Timers play a crucial role in controlling and tracking time intervals in various applications. Timers, especially retentive timers, offer precise time control and play a vital role in automation processes by enabling accurate timing functions and initiating actions based on time intervals.
There are two main types of timers: retentive and non-retentive. Non-retentive timers lose their accumulated value when the enable input is turned off, while retentive timers retain the accumulated time even when the enable input goes low. Retentive timers are capable of preserving their accumulated values even when the power to the programmable logic controller (PLC) is turned off. The term "retentive" is used to describe the ability of timers and counters to retain their accumulated values, and some PLCs also offer retentive contacts. The enable input (XO) is used to control the accumulation of time in a timer, while the reset line is used to reset the accumulated time to zero. When the accumulated time reaches or exceeds the preset time, the timer output is activated, triggering an action or event.
Timers are essential components in PLC systems, used for various purposes such as controlling cycle times, event durations, and initiating process changes at specific time intervals. The two fundamental types of timers are retentive and non-retentive. A non-retentive timer clears its accumulated value when the enable input is turned off, while a retentive timer maintains the accumulated time even when the enable input goes low. This characteristic allows retentive timers to retain their accumulated values even during power outages or PLC shutdowns. The term "retentive" is commonly used in the context of timers and counters, indicating their ability to retain the accumulated value. In some PLCs, retentive contacts are also available, allowing the retention of specific input states. The enable input, represented by XO, controls the accumulation of time in a timer.
When the XO input is high, the timer accumulates time, and even if it goes low, the timer retains the present accumulated time. To reset the accumulated time in a timer, a reset line is utilized. The reset line must go low to reset the timer, although some timers may work in the opposite manner. When the accumulated value of the timer reaches or exceeds the preset time, the timer output is activated, resulting in the energization of the corresponding output (Yi). This allows the timer to trigger an action or event based on the specified time interval.
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Errors in the output voltage of an opamp can occur if the input signal changes too quickly due to : Select one: a. Limited supply voltages b. Limited input resistance c. None of these d. Limited bandwidth e. Limited voltage gain
Errors in the output voltage of an opamp can occur if the input signal changes too quickly due to Limited bandwidth. An operational amplifier, frequently known as an op-amp, is a voltage amplifier that has two inputs, a positive and a negative, and a single output.
The voltage of the output is generally hundreds of thousands of times greater than the voltage of the input. The voltage difference between the positive and negative inputs is known as the differential input voltage.The output voltage of an op-amp might be affected by limited bandwidth, as it cannot work with a rapid signal modulation. Because an operational amplifier has a limited bandwidth, its output voltage can be distorted if the input signal changes too fast. As a result, a gain or attenuation in the output signal, resulting in signal distortion or the output value of the op-amp not equaling its predicted output value. Thus, it is very important to choose an op-amp that is compatible with your application's bandwidth.
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Could you show me how to calculate the power?
Option #1 - Synchronous Machine Power Rating: 15 kVA Rated Voltage: 220 Vₗₗ
Rated frequency: 60 Hz Number of poles: P = 6 Synchronous reactance: Xs = 2.23 Ω
Field current to Sinusoidal equivalent factor: k = 8.5
Power is a measure of how fast work is done. The power equation is written as P = VI.
where P is power in watts, V is voltage in volts, and I is current in amperes.
When it comes to electrical systems, power is an important consideration. The following is how to calculate power for the given synchronous machine.
Synchronous Machine Power Rating:
15 kVA Rated Voltage: 220 Vₗₗ
Rated frequency: 60 Hz
Number of poles: P = 6
Synchronous reactance:
Xs = 2.23 Ω
Field current to Sinusoidal equivalent factor.
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A student is investigating the particles in a glass window, raindrops on the window, and the air around the window. Assume the window, the raindrops, and the air are all at 25 °C.
Matter can be defined as anything (physical object or body) that has mass and takes up space. Thus, the mass of a physical object measures the amount of matter the object contains.
