the strongest intermolecular interactions between diethyl ether (ch3ch2och2ch3) molecules arise from Hydrogen bonding.
Interaction involving a hydrogen atom located between two other atoms with a close connection for electron density; one such bond is relatively weak than just an ionic bond or symbolizes but powerful than van der Waals forces. Since hydrogen is connected to a relatively electronegative atom, and this electronegative atom is a hydrogen donor, the hydrogen bond is the dominant type of bond between molecules. A hydrogen atom is smaller in size than other atoms and molecules. As a result, the resulting charge is more powerful.
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2) Gay-Lussac's law shows a direct relationship between temperature and
O moles
pressure
O volume
O density
Answer:
The correct option is (b) "pressure".
Explanation:
Gay-Lussac's law states that the pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant mass and volume.
Mathematically, Gay-Lussac's law is as follows :
\(P=kT\)
or
\(\dfrac{P_1}{T_1}=\dfrac{P_2}{T_2}\)
Hence, the correct option is (b) "pressure".
Please explain to me!!!
Answer:
nice handwrtting
Explanation:
2.00M CO and 2.00M H2O are mixed in a sealed container and the system is left to reach equilibrium. Use the following information to calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc if at equilibrium the concentration of CO2 is 0.73M
CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO2(g) + H2(g
The equilibrium constant, Kc, for the response is 0. This approach that at equilibrium, the attention of merchandise is correctly 0 in comparison to the attention of reactants.
The equilibrium constant, Kc, may be calculated the use of the concentrations of the reactants and merchandise at equilibrium, consistent with the regulation of mass action. The balanced chemical equation for the response is:
CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO2(g) + H2(g)
At equilibrium, the attention of CO2 is given as 0.seventy three M. The preliminary attention of CO is 2.00 M, and the preliminary attention of H2O is likewise 2.00 M. Let x be the alternate in attention of CO and H2O, and y be the alternate in attention of CO2 and H2, then the equilibrium concentrations may be expressed as:
[CO] = 2.00 M - x
[H2O] = 2.00 M - x
[CO2] = 0.seventy three M + y
[H2] = y
The equilibrium expression for the response is:
Kc = ([CO2][H2])/([CO][H2O])
Substituting the equilibrium concentrations into the expression gives:
Kc = ([0.73 + y][y])/([(2.00 - x)][(2.00 - x)])
Assuming that x and y are small in comparison to the preliminary concentrations, we will approximate the equilibrium concentrations as:
[CO] ≈ 2.00 M
[H2O] ≈ 2.00 M
[CO2] ≈ 0.seventy three M
[H2] ≈ 0.00 M
Substituting those values into the equilibrium expression gives:
Kc = (0.730)/(2.002.00) = 0
This suggests that the response does now no longer continue to a enormous quantity withinside the ahead route and is in all likelihood to be an instance of a reversible response with a low equilibrium constant.
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A compound with the empirical formula CH4O2 has a molecular mass of 288.25 grams. What is the molecular formula?
Answer: C6 H24 O12
Explanation:
The rate of deforestation to create new buildings and farmland has increased over the last 100 years. What effect could this have on the atmosphere in the future?
The increase in deforestation can have a significant impact on the atmosphere in the future, mainly by reducing the number of trees that absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
Trees take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen as a byproduct, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. However, when trees are cut down, the carbon they have stored is released back into the atmosphere, contributing to increased levels of greenhouse gases.
The increase in greenhouse gases can lead to global warming and climate change, which can have a range of negative effects on the environment and human health, such as rising sea levels, increased frequency and severity of natural disasters, and more intense heat waves. Additionally, deforestation can lead to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and disruption of local ecosystems.
It is important to find ways to reduce deforestation and promote sustainable land use practices to mitigate the potential impacts on the atmosphere and the environment as a whole.
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32 g of Br2 are added to 10 g of a mixture of ethene and ethane. What is the mass percent of ethene in the mixture?
Answer:
A mixture of ethane and ethene occupies 40 litre at 1.00 atm and at 400 K.The mixture reacts completely with 130 g of O2 to produce CO2 and H2O . Assuming ...
