what happens to particles during a physical change?

The number of moles of Na2SO4 that would be produced will be 11.25 moles.

Aluminum sulfate and sodium hydroxide react to produce aluminum hydroxide and sodium sulfate according to the following balanced equation:

\(Al_2(SO4)_3 + 6NaOH -- > 2Al(OH)_3 + 3Na_2SO_4\)

From the equation, the mole ratio of Al(OH)3 to Na2SO4 produced is 2:3. In other words, for every 2 moles of Al(OH)3 formed, 3 moles of Na2SO4 are formed.

Now, 7.5 moles of Al(OH)3 are produced, the equivalent moles of Na2SO4 formed would be:

3/2 x 7.5 = 11.25 moles

In other words, the number of moles of Na2SO4 that would be formed if 7.5 moles of Al(OH)3 are formed will be 11.25 moles.

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Answer:

Vfinal = 22.7 L

Explanation:

PV = nRT

(2.0 atm)(20 L) = n(0.0821 L-atm/K-mol)(273 K)

n = 0.195 moles of CO2

P (final)V (final) = nRT

(380 mmHg)(Vfinal) = (0.195 moles)(0.0821 L-atm/K-mol)(273 K)

Vfinal = 22.7 L

The technique used to separate calcium carbonate from a mixture of calcium carbonate and water is called filtration.

This method involves pouring the mixture through a porous substance, such as filter paper, to keep the solid calcium carbonate in place while allowing water to pass through. After being collected and dried, the resultant residue on the filter paper can be used to make pure calcium carbonate.

Decantation and sedimentation are other potential methods. In this method, the mixture is left to remain for a while, during which the calcium carbonate particles gravitationally sink to the bottom. The calcium carbonate sediment can then be removed by carefully pouring out or decanting the clear water at the top.

Keep in mind that the technique used will rely on the unique characteristics of the combination and the desired level of calcium carbonate purity. Depending on the circumstances, other methods may also be utilized, such as evaporation or centrifugation.

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The positively charged center in an atom is called as Nucleus. It is made up of positively charged protons and neutral sub-atomic particle called as neutrons.

What is meant by protons ?

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Answer:

Explanation:

Here, we want to identify the reducing and the oxidizing agent

The reducing agent is the one that undergoes oxidation while the oxidizing agent is the one that undergoes reduction

While oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, reduction is the gain of electrons

By looking at the componets that gained or loss electrons,we can idenify the oxidizing or reducing agent

From what we have in the guestion, sulfuric acid is the oxidiszing agent as it is the one that undergoes reduction.

Answer:

A

nitrogen (N), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi)

Explanation:

Answer:

A. nitrogen (N), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi)

Explanation:

In a cation of Beryllium with a +1 charge, there Protons=4, Neutrons=4, Electrons=3, hence, option B is correct.

When Beryllium loses one electron to form a cation with a +1 charge, it becomes Be+1. The number of neutrons remains the same as in the neutral atom, which is 4. Option B is the right answer since protons equal 4, neutrons equal 4, and electrons equal 3.

The electron configuration of an ion, such as the +1 charge Beryllium cation, determines its characteristics, which impact its reactivity and chemical behavior.

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The quantitative analysis of different types of acid sites can be performed based on the extinction coefficients of the bands at 1450 and 1540 cm–1. Changes in the integrated absorbance for these bands provide insights into the conversion of Lewis acid sites to Brønsted acid sites upon the introduction of water. Specifically, an increase in the integrated absorbance for the band at 1540 cm–1 and a decrease in the integrated absorbance for the band at 1450 cm–1 are observed.

In this analysis, the integrated intensity changes of the bands at 1450 and 1540 cm–1 are related to the absorptivity (extinction coefficient) for each band. The absorptivity represents the ability of a substance to absorb light at a specific wavelength.