The states of matter.In Science, water is an example of matter and it exists in three (3) main states or phases such as the following:
SolidLiquidGasBased on scientific records and information, we know that all particles have various degrees of attraction to one another and this can be described as follows:
The glass is a solid and as such the attraction between its particles is strong enough to make them locked in one place. The raindrop is a liquid and as such the attraction between its particles is strong enough to hold them together, but not strong enough to prevent the particles from sliding past each other. The air is a gas and as such there is very little (minimal) attraction between its particles, thereby, making them to move freely.Read more on matter here: https://brainly.com/question/24783543
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Complete Question:
A student is investigating the particles in a glass window, raindrops on the window, and the air around the window. Assume the window, raindrops, and the air are all at 25 degrees Celsius. Identify the particle structure in each sample of matter.
A way to discover which of two classes is the base class and which is the subclass is to . a. look at the class size b. try saying the two class names together c. use polymorphism d. Both a and b are correct
Try reciting the names of the two classes together just to determine which is the base and what is the subclass.
Explain polymorphism and used an example.The capacity of an entity to assume various forms is known as polymorphism. Polymorphism in Java refers to a class's capability to offer various versions of a method depending on the kind of object it receives as a parameter.
What are the different kinds of polymorphism?
Result for polymorphism inside an image
In C++, polymorphism refers to when that object or procedure behaves differently in various settings. Compile-time diversity and real time polymorphism are the two types .
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14. An engine is brought into the shop with a
backfiring problem. Technician A says this
can be the result of a cracked distrib-
Technician B says this problem can
be the result of a faulty carburetor accelerator
pump. Who is right?
problem
utor cap.
he
1.
(A) A only.
(B) B only.
(C) Both A and B.
(D) Neither A nor B.
Answer:
B. To accurately measure spark advance, use a timing light that incorporates an
ignition advance meter. The spark advance cannot be determined by listening to the way the engine sounds.
Developer wishes to construct an office building of 10,000m2 gross floor area, of which 8,000 m2will be available for letting. The construction costs are estimated to be $6,000/m2. In addition, there are ancillary construction costs of $400,000 in laying roads and sewers to the building. Professional fees are estimated to total 13% of construction costs. Short-term finance is available at 16%. The expected rent is $3,000/m2 p.a. net. The developer wishes to see a return for risk and profit of 20% of development value. The pre-contract period is expected to be 6 months, the building work is estimated to take 15 months, and a period of 3 months has been allowed for letting. The developer intends to sell the completed and fully let development to a financial institution, and it is anticipated that an initial yield of 7% will be required. Within these parameters, the value of the site has to be established.
The value of the site is $10,472,000.
Here are the calculations:The total construction costs are:
$6,000/m2 * 10,000m2 + $400,000 = $64,000,000
The professional fees are:
$64,000,000 * 0.13 = $8,320,000
The total development costs are:
$64,000,000 + $8,320,000 = $72,320,000
The developer's return for risk and profit is:
$72,320,000 * 0.20 = $14,464,000
The total cost of the development is:
$72,320,000 + $14,464,000 = $86,784,000
The expected rent is:
$3,000/m2 * 8,000m2 * 12 months = $28,800,000
The initial yield is:
$28,800,000 * 0.07 = $2,016,000
The value of the site is:
$86,784,000 - $2,016,000 = $10,472,000
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12. Which of the following letter doesn't still the same when its viewed
in a mirror?
Α. Ε
B. W
C.S.
D. B
Answer:
the correct answer is option B. W
Answer:
it is b and w
Explanation:
pls mark as brainlist
During which step of a free-radical chain-growth polymerization does the polymer actually grow or chain extend?.
During propagation step of a free-radical chain-growth polymerization does the polymer actually grow or chain extend.
What is radical chain-growth polymerization?
The process of free-radical chain growth in polymers. Common free-radical reactions include polymerizations using free-radical mechanisms. The formation of radicals is the initiation, the development of the products is the propagation, and the ending of the free-radical chain reactions is the termination.What distinguishes step growth polymerization from chain growth polymerization?
The polymer chain in chain growth always expands one monomer at a time. The polymer chain doubles with each step of step development. The polymer chain's rate of expansion is drastically different in these two situations as a result. Every coupling step causes chain growth, which causes the chain length to gradually expand.Learn more about radical chain-growth polymerization
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What frequency bands are used primarily for short range distances select all the nearby?
