what is the purpoes of primers? how do they get removed following dna replication in vivo?how are the primers different during in vivo vs in vitro

Answers

Answer 1

The Primer is a short DNA fragment to synthesize the new DNA strands.

The target sequence's flanking region's sequence is complementary to the primers' brief synthetic single-stranded DNA molecules. Any desired base sequence for primers can be produced chemically through the chemical synthesis of these DNA molecules. Primers are over the template by millions of folds since each new DNA strand will start with one. Thus, it is essential to understand the template sequence on each side of the DNA region that needs to be amplified. Biotechnology supply businesses offer commercial DNA polymerases and dNTPs. By extending DNA from the primer's 3' end, the DNA polymerase duplicates DNA and creates a new DNA strand. Similar to cellular replication, there are twice as many DNA molecules at the end of the first cycle. However, with PCR, steps 1-3 are performed repeatedly, typically for 25 to 30 cycles.

Hence, primer is short sequence provided in PCR to initiate polymerization.

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Related Questions

tumors that originate within the central nervous system (cns) are due to __________.

Answers

Answer: Uncontrolled divisions of neuroglia.

Explanation:

The autoclave holds and consistently for long enough to kill all microorganisms and spore on items with the chamber.

Answers

Autoclave is a steam sterilizing machine. They are used in health care, food industries, and laboratory applications. The autoclave machine is cylindrical in shape. The working principle of autoclave is the use of steam to kill microorganisms by pressure.

The microorganism that can be killed in the autoclave is bacteria, viruses, and fungi whereas spores of bacteria and fungi can survive in the autoclave. The temperature at which the autoclave works is 121 degrees C. The complete working duration of the autoclave is 121 degrees C for 15 minutes.

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When metals, nonmetals, and metalloids are compared according to luster, which is the best description of the appearance of metalloids? A. Dull B. Powdery C. Shiny D. Either shiny or dull

Answers

D. Either shiny or dull

The best description of the appearance of metalloids when compared to metals and nonmetals is either shiny or dull. Metalloids exhibit properties that are intermediate between metals and nonmetals. Some metalloids, such as silicon or germanium, can have a shiny appearance similar to metals, especially when they are freshly cut or polished. On the other hand, other metalloids, like boron or arsenic, may have a duller appearance similar to nonmetals. The luster of metalloids can vary depending on the specific element and its physical state.

Therefore, the appearance of metalloids can be either shiny or dull, making option D (Either shiny or dull) the correct answer.

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the human gut is home to about how many microorganisms?

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The human stomach is home to roughly around 30 to 400 trillion microorganisms. These microorganisms incorporate microscopic organisms, infections, parasites, and different microorganisms.

This assortment of microorganisms is ordinarily alluded to as the stomach microbiome, and assuming a significant part in human well-being and disease is accepted. The organization of the stomach microbiome can fluctuate generally from one individual to another, and it very well may be impacted by variables like eating regimen, hereditary qualities, and climate. The stomach microbiome is a mind-boggling biological system of microorganisms that possess the gastrointestinal system. Most of these microorganisms are microscopic organisms, and there are assessed to be in excess of 1,000 distinct types of microbes in the stomach. Different microorganisms found in the stomach microbiome incorporate infections, organisms, protozoa, and archaea. The stomach microbiome is a significant piece of the human body, and it is associated with numerous physiological cycles, including assimilation, insusceptible capability, and digestion. The stomach microbiome can likewise affect generally speaking wellbeing, and interruptions to the stomach microbiome have been connected to different circumstances, including corpulence, type 2 diabetes, provocative entrail infection, and, surprisingly, neurological problems like Parkinson's sickness and discouragement.

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Which of the following ligaments does not belong to the coxal joint?
Choose matching definition
fibular collateral ligament
saddle joint
patellar ligament
flexion and extension

Answers

The fibular collateral ligament is not a ligament of the coxal joint. The coxal joint refers to the hip joint, which is the joint between the hip bone and the femur.