By comparing the changes in the integrated absorbance for the two bands, one can quantify the conversion of Lewis acid sites to Brønsted acid sites. The increase in integrated absorbance for the band at 1540 cm–1 indicates an increase in the concentration of Brønsted acid sites, while the decrease in integrated absorbance for the band at 1450 cm–1 suggests a decrease in the concentration of Lewis acid sites.

These observations provide valuable information about the acid site transformations that occur upon the introduction of water. The extinction coefficients of the bands at 1450 and 1540 cm–1 play a crucial role in quantitatively analyzing the different acid site types.

To delve deeper into the quantitative analysis of acid sites using extinction coefficients and the observed changes in integrated absorbance.

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Answer:

4.17M

Explanation:

m1v1/m2v2=n1/n2

Answer:

m = 1 gram

Explanation:

Given that,

Heat, Q = 84 J

The temperature increases from 10°C to 30°C.

We need to find maximum number of grams of liquid water. We know that the heat required is given by :

\(Q=mc\Delta T\)

c is specific heat of water, c = 4,200 J/kg°C

Use the above formula to find m. So,

\(m=\dfrac{Q}{c\Delta T}\\\\m=\dfrac{84}{4,200\times (30-10)}\\\\m=0.001\ kg\)

or

m = 1 gram

So, the required mass is 1 gram.

The frequency of a red laser that has a wavelength of 676 nm would be 4.43 x \(10^{14\) hertz.

The frequency and wavelength of a wave are related by the following equation:

λf = c

Where λ is the wavelength of the wave in meters, f is the frequency in Hertz, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum.

in this case, λ = 676 nm = 6.76 x \(10^{-7\) m

c = 299,792,458 m/s

Making f the subject of the formula:

f = c/λ

  = 299,792,458/6.76 x \(10^{-7\)

  = 4.43 x \(10^{14\) hertz

In other words, the frequency of a red laser that has a wavelength of 676 nm would be 4.43 x \(10^{14\) hertz.

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Answer:

B.) 1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹

Explanation:

Sodium is the first element in the third period of the periodic table. Because it lies within the "s" block, the highest energy orbital should be an "s" orbital. Because sodium lies within the 3rd period, the highest energy orbital should be "3s". Because sodium is the first in the row, there is only one electron that can occupy the highest energy orbital. Therefore, the electron configuration of sodium is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹. No elements within the third period occupy a "d" orbital.

Ion channels in the axon membrane open and close based on changes in the membrane potential, whereas ion channels in the dendrite membranes open and close based on neurotransmitter binding.

In the axon membrane, ion channels are sensitive to changes in the electrical potential across the membrane. These channels, known as voltage-gated ion channels, respond to specific thresholds of depolarization or hyperpolarization. When the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold, these channels open, allowing the flow of ions such as sodium, potassium, and calcium. This process is crucial for generating and propagating action potentials along the axon.

On the other hand, ion channels in the dendrite membranes are primarily influenced by neurotransmitter binding. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons through synapses. When a neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron and binds to the receptors on the dendrite, it initiates a series of biochemical events that lead to the opening or closing of ion channels. These channels, known as ligand-gated ion channels or ionotropic receptors, are specific to the neurotransmitter they interact with. The opening of these channels allows ions to flow across the dendrite membrane, generating local potentials or synaptic potentials.

In summary, ion channels in the axon membrane open and close based on changes in the membrane potential, whereas ion channels in the dendrite membranes open and close based on neurotransmitter binding. These distinct mechanisms contribute to the overall function of neurons in receiving and transmitting electrical signals.

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The number of the hydrogen atoms that would be required from the diagram is 10.

A Saturated compound has all its carbon atoms connected by single bonds, and each carbon atom is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible. This arrangement allows the compound to have no available or unsaturated bonds for additional atoms.

The compound that is shown must be butane as such the number of the hydrogen atoms that it contains is a total of ten.

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Q1. The formula for the energy levels of hydrogen is E = -13.6 eV/n².

Q2. a) The wavelength for the transition between n=1 and n=6 is approximately 93.5 nm. b) The wavelength for the transition between n=25 and n=26 is approximately 29.46 nm.

