Under acidic conditions, the first step of nucleophilic addition to an aldehyde is: a. Proton transfer to carbonyl oxygen b. Nucleophilic attack of the carbonyl carbon c. Formation of an enolate ion d. Formation of a hydrazone

Answers

Answer 1

Under acidic conditions, the first step of nucleophilic addition to an aldehyde is proton transfer to carbonyl oxygen. This results in the formation of a resonance-stabilized intermediate known as the protonated hemiacetal.

Subsequently, the nucleophile can attack the carbonyl carbon, leading to the formation of a new carbon-oxygen bond and the elimination of the protonated leaving group. Option b, nucleophilic attack of the carbonyl carbon, is the second step of the reaction. Option c, formation of an enolate ion, occurs under basic conditions, while option d, formation of a hydrazone, involves the reaction of the aldehyde with hydrazine and is not typically the first step in a nucleophilic addition reaction.
Under acidic conditions, the first step of nucleophilic addition to an aldehyde is: a. Proton transfer to carbonyl oxygen.

In this step, the acidic conditions provide a proton (H+) that is transferred to the carbonyl oxygen, which has a partial negative charge due to its electronegativity. This protonation of the carbonyl oxygen makes the carbonyl carbon more electrophilic, allowing the subsequent nucleophilic attack to occur more easily.

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Related Questions

why sahlis method most frequently employed as routines test

Answers

The fundamental idea behind Sahli's acid haematin technique is that hemoglobin is changed into acid haematin by the action of HCl, which results in a brown color.

The International Committee for Standardization in Haematology recommends the direct cyanmethaemoglobin method2 as the method that is most frequently used to estimate hemoglobin quantitatively. It is comparatively easy and inexpensive, because it involves the creation of cyanmethaemoglobin, a stable compound3. Blood's hemoglobin content can be found out using Sahli's method. The haemoglobin content of blood samples is determined using Sahli's haemoglobinometer by converting hemoglobin to hematin acid, which is then diluted to produce hematin acid that matches the comparator's color.

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Determine whether each statement is a description of a physical property or a chemical property. Paper burns readily in air. Physical chemical Salt is a solid. Physical chemical.

Answers

Answer:

paper burning is chemical property because burning is a chemical reaction.  salt being a solid is a physical property because phases of matter are physical properties of matter

Answer:

answer  in ppicture

Explanation:

Determine whether each statement is a description of a physical property or a chemical property. Paper

The mass of a block is 12 g and the volume is 6 ml. Calculate the density of the block. (science)

Answers

Answer:

The answer is 2.0 g/mL

Explanation:

The density of a substance can be found by using the formula

\(density = \frac{mass}{volume} \\ \)

From the question

mass = 12 g

volume = 6 mL

We have

\(density = \frac{12}{6} \\ \)

We have the final answer as

2.0 g/mL

Hope this helps you

Answer:

2.0 G/ML

Explanation:

What is a phenotype?*

Answers

Answer:

Phenotype is the term used in genetics for the composite observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers the organism's morphology or physical form and structure, its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological properties, its behavior, and the products of behavior.

Explanation:

I HOPE IT HELPED

Answer:

Explanation:

Just for future reference here's an easy way to remember it PHenotype is the PHysical characteristics

and here's the actual definition: the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

A radioactive element has a half life of 10 days how many days would it take for 1000 grams of it to decay to 125 grams

Answers

A radioactive element has a half life of 10 days then there are  7 days would it take for 1000 grams of it to decay to 125 grams .

Calculation ,

radioactive element has a half life = 10 days ( given )

Kt = 0.069

K = 0.069 / t

K = 0.069 /  10 days = 0.0069

Kt = ㏑a/a-x

where ,

a = concentration of radioactive element at time 0  = 1000 grams

a-x = concentration of radioactive element at time t = 125 grams

Putting the value of a , a- x and K in equation ( i ) we get ,

0.0069 × t = ㏑1000 grams/125 grams = ㏑8 = 2.07

t= 2.07 / 0.0069 = 7 .05 days or 7 days

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What is the molar mass of cholesterol if 0.00105 mol weigh 0.406 g?