Missing: 32 Br2
Concluding Remarks. Reflect on the experimental procedures you have undertaken and the possible sources of error. Then write a summary paragraph comparing your results, commenting upon the common ion effect and its influence on solubility, and commenting upon activity effects and their influence on the Ksp value.
Explanation:
Whenever an ion in a solution is common for any two different salts, a common ion effect is formed that serves as the sources. Further addition of the common ion that is the product of a dissolution of the first. Adding the product ion decreases the solubility for the 1st salt.
Equilibrium made between the reactants as well as the products are described by the equilibrium constant. This expression for the insoluble salt is written using the rules that were used for other equilibriums. Equilibrium constant is known as the solubility product, Ksp.
The interactions between the ions are the results of the activity effects. The ion's activity is influenced by the surrounding. In case of water molecule, the activity of the ion has different values from the one in the middle of the counterion cloud. The Ksp values are used to decide for the order of the precipitation of any two or more of insoluble salts.
Questions in the image
The volume of water is 17 L
The volume of CO2 is 12 L
What is the stoichiometry of the reaction?Stoichiometry is the calculation of the quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. It involves balancing the chemical equation, determining the moles of reactants and products, and using mole ratios to find the desired quantities.
We have that;
Number of moles of oxygen = 62.3 g/32 g/mol
= 1.9 moles
If 5 moles of oxygen produces 44.8 L of water
1.9 moles of oxygen will produce 1.9 * 44.8/5
= 17 L
Number of moles of CO = 15 g/28 g/mol
= 0.54 moles
Volume of the CO2 = 0.54 moles * 22.4 L
= 12 L
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2.
Which mixture could be a useful buffer in a solution?
acetic acid (CH3CO2H) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and elemental sodium (Na)
ammonia (NH3) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
acetic acid (CH3CO2H) and ammonia (NH3)
Pls answer quickly
Ammonia (\(NH_3\)) and ammonium chloride (\(NH_4Cl\)) mixture could be a useful buffer in a solution. Option C
A buffer is a solution that can resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. It consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. The buffer system works by the principle of Le Chatelier's principle, where the equilibrium is shifted to counteract the changes caused by the addition of an acid or a base.
In option A, acetic acid (\(CH_3CO_2H\)) is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid. This combination does not form a buffer because HCl is completely dissociated in water and cannot provide a significant concentration of its conjugate base.
Option B consists of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is a strong base, and elemental sodium (Na), which is a metal. This combination does not form a buffer as there is no weak acid-base pair involved.
Option D contains acetic acid (\(CH_3CO_2H\)), a weak acid, and ammonia (\(NH_3\)), a weak base. Although they are weak acid and base, they do not form a buffer system together as they are both weak acids or bases and lack the required conjugate acid-base pair.
Option C, ammonia (\(NH_3\)), is a weak base, and ammonium chloride (\(NH_4Cl\)) is its conjugate acid. This combination can form a buffer system. When ammonia reacts with water, it forms ammonium ions (NH4+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).
The ammonium ions act as the weak acid, while the ammonia acts as the weak base. The addition of a small amount of acid will be counteracted by the ammonium ions, and the addition of a small amount of base will be counteracted by the ammonia, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable.
Therefore, option C, consisting of ammonia (\(NH_3\)) and ammonium chloride (\(NH_4Cl\)), is the suitable mixture that could be a useful buffer in a solution.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a tension force?
O tug of war
O towing a car
O magnets
O pulling a bucket from a well
↓
Answer:
Magnets
Explanation:
magnets donot require tension force
How would you make a 30% ethanol solution?
Answer:
You need 30 ml of alcohol and 70 ml of water.
Explanation:
You want to end up with 100ml of liquid, 30% of which is alcohol. 30% of 100ml is 30/100 100 = 30 ml.