This joint is supported by several ligaments, including the iliofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament, and pubofemoral ligament. Therefore, option A, fibular collateral ligament, does not belong to the coxal joint as it is a ligament of the knee joint rather than the hip joint. It is found in the lateral aspect of the knee joint, where it is closely associated with the lateral meniscus, lateral epicondyle of the femur, and the lateral condyle of the tibia.The other options given in the question do not relate to the coxal joint either.

Option B, saddle joint, refers to a joint where the articulating surfaces resemble a saddle, such as the joint between the thumb and wrist. Option C, patellar ligament, refers to the ligament that connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia. Option D, flexion and extension, are types of movement that occur at joints and do not refer to any specific ligaments or joints. The fibular collateral ligament is not a ligament of the coxal joint.

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Which human job is most similar to the role of a producer?
A
Business entrepreneur
B Energy plant worker
C
Waste management specialist
D
Restaurant critic

Answers

Energy plant worker since the produce a tangible product used for consumption
B. Energy plant worker

true or false? rock appears to be rising to the surface at each side of the sub-oceanuc rift valleys

Answers

The rock appears to be rising to the surface at each side of the sub-oceanic rift valleys True.

Many rift valleys are part of “triple junctions,” a form of divergent boundary in which 3 tectonic plates meet at about one hundred twenty° angles.  fingers of the triple junction can cut up to form an entire ocean.

Rift valleys shape when tectonic plates beneath the Earth's surface diverge (or circulate far from each other in opposite directions). it's miles important to observe right here that rift valley formation, in contrast to rivers and glacial valleys, is entirely created as a result of tectonic plate motion.

Rift valleys are normally slim and long, some measuring masses of kilometers in duration. Their floors are relatively flat, owing in large elements of volcanic deposition and marine or lacustrine sedimentation. the edges of rift valleys drop steeply away within the shape of steps and terraces.

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the most important characteristic of all organisms with a gastrovascular cavity is

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The most important characteristic of all organisms with a gastrovascular cavity is the ability to digest and distribute nutrients throughout the body via a single opening or mouth. This allows for efficient nutrient absorption and transportation, and is a defining feature of cnidarians and some other invertebrate groups.

Organisms with a gastrovascular cavity, such as cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish, sea anemones) and flatworms (e.g., planarians), possess a central cavity that functions as both a digestive and circulatory system. This cavity has a single opening, which serves as the entrance for food intake (mouth) and the exit for waste elimination (anus). The gastrovascular cavity allows for the digestion and distribution of nutrients throughout the organism's body. Unlike organisms with a complete digestive system, which have separate openings for food ingestion and waste elimination, those with a gastrovascular cavity rely on the single opening for both functions. This characteristic is essential for the intake, digestion, and excretion of nutrients and waste in these organisms.

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Darwin’s formula why is it so hard

Answers

Answer:

it is hard because u couldn't understand wt ur teacher's teaches u

Darwin's theory has two aspects to it, namely Natural Selection and Adaptation, that work together to shape the inheritance of alleles (forms of a gene) within a given population.

samajne se Sab easy hoga

what is 20 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit

Answers

Answer:

68 degrees Fahrenheit

Explanation:

divide by 5 (20/5=4)

multiply by 9 (4 x 9= 36)

add 32 (36+32=68)

Answer:

68  degrees F

Explanation:

20 x 1.8 + 32

20= C

(multiply C by 1.8 then add 32!!)

HURRY how many meters tall is a 5 foot horse??

Answers

Answer:

5 feet = 1.524 meters

Pls give crown thingy

explain how facilitated diffusion assists in osmosis in cells

Answers

Answer:

Facilitated diffusion is diffusion using carrier or channel proteins in the cell membrane that assist in the movement of molecules across a concentration gradient. The third type of movement is known as osmosis, or the movement of water to equalize solute concentration.

Which molecule separates the conteins inside of the cell from the contents outside of the cell

Answers

Answer:

Thanks

Explanation:

skannalakanslanwlKsoqnw

Please help asap, this is due by midnight!!!

Please help asap, this is due by midnight!!!

Answers

Answer:

i would say seaweed.