Answers

Answer:

387 g/mol

Explanation:

The molar mass is a ratio comparing a substance's mass and molar value. The specific ratio looks like this:

Molar Mass (g/mol) = mass (g) / moles

You can plug the given values into the ratio to find the molar mass.

Molar Mass = mass / moles

Molar Mass = 0.406 g / 0.00105 mol

Molar Mass = 387 g/mol

In your OWN words, what is the difference between a solute, solvent and solution??

Answers

Answer:

A solution is a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute dissolved into a solvent . The solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the dissolving medium.

Explanation:

Atoms lose or gain electrons to become like a _____________.

Answers

I think it’s an ion?

Please help me!!!

The graph below represents the heating of water in a pot. At 150 seconds, the water has just reached a boil. If the heat is left on, what will happen to the temperature and volume of water in the pot? (All temperatures in °C.)


A. The temperature will rise, and the water volume will decrease.

B. The temperature will rise, and the water volume will remain constant.

C. The temperature will remain constant, and the water volume will decrease.

D. The temperature will remain constant, and the water volume will remain constant.

Please help me!!!The graph below represents the heating of water in a pot. At 150 seconds, the water

Answers

So technicaly the answer is D

According to our textbook, write the formula for the anhydrous compound that was part of the mixture called natron that was used by the Egyptians. What did they use this compound for and what was the name of the resulting hydrate that formed?

Answers

Answer:

The formula for the anhydrous compound that was part of the mixture called natron that was used by the Egyptians is Na2(CO3)10(H2O).

They use this compound for medicine, cookery, agriculture, in glass-making and to dehydrate egyptian mummies.

Compound of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate was the name of the resulting hydrate that formed.

How many films did sean connery play james bond in:

Answers

Sean Connery played James Bond in following 6 films:

- Dr No.
- Goldfinger
- Thunderball
- Diamonds are forever
- You only Live Twice
- Never say Never again

Hope this helps! Please make me the brainliest, it’s not necessary but appreciated, I put a lot of effort and research into my answers. Have a good day, stay safe and stay healthy, and have a happy New Years!!!

Sarah measures out 151 grams of SO2. How many moles is this? Express your answer to three significant figures.

Answers

Answer:

\(\boxed {\boxed {\sf 2.36 \ mol \ SO_2}}\)

Explanation:

We are asked to convert grams to moles. We will use the molar mass and dimensional analysis to perform this conversion.

1. Molar Mass

The molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of a substance. These values are found on the Periodic Table because they are equivalent to the atomic masses, but the units are grams per mole instead.

We are given a mass of sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Look up the molar masses of the individual elements.

Sulfur (S): 32.07 g/mol Oxygen (O): 15.999 g/mol

Notice that the formula of the compound contains a subscript. The subscript after O means there are 2 moles of oxygen in 1 mole of sulfur dioxide. We must multiply oxygen's molar mass before adding sulfur's.

O₂: 15.999 * 2 = 31.998 g/mol SO₂= 32.07 + 31.998 = 64.068 g/mol

2. Convert Grams to Moles

Now we will use dimensional analysis to convert grams to moles. From the molar mass, we know there are 64.068 grams of sulfur dioxide per mole, so we can set up a ratio.

\(\frac {64.068 \ g \ SO_2} {1 \ mol \ SO_2}\)

We are converting 151 grams to moles, so we multiply by this value.

\(151 \ g \ SO_2 *\frac {64.068 \ g \ SO_2} {1 \ mol \ SO_2}\)

Flip the ratio so the units of grams of sulfur dioxide cancel.

\(151 \ g \ SO_2 *\frac {1 \ mol \ SO_2}{64.068 \ g \ SO_2}\)

\(151 *\frac {1 \ mol \ SO_2}{64.068 }\)

\(\frac {151}{64.068 } \ mol \ SO_2\)

\(2.356870825 \ mol \ SO_2\)

3. Round

The original measurement of grams (151) has 3 significant figures, so our answer must have the same. For the number we calculated, that is the hundredth place. The 6 in the thousandth place tells us to round the 5 in the hundredth up to a 6.