A biology experiment requires the preparation of a water bath at 37.08C (body temperature). The temperature of the cold tap water is 22.08C, and the temperature of the hot tap water is 55.08C. If a student starts with 90.0 g cold water, what mass of hot water must be added to reach 37.08C
Answer:
75 g
Explanation:
\(m_1\) = Initial mass of water = 90 g
c = Specific heat of water
\(\Delta T_1\) = Initial temperature difference = \((37.08-22.08)^{\circ}\text{C}\)
\(m_1\) = Mass of water to be added
\(\Delta T_2\) = Final temperature difference = \((37.08-55.08)^{\circ}\text{C}\)
Since, heat energy in the system is conserved we know
\(m_1c\Delta T_1+m_2c\Delta T_2=0\\\Rightarrow m_1c\Delta T_1=-m_2c\Delta T_2\\\Rightarrow m_2=-\dfrac{m_1\Delta T_1}{\Delta T_2}\\\Rightarrow m_2=-\dfrac{90(37.08-22.08)}{37.08-55.08}\\\Rightarrow m_2=75\ \text{g}\)
The mass of water to be added to reach the desired temperature is 75 g.
Analysis of a sample of hydrated salt shows that it contains 4.86 g Mg, 6.20 g P, 11.20 g O, and 5.40 g H2O. What is the formula of the hydrated salt?
Answer:
Mg₂P₂O₇ · 3 H₂O
Explanation:
(Step 1)
First, you need to convert each mass to moles via the molar masses of each element/compound.
Molar Mass (Mg): 24.305 g/mol
4.86 grams Mg 1 mole
------------------------ x ------------------------ = 0.200 moles Mg
24.305 grams
Molar Mass (P): 30.974 g/mol
6.20 grams P 1 mole
--------------------- x ------------------------ = 0.200 moles P
30.974 grams
Molar Mass (O): 15.998 g/mol
11.20 grams O 1 mole
----------------------- x ----------------------- = 0.700 moles O
15.998 grams
Molar Mass (H₂O): 2(1.008 g/mol) + 15.998 g/mol
Molar Mass (H₂O): 18.014 g/mol
5.40 grams H₂O 1 mole
-------------------------- x ----------------------- = 0.300 moles H₂O
18.014 grams
(Step 2)
To find the amount of each element/compound in the formula, you need to divide each molar value by the smallest molar value. This allows you to determine the accurate molar ratio the hydrated salt should have. In this case, 0.200 moles is the smallest value.
0.200 moles Mg / 0.200 = 1 mole Mg
0.200 moles P / 0.200 = 1 mole P
0.700 moles O / 0.200 = 3.5 moles O
0.300 moles H₂O / 0.200 = 1.5 moles H₂O
There can only be whole number amounts of each element/compound in the formula. Therefore, you need to multiply each amount by 2.
1 mole Mg x 2 = 2 moles Mg
1 mole P x 2 = 2 moles P
3.5 moles O x 2 = 7 moles O
1.5 moles H₂O x 2 = 3 moles H₂O
(Step 3)
Now that we know the amount of each element/compound, we can build the formula. The amount of each element is represented by subscripts and the amount of each compound (H₂O) is represented by coefficients.
Mg₂P₂O₇ · 3 H₂O
The oxides SO2 and N2O5 will form what acids?
Which of these gaseous elements is LEAST reactive?
a. hydrogen
b.helium
c.nitrogen
d.oxygen
Answer:
helium
Explanation:
it has 8 valence electrons which fills its outer energy level making it have a stable arrangement of electrons hence least reactive
How many kilojoules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 10g of aluminum from 22 degrees C to 55 degrees C, if the specific heat of aluminum is .901 j/gc?
Answer:
name four agricultural inputs are subsidized by the government
0.297 kJ of heat is needed to raise the temperature of 10g of aluminum from 22 degrees Celsius to 55 degrees Celsius.
The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius.
It is a measure of how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance. It is the amount of heat necessary to raise one mass unit of that substance by one temperature unit.
It is given by the formula -
Q = mcΔT
where, Q = amount of heat
m = mass
c = specific heat
ΔT = Change in temperature
Given,
mass = 10g
c = 0.901J/g⁰C
Initial temperature (T₁) = 22⁰C
Final Temperature (T₂) = 55⁰C
Q = mcΔT
= 10 × 0.901 × (55 -22)
= 297.33 J = 0.297 kJ
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Ultrasound waves do not transmit easily through bone. State what you think happens to ultrasound waves when they reach a bone in the body. Give evidence to support your claim and explain your answer.