Explanation: "The roots of native plants help stabilize the sand dune and prevent erosion. Wind and water are the primary natural forces that erode sand dunes."

good luck! :D

Which class of macromolecules is not organized in repeating units of monomers? proteins lipids nucleic acids carbohydrates

Answers

Answer:

lipids

Explanation:

Answer:

lipids

Explanation:

macromolecules are large molecules that are formed by the joining of smaller units. Lipids fit that description, but they aren't polymers because they are made up of smaller units of different kinds (like glycerol and fatty acids) rather than monomers that repeat themselves

after proteins are run on an sds-page gel, a transfer is the next step. what is the purpose of the transfer in western blot protocol?

Answers

The purpose of the transfer step in the Western blot protocol is to transfer proteins from the SDS-PAGE gel to a solid membrane, typically a nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane. This transfer process allows for the immobilization of the separated proteins onto the membrane, enabling subsequent detection and analysis.

**Transfer** is a crucial step because it enables the proteins to be probed with specific antibodies in order to identify and quantify the target protein of interest. The transfer ensures that the proteins maintain their relative positions and molecular weights as they were separated on the gel, facilitating accurate identification and characterization.

Once the transfer is complete, the membrane can be incubated with primary antibodies that bind to the target protein, followed by secondary antibodies conjugated with an enzyme or fluorescent tag. This detection step allows for visualizing and quantifying the presence of the target protein.

In summary, the transfer step in the Western blot protocol is essential for transferring proteins from the gel to a membrane, enabling subsequent detection and analysis of specific proteins of interest.

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During production of a drug, all work area surfaces must be disinfected using sterilized disinfectants. Which of the following statements about disinfectants are true? Select all that apply. View Available Hint(s)for Part A Disinfectants destroy all microbes present on a surface. Disinfection can be used to treat work surfaces as well as workers (i.e., washing hands). Disinfection can occur by physical or chemical means. Disinfectants are used to inhibit or destroy pathogens. Endospores and viruses can resist disinfectant treatment.

Answers

Answer: The correct options are

--> Disinfectants are used to inhibit or destroy pathogens,

--> Disinfection can occur by physical or chemical means,

--> Endospores and viruses can resist disinfectant treatment.

Explanation:

To prevent infectious diseases from spreading or to sterilise work area surfaces during the production of drugs, chemicals known as disinfectants as used. These are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens. Other chemicals such as antiseptics can also kill and prevent the growth of mainly pathogenic microorganisms. However, disinfectants are stronger chemicals than antiseptics and so are often used on non-living things and surfaces.

Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores (endospores) and viruses, so it is less effective than sterilisation.

There are generally two methods of disinfection:

--> The chemical method: A typical example of a chemical disinfectant is the carbolic acid. It is used for disinfecting lavatories and floors.

--> The physical method: here, physical agents are use to disrupt and damage the pathogenic organisms on work surfaces. Some typical example include: UV irradiation, heat, sunlight exposure, sonic or hydrodynamic pressure and radiation.

Describe a species?

It a open ended question

Answers

Answer:

Sure! A species is a group of organisms that have distinctive characteristics that differentiate them from other groups of organisms. Members of the same species are able to reproduce with one another to produce viable offspring, and they share similar physical and behavioral traits due to their genetic makeup. A species may be defined by its genetic or physical characteristics, or by its ecological niche, which refers to its role in the environment. Common examples of species include humans (Homo sapiens), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and oak trees (Quercus spp.). There are millions of species of organisms on Earth, ranging from the smallest microbes to the largest mammals. Each species has unique adaptations that allow it to survive and thrive in its particular environment.

In your own words describe the Theory of Evolution and Natural selection

Answers

In the theory of natural selection, organisms produce more offspring than are able to survive in their environment. Those that are better physically equipped to survive, grow to maturity, and reproduce. Biologists have since observed numerous examples of natural selection influencing evolution

Beyond changes in relationships described above, explain what other characteristics of man changed after the Fall.