\(2.36 \ mol \ SO_2\)

151 grams of sulfur dioxide is approximately 2.36 moles of sulfur dioxide.

When rock is broken down and disintegrated without any chemical alterations, the process in operation is Group of answer choices physical weathering. hydrolysis. carbonation. chemical weathering.

Answers

When rock is broken down and disintegrated without any chemical alterations, the process in operation is a. physical weathering.

Physical weathering, also known as mechanical weathering, involves the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces due to external forces such as temperature changes, freeze-thaw cycles, water, wind, and plant roots. Unlike chemical weathering, which involves chemical reactions altering the composition of the rock, physical weathering does not change the rock's chemical makeup.  Processes like hydrolysis, carbonation, and chemical weathering are different from physical weathering, as they involve chemical alterations. Hydrolysis occurs when water reacts with minerals in the rock, changing their chemical composition.

Carbonation is a specific type of chemical weathering where carbon dioxide in water forms carbonic acid, which reacts with minerals in the rock, resulting in new compounds. Chemical weathering, in general, refers to the processes that chemically alter rock composition, such as oxidation or dissolution. In summary, physical weathering breaks down rocks without changing their chemical composition, while hydrolysis, carbonation, and chemical weathering involve chemical alterations.

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i will give 100 points for help

i will give 100 points for help

Answers

Answer: Hope this helps!

Explanation:

Oxygen has the atomic number 8; its atoms contain 8 protons and 8 electrons. Uranium has the atomic number 92; its atoms contain 92 protons and 92 electrons.

I don't know if this is what your looking for but i think it should help!

i will give 100 points for help

Molecular formula of nitrogen

Answers

Answer:-

The chemical symbol for nitrogen is N2 the chemical formula for nitrogen gas is N2

Explanation:-

The chemical formula for nitrogen gas is N2. Nitrogen gas is one of the diatomic elements, in which one molecule consists of two atoms of the same element bonded by one or more covalent bonds.

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Answer: The molecular formula of nitrogen is N2.

Explanation: The atomic number of nitrogen is 7 as it is the 7th element of the periodic table and its molecular weight is 28.
nitrogen (N), a nonmetallic element of Group 15 [Va] of the periodic table. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is the most plentiful element in Earth's atmosphere and is a constituent of all living matter.

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carl lewis at the 1992 olympics in barcelona, spain, lewis won gold medals for the long jump (28 feet 5.5 inches), this resulted from an initial velocity of 9.5 m/s at an angle of 40 degrees to the horizontal.

Answers

The horizontal component of velocity is constant throughout the motion. The distance traveled by the projectile is given by the equation d = V^2 sin2θ/g where d is the distance traveled.

Carl Lewis at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, won gold medals for the long jump (28 feet 5.5 inches).

This resulted from an initial velocity of 9.5 m/s at an angle of 40 degrees to the horizontal.Initial velocity is the initial speed and direction of a moving object at a particular instant in time.

Its direction is typically measured in degrees, with 0 degrees being to the right, 90 degrees being up, and 180 degrees being to the left. The horizontal is the axis that runs from left to right.

The angle between the horizontal and the initial velocity vector is referred to as the angle of projection. This is usually referred to as the theta symbol.

The vertical component of velocity is equal to the initial velocity multiplied by the sine of the angle of projection. This is due to the fact that velocity can be broken down into horizontal and vertical components.

The horizontal velocity is constant throughout the motion and the vertical velocity changes due to gravity.

Therefore, the vertical component of velocity is zero at the top of the motion and maximum at the bottom.

The maximum height reached by the projectile is given by the equation h = V^2 sin^2θ/2g where h is the maximum height, V is the initial velocity, θ is the angle of projection, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

On the other hand, the horizontal component of velocity is equal to the initial velocity multiplied by the cosine of the angle of projection.