Q3. For the transitions in Q2, the relative densities are approximately 0.73 and 0.995, respectively.

Q4. The Lambert-Beers law relates the intensity of light transmitted through an absorber to the absorber's density, cross section for absorption, and position within the medium. It is expressed as I(x) = I₀ * exp(-n * σ(λ) * x).

Q1. The formula for the energy levels of hydrogen is given by the Rydberg formula, which is used to calculate the energy of an electron in the hydrogen atom:

E = -13.6 eV/n²

Where:

- E is the energy of the electron in electron volts (eV).

- n is the principal quantum number, which represents the energy level or shell of the electron.

Q2. a) To find the wavelength (in nm) for a transition between n=1 and n=6 in hydrogen, we can use the Balmer series formula:

1/λ = R_H * (1/n₁² - 1/n₂²)

Where:

- λ is the wavelength of the photon emitted or absorbed in meters (m).

- R_H is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen, approximately 1.097 x 10⁷ m⁻¹.

- n₁ and n₂ are the initial and final energy levels, respectively.

Plugging in the values, we have:

1/λ = (1.097 x 10⁷ m⁻¹) * (1/1² - 1/6²)

1/λ = (1.097 x 10⁷ m⁻¹) * (1 - 1/36)

1/λ = (1.097 x 10⁷ m⁻¹) * (35/36)

1/λ = 1.069 x 10⁷ m⁻¹

λ = 9.35 x 10⁻⁸ m = 93.5 nm

Therefore, the wavelength for the transition between n=1 and n=6 in hydrogen is approximately 93.5 nm.

b) Similarly, to find the wavelength (in nm) for a transition between n=25 and n=26 in hydrogen, we can use the same formula:

1/λ = R_H * (1/n₁² - 1/n₂²)

Plugging in the values:

1/λ = (1.097 x 10⁷ m⁻¹) * (1/25² - 1/26²)

1/λ = (1.097 x 10⁷ m⁻¹) * (1/625 - 1/676)

1/λ = (1.097 x 10⁷ m⁻¹) * (51/164000)

1/λ = 3.396 x 10⁴ m⁻¹

λ = 2.946 x 10⁻⁵ m = 29.46 nm

Therefore, the wavelength for the transition between n=25 and n=26 in hydrogen is approximately 29.46 nm.

Q3. To determine the relative density for each of the transitions in Q2, we need to calculate the ratio of the photon flux between the two states. The relative density is given by the equation:

Relative Density = (I(x2) / I(x1))

Where I(x2) and I(x1) are the photon fluxes at positions x2 and x1, respectively.

For a gas temperature of 300K, the relative density is proportional to the Boltzmann distribution of states, which is given by:

Relative Density = exp(-ΔE/kT)

Where ΔE is the energy difference between the two states, k is the Boltzmann constant (approximately 1.38 x 10⁻²³ J/K), and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

a) For the transition between n=1 and n=6, the energy difference is:

ΔE = E₁ - E₂ = (-13.6 eV / 1²) - (-13.6 eV / 6²)

ΔE = -13.6 eV + 0.6 eV = -13.0 eV

Converting the energy difference to joules:

ΔE = -13.0 eV * 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ J/eV = -2.08 x 10⁻¹⁸ J

Substituting the values into the relative density equation:

Relative Density = exp(-(-2.08 x 10⁻¹⁸ J) / (1.38 x 10⁻²³ J/K * 300 K))

Relative Density ≈ 0.73

Therefore, for the transition between n=1 and n=6, the relative density is approximately 0.73.

b) For the transition between n=25 and n=26, the energy difference is:

ΔE = E₁ - E₂ = (-13.6 eV / 25²) - (-13.6 eV / 26²)

ΔE ≈ -13.6 eV + 0.0585 eV ≈ -13.5415 eV

Converting the energy difference to joules:

ΔE ≈ -13.5415 eV * 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ J/eV ≈ -2.1664 x 10⁻¹⁸ J

Substituting the values into the relative density equation:

Relative Density = exp(-(-2.1664 x 10⁻¹⁸ J) / (1.38 x 10⁻²³ J/K * 300 K))

Relative Density ≈ 0.995

Therefore, for the transition between n=25 and n=26, the relative density is approximately 0.995.