Answer:
See explanation
Explanation:
Echo is the reflection of sound waves. Recall that ultrasound are also sound waves of high frequency.
When ultra sound meets an obstacle such as a bone, it is reflected backwards and gives rise to an echo back in the transducer.
Since ultrasound is high frequency sound wave wave; It does not passes through bone due to the high density of the bone, the data required may now be collected.
A 5.0g sample of MgCl2 may contain measurable amounts of other compounds as impurities. Which of the following quantities is (are) needed to determine that the sample is pure MgCl2 ?
Answer:
The mass of Mg and the mass of Cl in the sample
Explanation:
We have that the sample's is purity is simply the mass of Mg and the mass of Cl in the sample
From the Question we are told that
Mass of MgCl2 =5g
Therefore
What we need to determine that the sample's is purity is simply the mass of Mg and the mass of Cl in the sample because
the mass of MgCl should be equal to mass of Mg and mas of Cl
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grams of hydrogen contains the same number of atoms as 9.79 grams of nitrogen?
Answer:
1.44 g
Explanation:
1. get number of nitrogen atoms in 9.79 grams of nitrogen
1 mole of Nitrogen is 6.022 x 10^23 atoms N which is = 14.01g N
2.
if 6.022 x 10^23 atoms of Nitrogen is 14
then x atoms of Nitrogen is 9.79
3.
6.022 x 10^23/ x = 14/9.79 ->
x = 8.431 x 10^24 / 9.79 =
8.61799714478 x 10^23
4.
8.61799714478 x 10^23 atoms of N
6.022 x 1023 atoms of H have a mass of 1.008g, so
8.61799714478 x 10^23 atoms of H have a mass of (1.008/6.022 x 1023) x 8.61799714478 x 10^23) = 1.44250051072175g
1.44 g
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Which of the following represents alpha decay?
OA. 100Eu+ge 16Sm
150
→>>
OB. 100Gd
OC. Tc-TC+y
OD. 14Gd-14Sm+ He
→>>>
100Tb + e
65
100Eu+e 16S---Sm150 represents alpha decay because minimum penetration power and highest ionization power.
What does an alpha decay look like?
A positively charged particle similar to the helium-4 nucleus is spontaneously released during alpha decay. Two protons and two neutrons make up this particle, also referred to as an alpha particle. Sir Ernest Rutherford made the discovery and gave it a name in 1899.
What substances exhibit alpha decay?The nuclei of heavy elements like radium, uranium, thorium, etc. undergo alpha decay. When a radium (Ra) nucleus decays, it releases an alpha particle and transforms into a radon (Rn) nucleus.
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Intravenous lidocaine therapy is started for a patient. The doctor's order says to add 1.0 grams of lidocaine to 250 mL of I.V. solution and deliver it to the patient at 4.0 mg/min. In this particular I.V., 20. drops = 1.0 mL. What is the flow rate in drops per minute?
The flow rate of the IV solution in drops per minute is 80 drops/min.
To determine the flow rate in drops per minute, we need to consider the conversion factors and relationships between different units.
First, let's convert the lidocaine dose from grams to milligrams, as the flow rate is given in milligrams per minute:
1 gram = 1000 milligrams
So, 1.0 gram of lidocaine is equal to 1000 milligrams.
Next, we can calculate the total volume of the IV solution in milliliters:
250 mL
To find the flow rate in milligrams per minute, we divide the dose by the total time:
Flow rate = Dose / Time
The dose is 1000 milligrams (1.0 gram) and the time is 1 minute.
Flow rate = 1000 mg / 1 min = 1000 mg/min
Now, to determine the flow rate in drops per minute, we need to convert the IV solution volume from milliliters to drops. Given that 20 drops = 1.0 mL, we can set up a conversion factor:
20 drops / 1 mL
To find the flow rate in drops per minute, we multiply the flow rate in milligrams per minute by the conversion factor:
Flow rate (drops/min) = Flow rate (mg/min) * Conversion factor
Flow rate (drops/min) = 1000 mg/min * (20 drops / 1 mL)
Now we need to convert milliliters to drops:
Flow rate (drops/min) = 1000 mg/min * (20 drops / 250 mL)
Simplifying the expression:
Flow rate (drops/min) = 1000 mg/min * (4/50)
Flow rate (drops/min) = 80 drops/min
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PLEASE HELP!!