Answers

Answer:

The consequences of the fall was man and woman will die man turned to mortal and will turn back into dust. woman would bring children in pain. relationships between husband and wife would be difficult. The ground was cursed labor would be very hard. human was banned from the paradise and the garden. no longer would they enjoy the holiness and justice they had in paradise.

Explanation:

Which sentence describes how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgiapparatus work together?A. The endoplasmic reticulum provides instructions to the Golgiapparatus for making proteins.B. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the endoplasmicreticulum that it can modify or store for later use.C. The Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum produceproteins that are then sent outside the cell.D. The endoplasmic reticulum produces usable energy that the Golgiapparatus uses to make proteins.

Answers

Cell Biology: Parts of the cell. Organelles.

The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found just outside the nucleus that is made of several interconnected cisternae, which membranes are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane.

It has two sections: the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which has ribosomes on its surface, and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Basically, the endoplasmic reticulum synthetizes proteins and membrane lipids, and then sends them to the place that needs them.

In turn, the Golgi body or Golgi complex is a different organelle that is also made of cisternae, and where the proteins sent from the endoplasmatic reticulum are processed and modified before reaching their final destination.

This means the correct answer would be B. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum that it can modify or store for later use.

how can elevation greatly affect an ecosystem

Answers

Answer:

Elevation may affect the type and amount of sunlight that plants receive, the amount of water that plants can absorb and the nutrients that are available in the soil. As a result, certain plants grow very well in high elevations, whereas others can only grow in middle or lower elevations.

Explanation:

How is a raft different from a typical ecosystem when considering carrying capacity?

Answers

Answer:

In the simplest method of integrated aquaculture, rafts of alternating seaweed ropes and mussel ropes are suspended vertically from a ...

If a spectrophotometer sample was prepared with pigment dissolved in petroleum ether, what should the blank contain? petroleum ether water pigment only pigment and petroleum ether

Answers

If a spectrophotometer sample was prepared with pigment dissolved in petroleum ether, the blank should contain only petroleum ether. option (1)

What is a spectrophotometer?

A spectrophotometer is a device that measures the intensity of light as a function of wavelength. The sample is illuminated with a single beam of light in the visible or ultraviolet portion of the spectrum in spectrophotometry. The transmitted light intensity or absorbance is measured using a photometer as the light beam passes through a transparent liquid sample. The most important components of the spectrophotometer are a light source, a filter or monochromator, a sample holder or cuvette, and a detector.

What is a blank solution?

A blank solution is a solution that contains everything except the substance being examined. The blank solution is used as a reference solution. The reference solution is the one against which other test samples are measured or compared. It is frequently a substance of identical composition to the sample being examined, except that it does not contain the substance being tested or subjected to a change. This approach makes it feasible to determine only the effects of the variable of interest. For instance, in spectrophotometry, a blank is a sample of the solvent that is utilized to dissolve the analyte before measurement. It is a solvent without the target analyte.

Therefore, the difference between the absorption values obtained for the sample and the blank are due only to the pigment dissolved in petroleum ether.

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Full Question: If a spectrophotometer sample was prepared with pigment dissolved in petroleum ether, what should the blank contain?

petroleum ether water pigment only pigment and petroleum ether

Explain in a paragraph a couple of things that you as an individual or family can do to possibly help reduce the effects of climate change.

Answers

Things you are able to do as an individual or family to possibly help reduce the effects of climate change is to reuse, reduce, and recycle. Something that can also can be done is instead of driving short distances in a non-electric car, consider walking, this will reduce the output of harmful gases into the atmosphere.

18. In which type of relationship do both organisms benefit? (2 point)
commensalism
parasitism
mutualism
predation

Answers

Answer:

mutualism

Explanation:

Which process occurs within the mitochondria?
lactic acid fermentation
alcohol fermentation
glycolysis
Krebs cycle

Answers

Answer:

Krebs cycle.

It's also known as the citric acid cycle. It releases stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

The biological process occurs within the mitochondria is: D. Krebs cycle

Cellular respiration refer to series of metabolic reactions typically occuring in all living cells, in order to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Basically, there are three (3) main stages involved in cellular respiration and these include:

Glycolysis.Krebs cycle.Electron transport chain.