Q4. Derivation of the Lambert-Beers law:

To derive the Lambert-Beers law, we consider a thin slice of the absorber with thickness dx. The intensity of light passing through this slice decreases due to absorption.

The change in intensity, dI, within the slice can be expressed as the product of the intensity at that position, I(x), and the fraction of light absorbed within the slice, nσ(λ)dx:

dI = -I(x) * nσ(λ)dx

The negative sign indicates the decrease in intensity due to absorption.

Integrating this equation from x = 0 to x = x (the total thickness of the absorber), we have:

∫[0,x] dI = -∫[0,x] I(x) * nσ(λ)dx

The left-hand side represents the total change in intensity, which is equal to I₀ - I(x) since the initial intensity is I₀.

∫[0,x] dI = I₀ - I(x)

Substituting this into the equation:

I₀ - I(x) = -∫[0,x] I(x) * nσ(λ)dx

Rearranging the equation:

I(x) = I₀ * exp(-nσ(λ)x)

This is the Lambert-Beers law, which shows the exponential decrease in intensity (photon flux) as light passes through an absorber. The law quantifies the dependence of intensity on the density of the absorber, the absorption cross section, and the position within the absorber.

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Answer:

they often form hydroxide ions

Explanation:

Answer:

Letter B

Explanation:

The shape of the molecule affects its function as it determines it's properties  and interactions.

Molecular shapes or more precisely geometry of molecules is a three dimensional arrangement by which atoms and chemical  bonds are present in a molecule .Molecular shapes affects many properties of a molecule like it's color, reactivity  and action.

The molecular shapes are important as they  play a vital  role in determining macroscopic properties like melting and boiling points. It also helps in prediction of the way by which the molecule reacts with the other molecule.

It majorly affects physical and chemical properties of compounds .The shape of the molecule is mostly determined by the repulsion caused among valence electrons which is stated by valence shell electron pair repulsion theory.

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Changing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a significant impact on the Earth's temperature and the presence of life.

Carbon dioxide plays a crucial role in the greenhouse effect, which regulates the planet's temperature. Without carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the Earth would be significantly cooler.

The presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is essential for supporting life on Earth. Carbon dioxide, along with other greenhouse gases, acts as a blanket that traps heat and prevents it from escaping into space. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect.

When sunlight reaches the Earth's surface, some of the energy is absorbed, while the rest is reflected back into space. The absorbed energy warms the Earth. However, a portion of this reflected energy is trapped by greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere. These gases reemit the energy in all directions, including back to the Earth's surface, thus further contributing to the warming effect.

By increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect intensifies. This leads to an increase in the Earth's temperature, often referred to as global warming or climate change. The additional carbon dioxide enhances the heat-trapping ability of the atmosphere, causing a rise in average global temperatures.

Conversely, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would have a cooling effect. The absence of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases would result in a significant decrease in the Earth's temperature. In fact, without these gases, the Earth would be approximately 59°F (33°C) cooler, making it inhospitable for many forms of life as we know it.

Therefore, altering the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere directly impacts the Earth's temperature and climate, influencing the conditions necessary for the existence of life on our planet.

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The standard potential for the given galvanic cell is +1.06 V.

To calculate the standard potential for the given galvanic cell, we need to determine the individual reduction potentials of the half-reactions and then subtract the potential of the anode (where oxidation occurs) from the potential of the cathode (where reduction occurs).