You are performing an experiment that involves the electrolysis of gold (I) bromide, also know as AuBr. You know that gold is less reactive than hydrogen. Which of the following would be the product of the reaction?
A. Hydrogen gas
B. Gold bromide
C. Oxygen gas
D. Pure gold
Answer:
D. Pure gold
Explanation:
Hello,
In this case, since gold, as a heavy metal, is said to be less reactive than hydrogen, when it undergoes electrolysis process when forming a salt, due to the action of the electric current, we can appreciate the formation of a layer of gold on the surface of the cathode via a reduction half-reaction from gold (I) to metallic gold:
\(Au^++1e^-\rightarrow Au^0\)
Thereby, D. Pure gold is formed as the product of the reaction.
In contrast, more reactive metals than hydrogen such as sodium or potassium, will remain in solution so the hydrogen converted to hydrogen gas.
Best regards-
Element Z consists of 5% of atoms with a mass of 176.0 amu, 19% have a mass of 177.0 amu, 27% of the atoms have a mass of 178.0 amu, 14% have a mass of 179.0 amu, and the rest have a mass of 180.0 amu. Determine the average atomic mass of element Z rounded to four digits and use the periodic table to identify the element.
Answer:
178.55
Explanation:
5*176+19*177+27*178+14*179+35*180 /100
= 880+3363+4806+2506+6300 /100
=17855 /100
178.55
(a) The two most acidic hydrogens of uracil have pKaâs of 9.5 and 14.2, respectively. Match these pKaâs with the hydrogens in the structural formula and provide structures for the most stable resonance contributors of the monoanion and the dianion.
(b) The pKa of the conjugate acid of triethylamine is 10.4. Is triethylamine a strong enough base to convert uracil to its monoanion? To its dianion?
(a) Uracil with pka value 9.5 is highly acidic and with pka valu 14.2 is less acidic.
(b) yes, triethyl amine is stabilized by one carbonyl group and forms mono anions.
Uracil is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid RNA. The pKa measures how tightly a proton is held by a Bronsted acid. A pKa may be a small, negative number. It may be a larger positive number. The lower the pKa of a Bronsted acid, the more easily it gives up its proton.
The N-H proton with pKa = 9.5 is is highly acidic and readily removes because this negative charge of the conjugate base gets stabilized by resonance with two carbonyl groups. The proton with pKa = 14.2 is less acidic. it is because its conjugate base gets stabilized by one carbonyl group.
The Pka value of conjugate acid of triethyl amine is 10.4. The proton with Pka= 10.4 is less acidic because its conjugate base is gets stabilized by one carbonyl group. so, triethyl amine can remove one acidic hydrogen from Uracil and forms mono anion.
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meg goes swimming on a hot afternoon. When she comes out the pool her foot senses that the pavement is unbearably hot. Suppose meg wants to apply the scientific method to discover reasons for the hot pavement. What is the next step she should take?
A. Analyze the data
B. Ask questions
C. communicate the results
D. Make observations
The next step Meg should take in applying the scientific method to discover the reasons for the hot pavement is B. Ask questions. Option B
Asking questions is a crucial step in the scientific method because it allows for the formulation of a hypothesis and the design of experiments to test that hypothesis. By asking questions, Meg can begin to explore the possible factors contributing to the hot pavement and formulate hypotheses to explain the phenomenon.
In this case, Meg can ask questions such as:
Why is the pavement so hot?
Does the pavement always feel hot after swimming?
Is the temperature of the pavement affected by the weather conditions?
Are there specific materials or colors used in the pavement that may contribute to its heat absorption?
These questions will help guide Meg in her investigation and provide a starting point for gathering more information and designing experiments to test her hypotheses.
Once Meg has formulated her questions, she can move on to the next steps of the scientific method, which include making observations, analyzing data, conducting experiments, and communicating the results.