Krebs cycle is an aerobic reaction that takes place in the mitochondria of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and in the presence of oxygen. Also, the Krebs cycle produces carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)), two (2) adenosine triphosphate (ATP), six (6) NADH, and two (2) FADH.

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c = speed of light = 3.00 × 108 m/s

An electromagnetic wave with a wavelength of 5.00 cm is in the microwave region of the spectrum. What is the frequency of this microwave?

Answers

The frequency of the microwave with a wavelength of 5.00 cm is 6.00 x 10^9 Hz.

What is the frequency of the microwave?

We can use the formula that relates the frequency of an electromagnetic wave to its wavelength and the speed of light:

frequency = speed of light / wavelength

We are given the wavelength of the microwave as 5.00 cm, which we first need to convert to meters by dividing by 100:

wavelength of the microwave = 5.00 cm / 100

wavelength = 0.05 m

We are also given the speed of light, which is c = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s.

Now we can plug in these values into the formula:

frequency = c / wavelength

frequency = (3.00 x 10^8 m/s) / (0.05 m)

frequency = 6.00 x 10^9 Hz

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2. The sum of twice a number and five is greater than three times the
number minus three.

Answers

2n+5>3n-3
add 3 to both sides
2n+8> 3n
subtract 2n to both sides
8>n

n<8 or 8>n (both are equivalent)

Hope it helps!

Which of the following eats only eucalyptus leaves?

Answers

the animal that eat those are koalas

Answer:

Koalas can eat them, but I'm not really sure what the options are when you say the following

Explanation:

Other Questions
Can someone Plss help me with my homework I dont know really understand on how to find the regular figure 6) -13 i need help with both of these questions for geography! 1. Scarcity, also known as the basic problem of economics, is the result of the combination of twofactors. Identify and briefly describe these two factors, and explain how together they contribute toscarcity. (4 points) ) A company determines that its marginal revenue per day is given by R'(t) = 100et , R(0) = 0, where R(t) = the revenue, in dollars, on the tth day. The company's marginal cost per day is given by C'(t) = 140 - 0.3t, C(0) = 0, where C(t) = the cost, in dollars, on the tth day. Find the total profit from t = 0 to t = 5 (the first 5 days). Round to the nearest dollar. Note: P(T) = R(T) - C(T) = T 0 [R'(t) - C'(t)] dt. Which foods are good sources of fiber? (Select all that apply. ) salmon carrots apples brown rice How many times does 6 go into 719 divison with partial quotient QUESTION 4 of 10: One survey has 3 respondents, and another 100. Which survey is more likely to accurate data? a) The one with the larger sample size b) The one the smaller sample sizeI need help What is the plot & conflict of a shot rang out of memphis night what would happen if the chromosome number were not cut in half during the process of meiosis in humans? which kinetic chain checkpoint should be observed carefully because it controls the movement of the lower extremities Recall two things johnny requests from two-bit. why these two things? (chapter 8 of the outsiders) how did opium trade in china affect British merchants? A lone pair must reside in which orbital type(s) to participate in resonance/conjugation/delocalization? the formation of which of the following rocks helps remove co2 from the atmosphere? How does the description of the montresor coat of arms and motto?. In your own words! (not copy and paste) please answer thisquestion:When forming a team to complete a task what factorsshould be included in the design of the team? Write an essay in which you identify three examples of imagery in Mark Twain's"Cub Pilot on theMississippi." Then explain how he uses the imagery to help convey a theme that glamorous dreams sometimes turn into harsh realities.WRITE AT LEAST 250 WORDSRemember:Imagery appeals to the five senses: taste, touch, sight, smell, and sound.Sample Organization:I. Introduction (includes a thesis statement)Il. Example #1 (includes textual evidence, explanation)III. Example #2 (includes textual evidence, explanation)IV. Example #3 (includes textual evidence, explanation)V. Conclusion Simplify.18-12 over -3 At what angle relative to the north-south direction should this bird head so that it will be traveling directly southward relative to the ground?