Given reduction half-reaction potentials:

Ag+(aq) + e^− → Ag(s): E∘ = +0.80 V

Ni2+(aq) + 2e^− → Ni(s): E∘ = -0.26 V

Since we have the reduction potentials for both half-reactions, we can directly calculate the standard potential for the cell:

E∘(cell) = E∘(cathode) - E∘(anode)

= E∘(Ag+(aq) + e^− → Ag(s)) - E∘(Ni2+(aq) + 2e^− → Ni(s))

E∘(cell) = +0.80 V - (-0.26 V)

= +1.06 V

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liquid water For example, the limited temperature range of liquid water (0°C–100°C) severely limits its use. Aqueous solutions have both a lower freezing point and a higher boiling point than pure water.

How hot (or energetic) a substance or radiation is can be quantified by a physical value called temperature.

There are three different types of temperature scales: those like the SI scale that are defined in terms of the average translational kinetic energy per freely moving microscopic particle, like an atom, molecule, or electron in a body; those that only rely on strictly macroscopic properties and thermodynamic principles, like Kelvin's original definition; and those that are defined by actual empirical properties of particulates rather than by theoretical principles.

Temperature is gauged using a thermometer. It is calibrated using a variety of temperature scales that historically defined themselves using various reference points and thermometric materials. The most widely used scale is the Celsius scale, previously called as "centigrade."

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A decomposition reaction is one in which a single chemical disintegrates into less complex elements.

One material is created from several reactants in a composition reaction. Multiple products are created from a single reactant in a decomposition process. When a chemical and oxygen are combined, the result is a combustion reaction that produces oxides of other elements as a byproduct (although nitrogen atoms react to make N 2).

Decomposition reactions - These processes take place when a complex substance disintegrates into two or simpler ones. One illustration is the electrolysis of water, which produces hydrogen and oxygen gas when an electric current is conducted through the water.

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False. Carbon disulfide is not prepared by the reaction of coke carbon with sulfur dioxide. Instead, it is primarily produced by the reaction of carbon or hydrocarbon fuels with sulfur vapor at high temperatures, typically around 900°C.

This reaction is known as the "dry carbonization" process and produces carbon disulfide as the main product, along with carbon monoxide as a byproduct.

The process involves passing the sulfur vapor over hot coal or hydrocarbon fuel, which leads to the production of carbon disulfide gas.

Carbon disulfide is an important industrial solvent and is used in various applications, including in the production of viscose rayon fibers, pesticides, and rubber chemicals.

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A ceiling level is a level that is not to be exceeded at any time.

A ceiling level refers to the maximum concentration of a substance that should never be surpassed in the given environment, such as a workplace or laboratory, to ensure safety and prevent any harmful effects.This indicates that regardless of the length of time, a worker exposed to a concentration greater than the CEV may experience health impacts. This exposure cap is closely adhered to for chemicals and biological agents that might have long-term negative impacts on health.

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Answer:

question for you how does this app work old tell me

2 moles or 168 g of sodium hydrogen  trioxocarbonate produce 106 g of sodium trioxocarbonate. Thus 16.8 g of sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate will produce 10.6 g of sodium trioxocarbonate.

Decomposition is a type of chemical change in which the a compound decompose or break into its constituent compounds or molecules.

The decomposition of sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate is written as follows:

\(2NaHCO_{3} \rightarrow Na_{2} CO_{3} + H_{2}O +CO_{2}\)

According to this equation 2 moles or 168 g of sodium hydrogen  trioxocarbonate produce 106 g or one moles of sodium trioxocarbonate. Molar mass of sodium bicarbonate is 84 g thus 2 moles are 168 g.

Thus, the mass of sodium trioxocarbonate formed from 16.8 g of sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate is calculated as follows:

mass of product = 16.8 × 106 /168 g

                           = 10.6 g.

Hence,  Thus 16.8 g of sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate will produce 10.6 g of sodium trioxocarbonate.

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Answer:

see this

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

The work done by an object can be found by using the formula

workdone = force × distance

From the question we have

workdone = 500 × 4

We have the final answer as

Hope this helps you