This is due to the fact that velocity can be broken down into horizontal and vertical components.

The horizontal velocity is constant throughout the motion and the vertical velocity changes due to gravity.

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Wat two common uses for Zinc???

Answers

Answer:

Zinc oxide is  used in the manufacture of  many products such as paints, rubber, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics, inks, soaps, batteries, textiles and electrical equipment.

Explanation:

What is the formula of Cobalt (II) Nitride?
A) CONO3
B) CON₂
C) Co₂N
D) C03N₂

Answers

Answer:D) C03N₂

Explanation:

It’s D, trust me with this one

you have an ivpb of ranitidine 50 mg in 50 ml d5w to run over 30 minutes. the tubing has a drip factor of 15. how many drops per minute

Answers

Based on the provided information, the drops per minute is 25gtt/min. (Option A)

Infusion rates or flow rates are adjusted to the desired drops per minute by a clamp on the tubing. The flow rate is calculated in drops per minute (gtts/min).  The IV drip rate is calculated by dividing the total volume (in mL) by time (in minutes) and multiplied by the drop factor (in gtt/mL). The formula of IV drip rate (gtt/min) is given by:

IV drip rate (gtt/min) = (Volume (ml)/Time (min))*Drop factor (gtt/ml)

In the given case,

Volume = 50 ml

Time = 30 min

Drop factor = 15 gtt/min

Hence,

Gtt/min = (50/30)*15 = 1.67*15 = 25gtt/min

Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: You have an IVPB of ranitidine (Zantac) 50 mg in 50 mL DSW to run over 30 minutes. The tubing has a drip factor of 15. How many drops per minute will you set on the IV infusion controller? A. 25 gtts/minute B. 30 gtts/minute C. 45 gtts/minute D. 50 gtts/minute.

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HF or HCl which can form the hydrogen bond? Explain your answer.​

Answers

Answer:

can only form one hydrogen bond each

Explanation:

can only form one hydrogen bond each

what are 3 states of matter that are FLUIDS?

Answers

Answer:

mercury

Explanation:

water, milk

because this are liquid

ASAP. Magnetic field lines cannot be observed using a compass or iron filings.

True or false

Answers

Answer:

false

Explanation:

magnetic field lines can be accurately observed using *iron filling*

False iron fillings and compass can be used

A sample of argon has a pressure of 2.17 atm at 32°C.At what Celsius temperature will the argon sample reach a pressure of 2.83 atm?

Answers

Okay, here are the steps to solve this problem:

1) We are given the pressure (P) of argon at 2.17 atm and temperature (T) of 32°C.

2) We need to find the temperature at which the pressure increases to 2.83 atm.

3) For an ideal gas like argon, the pressure and temperature are directly proportional. We can use Boyle's Law:

P proportional to T (at constant volume)

4) Set up a proportion:

(2.17 atm) / (32°C) = (2.83 atm) / (x °C)

5) Solve for x:

x = (2.83 atm * 32°C) / (2.17 atm)

x = 43°C

Therefore, the argon gas sample will reach a pressure of 2.83 atm at 43°C.

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Give below are the four mixtures. Choose the correct one which can be separated by winnowing. (i) soybean and chickpeas (ii) wheat and rice (iii)cotton and cornflakes (iv)Banana wafers and chips Which of these can be separated by the method of winnowing?

Answers

Answer:

Banana wafers and chips

Explanation:

Winnowing is the process of separating heavier and lighter components of a mixture by blowing air through the mixture. This implies that the relative weight of the particles in the mixture determines whether they can be separated by winnowing or not.

However, chips are heavier than wafers. wafers refer to a very light snack which is easily blown away by a current of air. Hence banana chips and wafers can be separated using the method of winnowing.

What does the respiratory system do for
the human body?

Answers

Answer:It’s helps use take in fresh air and conduct it to carbon

dioxide.