The frequency bands that are used primarily for short-range distances include the following:
The upper portion of the VHF band (225 MHz to 300 MHz).The lower portion of the UHF band (300 MHz to 400 MHz).What is GSM?GSM is an abbreviation for global system for mobile communication and it can be defined as an open and digital cellular network technology that is designed and developed to be used for the transmission of both mobile voice and data services at the same time.
In Computer technology and networking, the global system for mobile communication (GSM) is typically designed and developed to operates at the following bands of frequencies:
850 MHz900 MHz1800 MHz1900 MHzIn this context, we can infer and logically deduce that the frequency bands that are used primarily for short-range distances such as PAN, include the following:
The upper portion of the VHF band (225 MHz to 300 MHz).The lower portion of the UHF band (300 MHz to 400 MHz).Read more on frequency bands here: https://brainly.com/question/19097094
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______ signs warn drivers of work zones and provide clues as to the conditions ahead.
Answer:
Orange signs
Explanation:
Got it right on the test
What braking system would be the most unsafe for a car going over 200mph?
Answer:
Deactivated Anti-Lock Braking System
Explanation:
Well this actually depends on the vehicles braking function
I'd say in this case not sure if ABS coz it prevents the vehicle from slipping while braking...
On the otherside ESP is inportant for it stability
To loosen a frozen valve, a force F of magnitude 100 lb is applied to the handle of the valve. Knowing that θ = 25° and the moments about the coordinate axes are Mx = −61 lb⋅ft and Mz = −43 lb⋅ft, determine Φ and d.
Valve freezing is mostly caused by pressure drops in the gas passing through them.
What is Frozen valve?According to the "Joule-Thomson Effect," the gas's temperature decreases by 6 to 8 degrees (F) for every 100 psi reduced across a valve.
Every gas contains a small amount of moisture. This implies that you should be mindful of the possibility of freezing whenever your procedure involves considerable pressure decreases.
When the outside temperature falls below 32 degrees Fahrenheit, valve insulation jackets, which don't offer much protection to the valve internals, and even steam, which has the unintended consequence of hastening the deterioration of the valve's seats and seals.
Therefore, Valve freezing is mostly caused by pressure drops in the gas passing through them.
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are trains cool because if they are then my dad didn't beat me
Answer:
I think trains are pretty awesome. There's a train in japan that levitates slightly and runs on magnetism. Pretty amazing. It's super fast too
11. Technicians A and B are discussing
hybrid engines. Technician A says that idle
stop in HEVs and EREVs is a safety feature
for technicians. Technician B says that
high viscosity engine oil should be used
with most hybrid electric vehicles. Who is
correct?
O A. Technician A
B. Technician B
C. Neither Technician A nor B
D. Both Technicians A and B
Answer:
C. Neither Technician A nor B
Explanation:
Just took the test
The railroad-car system discussed in Problems 2.29 and 5.31 is shown in Fig. P6.22. The system parameters are [3] Locomotive mass m 1
​
=12,000 kg Car mass m 2
​
=m 3
​
=9000 kg Coupler stiffness k=5.2(10 6
)N/m Coupler friction b=2.6(10 4
)N−s/m Rolling friction b r
​
=3(10 4
)N−s/m Obtain the dynamic response using Simulink. The system is initially at rest (equilibrium). The locomotive force is modeled by a 200-kN step function applied at time t=0 s plus a quadratic term: F a
​
(t)={ 2(10 5
)+5000t 2
2.2(10 6
)
​
for 0
for t≥20
​
(in N) The locomotive force increases at a quadratic rate until t=20 s and then remains constant at 2.2(10 6
)N. Plot the velocity of the locomotive vs. time and the relative displacement of the first coupler (z 1
​
−z 2
​
) vs. time for a simulation time of 25 s. What is the final speed of the locomotive in mph? [Hint: use the Saturation block from the Discontinuities library to limit the locomotive force so it never exceeds 2.2(10 6
)N] Figure P6.22
The problem involves a railroad-car system with given parameters and a locomotive force modeled by a step function and a quadratic term.
You are required to obtain the dynamic response of the system using Simulink and plot the velocity of the locomotive and the relative displacement of the first coupler.
Additionally, you need to calculate the final speed of the locomotive in mph.
