells change their firing patterns when the animal is in a particular location.
In rats, hippocampal place cells change their firing patterns when the animal is in a particular location.
A type of neuron called a hippocampal place cell is located in the hippocampus, a part of the brain connected to spatial memory and navigation. When the animal is in a particular area of its surroundings, these cells have the unusual ability to selectively fire action potentials.
Because place cells fire in very predictable and consistent ways, it is possible to map the spatial representation of an environment using this method. Rats and other animals may create cognitive maps and recall the locations of significant landmarks in their environment thanks to a process known as place cell activation, which supports precise navigation and spatial memory.
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What disease can affect humans due to microbiological pollution of water?
A) conjunctivitis
B) cholera
C) lung disease
D) pneumonia
15 points shall go to the person who answers this question, Thank You :D
The disease that can affect humans due to microbiological pollution of water is B) cholera.
What is the microbiological pollution of water?The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is responsible for inducing cholera, which is a type of bacterial infection. The rapid spread of infection can occur when water sources are polluted with bacteria-carrying fecal matter.
Cholera is identified by extensive outbreaks of diarrhea, vomiting, and excessive loss of body fluids. If not properly attended to, it has the potential to pose a risk to one's survival. The illness is more common in regions lacking sufficient hygiene practices and limited availability of safe drinking water.
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1. Here is one half of a DNA strand. Complete the other half by writing the complementary base
pairs.
Template Strand - A-T-G-C-A-T-G-T-C-A-C-C
Answer:
T-A-C-G-T-C-A-G-T-G-G
A goes with T G goes with C