These subsequent steps will allow her to gather data, analyze it, and draw conclusions based on evidence, leading to a better understanding of the factors contributing to the hot pavement. Meg can then communicate her findings to others, furthering scientific knowledge and potentially finding solutions to mitigate the problem.
Option B
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9 What 11 letter word describes the chemical balance within an organism?
___________________________________
10 What 7 letter word describes the waterproof outer layer for soft-bodies creatures?
___________________________________
11 What word starting with the letter "C" is the liquid material found within cells?
___________________________________
12 What word starting with the letter "C" is a process of organizing things into groups scientifically?
___________________________________
Answer:
9.) Homeostasis
10.) Epidermis
11.) Cytoplasim
12.) Classification
pls help 40 points!! Augie created this chart about the two kinds of waves.
A 2-column table with 3 rows titled 2 Kinds of Waves. The first column labeled Title 1 has entries the transfer energy is perpendicular to the direction of the wave motion, particles move up and down, particles move only slightly. The second column labeled Title 2 has entries the transfer direction is parallel to the direction of wave motion, particles move side to side, particles move only slightly.
Which best labels the chart?
Title 1 is “Longitudinal Waves,” and Title 2 is “Transverse Waves.”
Title 1 is “Transverse Waves,” and T
its b
i did the quiz and got it right it is b
Answer:
b
Explanation:
took test on edge
What forms of energy are produced when
fossil fuels burn?
When fossil fuels burn, several forms of energy are produced, including:
Heat energy: The primary form of energy released during fossil fuel combustion is heat. Fossil fuels contain chemical energy stored for millions of years, and when they burn, this energy is released in the form of heat. The heat energy can be harnessed for various purposes, such as heating buildings or generating steam to drive turbines.
Light energy: Burning fossil fuels can also produce light energy in the form of flames or glowing embers. This light energy is a byproduct of combustion.
Mechanical energy: Heat generated by burning fossil fuels can be converted into mechanical energy. This is typically achieved by using heat to produce steam, which drives a turbine connected to a generator. The rotating turbine converts the heat energy into mechanical energy, which is further transformed into electrical energy.
Electrical energy: Through the process described above, burning fossil fuels can ultimately generate electrical energy. The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into electrical energy by the generator. Electrical energy can power various devices, appliances, industries, and infrastructure.
It's critical to note that while burning fossil fuels can produce useful forms of energy, it also results in the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. This contributes to climate change and environmental concerns. As a result, there is a global shift towards cleaner and renewable energy sources to mitigate these negative impacts.
A \pu{1.60 g}1.60 g1, point, 60, space, g calcium supplement contains 37.8\%37.8%37, point, 8, percent \ce{Ca}CaC, a by mass. The calcium is present in the supplement as \ce{CaCO3}(s)CaCOX 3 (s) (molar mass \pu{100.09 g/mol}100.09 g/mol100, point, 09, space, g, slash, m, o, l). How many grams of \ce{CaCO3}(s)CaCOX 3 (s) are in the calcium supplement?
A 1.60 g calcium supplement that contains 37.8% Ca by mass, contains 1.51 g of CaCO₃.
We want to calculate the mass of CaCO₃ in a 1.60 g supplement. We need to consider the following relationships.
The mass percent of Ca is 37.8%, that is, there are 37.8 g of Ca every 100 g of supplement.The molar mass of Ca is 40.08 g/mol.The molar ratio of Ca to CaCO₃ is 1:1.The molar mass of CaCO₃ is 100.09 g/mol.\(1.60gSup \times \frac{37.8gCa}{100gSup} \times \frac{1molCa}{40.08gCa} \times \frac{1molCaCO_3}{1molCa} \times \frac{100.09gCaCO_3}{1molCaCO_3} = 1.51gCaCO_3\)
A 1.60 g calcium supplement that contains 37.8% Ca by mass, contains 1.51 g of CaCO₃.
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A 1.60 g calcium supplement contains 37.8% Ca by mass. The calcium is present in the supplement as CaCO₃(s) (molar mass 100.09 g/mol). How many grams of CaCO₃(s) are in the calcium supplement?
a hot liquid located under earth's surface?
Answer:
Magma
Explanation:
Magma is the hot liquid under earths surface