To solve this problem, you can follow the following steps:
Create a Simulink model with the given system parameters. The model should include blocks for the locomotive force, coupler stiffness, coupler friction, rolling friction, and the mass and inertia of the locomotive and cars.Model the locomotive force using a Sum block that adds the step function and the quadratic term. Use a Saturation block from the Discontinuities library to limit the force to a maximum of 2.2(10⁶) N.Simulate the model for a time of 25 s using a Solver Configuration block. Use the ode45 solver with a relative tolerance of 1e-6 and an absolute tolerance of 1e-8.Add blocks to calculate the velocity of the locomotive and the relative displacement of the first coupler. Plot the results using Scope blocks.To calculate the final speed of the locomotive in mph, you need to convert the velocity from m/s to mph. This can be done by multiplying the velocity in m/s by 2.23694.Learn more about railroad-car system
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A helicopter landing pad is to be constructed over an area of 40 ft by 70 ft. It is to be 2 ft thick. How many cubic feet must be ordered?
The volume of cuboid in cubic feet which must be ordered is equal to 5,600 cubic feet.
Given the following data:
Length of helicopter landing pad = 40 ft.
Width of helicopter landing pad = 70 ft.
Height or thickness of helicopter landing pad = 2 ft.
How to calculate the volume of a geometric figure?Based on the information provided, we can reasonably infer and logically deduce that the shape of this helicopter landing pad is a cuboid.
Mathematically, the volume of a cuboid can be calculated by using this following formula:
Volume = l × w × h
Where:
l represents the length of a cuboid.w represents the width of a cuboid.h represents the height of a cuboid.Substituting the given parameters into the formula, we have;
Volume = 40 × 70 × 2
Volume = 5,600 cubic feet.
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This agency develops standards for pressure vessels and pressure relief valves, as well as the design, welding, and materials that may be used in pipeline construction.
Select one:
a. American Petroleum Institute
b. American Society of Mechanical Engineers
c. American Gas Association
d. National Fire Protection Association
Answer:
b. American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Explanation:
The "American Society of Mechanical Engineers" (ASME) is an organization that ensures the development of engineering fields. It is an accreditation organization that ensures parties will comply to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code or BPVC.
The BPVC is a standard being followed by ASME in order to regulate the different pressure vessels and valves. Such standard prevents boiler explosion incidents.
R1 = 7926 Ω, R2 = 327 Ω, and R3 = 5802 Ω, and 600 V is applied between A and B. What is the current flow through R3?
You add up the individual resistances to determine the total overall resistance of several resistors connected in this manner.The formula used for this is as follows:Total R = R1 plus R2 plus R3 and so on
Solve the problem ?According to symmetry a and b are at same potential. So current in R3 is zero.The following equation can be used to calculate the TOTAL RESISTANCE in a parallel circuit: 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 "Remember what we stated at the beginning of this section before we begin the calculations: "A parallel circuit's total resistance is not equal to the sum of its resistors (like in a series circuit). The current through R2 is V2/R2 because R2 appears to be grounded (to source V2), and the current through R3 is V3/R3 because R3 appears to be grounded.The voltage drop in RF, and consequently the output voltage, are equal to (Iin + V2/R2 V3/R3)RF, much like for current sources.Diagram 30-11. The electric potential difference (V) across each resistor in a parallel circuit is the same.Ohm's law states that I = V / R applies to the current in a resistor.The current will be lowest where the resistance is highest since the V is the same for each resistor.To learn more about resistances refer
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How can you throw a ball as hard as you can and have it come back to you, even if it doesn't
bounce off anything? There is nothing attached to it, and no one else catches or throws it back to
you.
Answer:
Magic
Explanation:
magic is the answer to everything unexplainable
An aluminum rod is press fitted onto an aluminum collar. The collar has an inner radius of 1 cm and an outer radius of 2 cm. Given the rod has a diameter of 2.01cm and the young's modulus of aluminum is 69 GPa
The question is incomplete. The complete question is --
An aluminum rod is press fitted onto an aluminum collar. The collar has an inner radius of 1 cm and an outer radius of 2 cm. Given the rod has a diameter of 1.01 cm and the young's modulus of aluminum is 69 GPa, determine the following :
1. the interference value, i
2. the radial pressure at the interference of the collar and the rod
3. the maximum effective stress in the collar
4. if the yield strength of aluminium is 200 MPa and assume a safety factor of 1.5, will the aluminium collar break
Solution:
Given :
Inner radius of the collar = 1 cm
So, inner diameter, \($d_1$\) = 2 cm
Outer radius of the collar = 12 cm
So, outer diameter, \($d_2$\) = 4 cm
The aluminium rod diameter, d = 1.01 cm
Now, from the figure, we can see that there will be no interference and so the rod will easily insert inside the collar.