Explanation:Our respiratory system not only helps us turn air to Co2 the frest air also helps refresh our blood when it passes through our heart.

The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means of getting oxygen to the blood. The respiratory system also helps to regulate the acid-base level in the blood. lastly, the respiratory system allows us to vocalize by the movement of exhaled air through the larynx.

brings oxygen into the body

which term best defines the feeding behavior of most gulls?

Answers

Answer:

Gulls, or colloquially seagulls, are seabirds of the family Laridae in the suborder Lari. They are most closely related to the terns and skimmers and only distantly related to auks, and even more distantly to waders. Until the 21st century, most gulls were placed in the genus

20 mL of a saturated solution of KNO3 at 50 degrees Celsius is cooled to 20 degrees Celsius. Approximately what mass of solid will precipitate from this solution?

Answers

Answer:

Approximately 8.8 grams of solid KNO3 will precipitate from the solution when it's cooled from 50 degrees Celsius to 20 degrees Celsius.

Explanation:

The solubility of a solid in a liquid typically decreases as the temperature decreases. As a result, when a saturated solution is cooled, some of the solid may precipitate out of the solution.

The solubility of potassium nitrate (KNO3) in water at 20 degrees Celsius is around 42 grams per 100 milliliters of water. At 50 degrees Celsius the solubility is around 86 grams per 100 milliliters of water.

To find the mass of solid that will precipitate, we can use the difference between the solubility of KNO3 at 20 degrees Celsius and at 50 degrees Celsius.

At 20 degrees Celsius, the solubility of KNO3 is 42 g/100 mL, and at 50 degrees Celsius, the solubility is 86 g/100 mL.

So, the difference between the solubility of KNO3 at 20 degrees Celsius and at 50 degrees Celsius is 86 - 42 = 44 grams per 100 milliliters.

Since we have 20 mL of a saturated solution, we can calculate the mass of the precipitate by multiplying the difference in solubility by the volume of the solution:

44 g/100 mL * 20 mL = 8.8 grams.

So, approximately 8.8 grams of solid KNO3 will precipitate from the solution when it's cooled from 50 degrees Celsius to 20 degrees Celsius.

Please note that this is an approximate calculation and the actual amount of precipitate may vary depending on other factors such as impurities and the specific conditions of the experiment.

Silicon has three naturally occurring isotopes: 92.23% of Si-28 with an atomic weight of 27.9769 amu, 4.68% of Si-29 with an atomic weight of 28.9765 amu, and 3.09% of Si-30 with an atomic weight of 29.9738 amu. Calculate the average atomic weight to 4 significant figures. (Note: The specific isotope for the element is noted as Si-#).

Answers

The average atomic weight of silicon to be approximately 28.0855 amu, rounded to four significant figures.

To calculate the average atomic weight of silicon, we consider the natural abundance of each isotope and its corresponding atomic weight. By multiplying the abundance of each isotope by its atomic weight and summing up the values, we can obtain the average atomic weight of silicon.

We have three isotopes of silicon with their respective abundances and atomic weights:

Si-28 with 92.23% abundance and an atomic weight of 27.9769 amu.

Si-29 with 4.68% abundance and an atomic weight of 28.9765 amu.

Si-30 with 3.09% abundance and an atomic weight of 29.9738 amu.

To calculate the average atomic weight, we multiply the abundance of each isotope by its atomic weight and sum up the values:

Average atomic weight = (abundance of Si-28 * atomic weight of Si-28) + (abundance of Si-29 * atomic weight of Si-29) + (abundance of Si-30 * atomic weight of Si-30)

= (0.9223 * 27.9769) + (0.0468 * 28.9765) + (0.0309 * 29.9738)

Calculating this expression, we find the average atomic weight of silicon to be approximately 28.0855 amu, rounded to four significant figures.

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Which of the following is a non-polar molecule (have no permanent bond dipole moment)? Select the correct answer below: O CO2 be CO O CHO O CHO

Answers

CO₂ is a non-polar molecule. The correct answer is CO₂.

CO₂, which is carbon dioxide, is a non-polar molecule because it has a symmetrical shape and its bond dipoles cancel each other out. In CO₂, the carbon atom is bonded to two oxygen atoms. The molecule has a linear shape, with the carbon atom in the center and the oxygen atoms on either side.

The bond between the carbon atom and each oxygen atom is polar because oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, creating a partial negative charge on the oxygen atoms and a partial positive charge on the carbon atom. However, because the molecule is linear, the bond dipoles are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, effectively canceling each other out.

This results in a non-polar molecule overall, with no permanent bond dipole moment. To summarize, CO₂ is a non-polar molecule because its bond dipoles cancel each other out due to its symmetrical linear shape. Hence, CO₂ is the correct answer.

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WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL REACTION

WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL REACTION

Answers

Answer:

hi

Explanation:

Chemical reactions are an integral part of technology, of culture, and indeed of life itself. Burning fuels, smelting iron, making glass and pottery, brewing beer, and making wine and cheese are among many examples of activities incorporating chemical reactions that have been known and used for thousands of years. Chemical reactions abound in the geology of Earth, in the atmosphere and oceans, and in a vast array of complicated processes that occur in all living systems.

-facts

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write the equation in fully simplified slope intercept form 1 2 3 Why is it better to use the metric system, rather than the English system, in scientific measurement? O The English system uses one unit for each category of measurement. O The metric system uses one unit for each category of measurement. O The English system uses consistent fractions that are multiples of 10. O The metric system utilizes a variety of number conversions. Document Analysis - Introduction to Healing and JusticeDirections: Read the excerpt of the document below, and answer the four analysis questions that follow the excerpt.Document excerpted from:President Abraham Lincolns Second Inaugural Address (March 1865)1"...If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God... having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came...With malice towards none, with charity for all...let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nations wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves"Analysis Questions:1) Close Reading: What does the word malice mean?Evil, some wrong you caused on purpose2) Analysis: President Lincoln states that one of the things the country must do now that the war is over is "bind up the nations wounds". What are some "wounds" or major issues that might have to be addressed from each sides (Union and Confederacy) point of view?3) Analysis: Based on this quote, do you think President Lincoln was advocating for concentrating on healing, ensuring justice for both the Confederate rebels and the formerly enslaved African Americans, or both healing and justice? Cite evidence from the text to support your claims.{I NEED HELP IS IMPORTANT} {NECESITO AYUDA ES IMPORTANTE} SuffiEffi (which stands for Sufficient and Efficient) is a manufacturing company that sells its products to one major customer (a large distributor) who later retails the products through a number of stores. At the beginning of each year, the customer provides an aggregate purchase order for 12 months which will then be divided into smaller individual orders randomly according the projected demand of the distributor. 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The decision is based on the production managers determination to serve customers demands at 100% service level, and the manager is happy to see that SuffiEffis warehouse is always nearly full with ready-stock. The companys trucks are also always ready in front of the warehouse to deliver customers orders. SuffiEffi is also determined to provide the best customer service in terms of quality, especially in handling customer complaints on defective products. To minimise customer complaints, the company provides extra products (around 10%) in each delivery in the hope that they will be sufficient to compensate for the number of defective products that might be found in the delivery batch. In addition, SuffiEffi always provides a quick response in replacing the defective products with the good ones, should the defective products exceed the faulty products. This strategy so far has been effective in reducing customer complaints. The raw material used to make the products is purchased from one supplier that is located not far from SuffiEffis factory with whom it has maintained a long-term relationship. However, the quality of the raw material delivered is not very good which often requires SuffiEffi to consume twice as much of the raw material necessary in making the products. The purchasing manager has identified an alternative supplier that can offer better quality raw material (it is also certified to ISO 9001 standard); however, the price is 15% higher than the current supplier, which causes a concern that changing the supplier will increase operational costs. SuffiEffis management team considers that the company has been doing well so far, but it also welcomes suggestions for potential improvement.Analyse the information presented in the case study and answer the following questions: a. 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