1. So, the interference , i =0
2. The radial pressure is also 0.
3. There will be no stress developed. So the maximum effective stress is 0
4. The collar will not break
For a brass alloy, the following engineering stresses produce the corresponding plastic engineering strains prior to necking:
Engineering Stress (MPa) Engineering Strain
315 0.105
340 0.220
On the basis of this information, compute the corresponding true stresses and true strains.
Answer:
The engineering stress necessary to produce an engineering strain of 0.28 is 339 MpaExplanation:
On the basis of this information, we are going to compute the engineering stress necessary to produce an engineering strain of 0.28.
Engineering Engineering Stress (MPa) Strain315 0.105 340 0.220For clarity and you will find the solving in the attached file for your reference.
should you need further information do let me know.
given the Boolean expression for F(A,B,C)
F(AB,C) = AB+ ABC
. How many binary input comibinations are there for the output funtion F(A,B,C) to be 1
No of variables in Boolean expression is 3 i.e A,B,C
n=3Number of input combinations.
\(\\ \sf\longmapsto 2^n\)
\(\\ \sf\longmapsto 2^3\)
\(\\ \sf\longmapsto 8\)
It will follow the octal table.
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
110
We know the rule .
If there is 1 present then output comes 1.Only 000 has no 1sSo
no of outputs which are 1=8-1=7.
identify the top five (5) security frameworks from the assigned reading and explain them each in your own words using one or two sentences
The following are the top five security frameworks based on the prescribed reading The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework is a comprehensive framework.
that provides a common vocabulary and a systematic method to managing cybersecurity risk ISO 27001 is a global information security management standard that specifies the standards for an information security management system (ISMS) COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology) is a framework that assists firms in aligning IT with business objectives while simultaneously controlling risks and complying with laws The Center for Internet Security established the CIS Controls, which are a prioritized set of measures that businesses may take to strengthen their cybersecurity posture. PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) Is a collection of rules designed by major credit card firms for safeguarding credit and debit card transactions.
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A cylindrical vessel is pressurized to 1.7 MPa. The structure on which the vessel rests becomes damaged, resulting in uneven support that causes a twisting moment T0 of 8 106 N-m on the vessel. The vessel has an outer diameter of 2.5 m and a wall thickness of 50 mm. The steel wall has a uniaxial yield strength of 600 MPa. Determine the factor of safety with respect to yielding (a) assuming a maximum shear stress yield criterion and (b) assuming a von Mises yield criterion.
Answer:
a) 15.075 , b ) 12.9
Explanation:
pressure on cylindrical vessel = 1.7 MPa
Twisting moment due to pressure = To of 8( 10^6 ) N-m
outer diameter of vessel = 2.5 m
wall thickness of vessel = 50 mm
Steel wall uniaxial yield strength = 600 MPa
Calculate the factor of safety
a) assuming a max shear stress yield criterion
safety factor = 15.075
b) assuming a von Mises yield criterion
safety factor = 12.9
attached below is the detailed solution of the problem
in a regular pyramid, the slant height is always longer than a lateral edge of the pyramid. true or false
The statement "In a regular pyramid, the slant height is always longer than a lateral edge of the pyramid" is false.
In a regular pyramid, the slant height refers to the distance from the apex (top) of the pyramid to any point on the lateral face, measured along the slanted surface. A lateral edge, on the other hand, refers to the length of an edge that connects the apex to a vertex of the base.
In a regular pyramid, the slant height and the lateral edge are typically not equal to each other. The slant height is generally longer than a lateral edge. This can be understood by considering the shape of a regular pyramid, where the slant height forms a diagonal along the lateral face, while the lateral edge is a straight line connecting the apex and a vertex of the base.
However, it is important to note that the specific lengths of the slant height and lateral edge depend on the dimensions of the pyramid, such as the base size and the height. The relationship between the slant height and lateral edge can vary depending on the specific measurements of the regular pyramid.
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The letters, A, B, C, D , E are put in a random order. What is the probability that none of them is in the right position. That is, what are the chances that A is not is the 1st position, nor is B in the 2nd position, nor is C in the 3rd position, nor is D in the 4th position, nor is E in the 5th position
The probability that none of the letters A, B, C, D , and E is in the correct position is 11/30
How to find the probability that none of the letters are on the right positionprobability that none of them is in the right position
= 1 - Probability they are in right positions
probability is solved with the formula
= required outcome / total outcome
5 letters can be arranged in 5! ways, hence total outcome
= 5!
= 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1
= 120 ways
There is 5 required outcome of positioning the letters right
1. chance that all the letters are in the right position = 1
2. chance that 4 of the letters are in the right position = 0
This is zero because it is same as the first. If 4 are in the right position the all are in the right position.
3. chance that 3 of the letters are in the right position
= ⁵C₃ * 1
= 10
4. chance that 2 of the letters are in the right position
= (⁵C₂) * 2
= 10 * 2
= 20
5. chance that 1 of the letters are in the right position
= (⁵C₁) * 9
= 5 * 9
= 45
sum of the outcomes = 76
probability = required outcome / total outcome
= 76/120
probability that none of them is in the right position
= 1 - 76/120
= 11/30
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What are these tools called need help with it?
Answer:
those look like clamps
Explanation:
A horizontal force P is applied to a 130 kN box resting on a 33 incline. The line of action of P passes through the center of gravity of the box. The box is 5m wide x 5m tall, and the coefficient of static friction between the box and the surface is u=0.15. Determine the smallest magnitude of the force P that will cause the box to slip or tip first. Specify what will happen first, slipping or tipping.
Answer:
SECTION LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Distinguish between static friction and kinetic friction
Solve problems involving inclined planes
Section Key Terms
kinetic friction static friction
Static Friction and Kinetic Friction
Recall from the previous chapter that friction is a force that opposes motion, and is around us all the time. Friction allows us to move, which you have discovered if you have ever tried to walk on ice.
There are different types of friction—kinetic and static. Kinetic friction acts on an object in motion, while static friction acts on an object or system at rest. The maximum static friction is usually greater than the kinetic friction between the objects.
Imagine, for example, trying to slide a heavy crate across a concrete floor. You may push harder and harder on the crate and not move it at all. This means that the static friction responds to what you do—it increases to be equal to and in the opposite direction of your push. But if you finally push hard enough, the crate seems to slip suddenly and starts to move. Once in motion, it is easier to keep it in motion than it was to get it started because the kinetic friction force is less than the static friction force. If you were to add mass to the crate, (for example, by placing a box on top of it) you would need to push even harder to get it started and also to keep it moving. If, on the other hand, you oiled the concrete you would find it easier to get the crate started and keep it going.
Figure 5.33 shows how friction occurs at the interface between two objects. Magnifying these surfaces shows that they are rough on the microscopic level. So when you push to get an object moving (in this case, a crate), you must raise the object until it can skip along with just the tips of the surface hitting, break off the points, or do both. The harder the surfaces are pushed together (such as if another box is placed on the crate), the more force is needed to move them.
Process synchronization can be done on
Answer:
it is c) both (a) and (b)
Explanation:
he boundary between two metal grains provides all but which of the following? a) an impediment to dislocation movements b) a basis for an increase in the elastic modulus c) a site for the nucleation of a new phase d) interference to slip
The boundary between two metal grains is known as a grain boundary. It can play several roles in the material's mechanical behavior.
It can act as an impediment to dislocation movements, which can increase the material's strength. Additionally, it can provide a basis for an increase in the elastic modulus, which measures the material's resistance to deformation under stress. It can also serve as a site for the nucleation of a new phase, which can affect the material's microstructure and properties. However, the grain boundary does not typically interfere with slip, which is the movement of dislocations through a crystal lattice. Rather, it can impede or facilitate the motion of dislocations depending on the boundary's orientation and characteristics.
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