what was the confederacy seeking to achieve with the war in 1861?

Answers

Answer 1

The Confederacy was seeking to achieve several objectives with the Civil War in 1861. Firstly, it aimed to preserve its economic system, which was based on agricultural exports, particularly cotton, and relied heavily on slave labor.

Secondly, the Confederacy wanted to gain international recognition and support from Great Britain and France, which depended on Southern cotton. Finally, it sought to prove that its political and social institutions were superior to those of the Union, which it accused of being tyrannical and corrupt.The Confederacy hoped that the North would tire of the war, allowing it to win through attrition. They also believed that European powers would intervene to secure their economic interests in the South and that some Union states would leave the Union to join the Confederacy.

They expected that by invading the North, they would be able to force the Union to recognize its independence. The Confederacy also hoped that the slaves would rise up and fight for them, allowing them to win the war.

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Related Questions

Which phrase best completes the diagram?
Macroeconomic Goals for a Society
?

Economic growth
Full employment
OA. Stable prices
B. Increased inflation
OC. Per capita GDP
D. Decreased production

Answers

Option C. Per capita GDP  phrase best completes the diagram

Macroeconomic Goals for a Society typically include economic growth, full employment, stable prices, and per capita GDP. These goals reflect the desired outcomes of a healthy and thriving economy.

A. Stable prices: This goal refers to maintaining a stable level of inflation and avoiding excessive price fluctuations. Stable prices are crucial for maintaining consumer and business confidence, as well as ensuring the purchasing power of individuals and businesses remains relatively consistent over time.

B. Increased inflation: This phrase does not complete the diagram as increased inflation is not a desired macroeconomic goal. While moderate inflation is generally seen as healthy for an economy, excessive inflation can erode the value of money and disrupt economic stability.

C. Per capita GDP: This phrase completes the diagram appropriately. Per capita GDP measures the average economic output per person in a society. It reflects the overall standard of living and economic well-being of individuals within a country.

D. Decreased production: This phrase does not align with the typical macroeconomic goals. Decreased production generally indicates an economic downturn or recession, which is not a desired outcome. The aim is usually to increase or maintain production levels to support economic growth and employment.

In summary, the phrase that best completes the diagram is C. Per capita GDP, as it represents one of the key metrics used to assess a society's economic performance and standard of living. Therefore the correct option is C

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This political cartoon represents which cause of imperialism? Question 26 options: Social Causes Theoretical Causes Economic Causes Political Causes

This political cartoon represents which cause of imperialism? Question 26 options: Social Causes Theoretical

Answers

Answer:

i would say...social causes

Explanation:

Brainliest plz if its correct

The political cartoon represents the social causes of imperialism. Therefore Option (A) is the correct answer to this question.

What is imperialism?

Imperialism is the state's pursuit of expanding its power and dominance, particularly through direct territorial conquest or by seizing control of neighboring regions' politics and economies.

Imperialism has frequently been viewed as morally repugnant since it always entails the use of power, whether military, economic, or in some other subtle way. The phrase is regularly used in international propaganda to attack and discredit an adversary's foreign policy.

Three phases in the modern era saw the rise of massive empires, primarily colonial in nature. England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain established empires in the Americas, India, and the East Indies between the 15th and the middle of the 18th centuries. A tremendous backlash against imperialism caused a period of relative calm in empire-building to follow for over a century.

Therefore, Option (A) is the correct one.

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Please help no links i keep getting them
What caused the Soviet Union to get involved in countries as diverse as Egypt, the Congo and Vietnam?


A they wanted to get rid of dictator ships around the word


B the goal of spreading communism throughout the world

C their alliance with China brought them to these countries

D a desire to increase trade with these nations

Answers

Answer:

i studied this last year and i think its B

Explanation:

which emperor divided the empire between his 2 sons, leading to the division of the Roman empire into two seperate empires

Answers

The Roman Empire had been in existence for many centuries and was, at its height, one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in the world. However, the empire began to decline in the third and fourth centuries AD, and it was during this time that a series of emperors contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire.

One of these emperors was Theodosius I, who was responsible for dividing the Roman Empire into two separate empires. Theodosius I became the emperor of the Roman Empire in 379 AD, and during his reign, he oversaw significant changes to the empire. One of the most significant changes was the division of the Roman Empire into two separate empires, the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire, which is also known as the Byzantine Empire. The division was prompted by Theodosius I's decision to divide the empire between his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius. The Western Roman Empire was to be ruled by Honorius, while the Eastern Roman Empire was to be ruled by Arcadius.

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what was Anza told to do when he was appointed Governor.​

Answers

Answer:

what book?

and chapter?

Answer:

Anza was asked to stop the Indian raids by winning over the Comanche, then make an alliance with the Comanche so they could make mutual war on the Apaches.

Explanation:

I took a gess and it counted me right but you should use the sample response

what was Anza told to do when he was appointed Governor.


Name one similarity and one difference between the
Argentinean currency crisis of 2001-2002 and the British
Pound based on Brexit!!
200 word answer please.

Answers

One similarity between the Argentinean currency crisis of 2001-2002 and the impact of Brexit on the British Pound is the significant economic uncertainty and volatility experienced in both cases.

In the Argentinean currency crisis, the country faced a severe economic downturn triggered by a combination of factors, including excessive government spending, a high fiscal deficit, and a fixed exchange rate regime that became unsustainable.

As a result, confidence in the Argentinean economy collapsed, leading to a sharp depreciation of the currency (the Argentine Peso) and a subsequent banking crisis.

Similarly, the uncertainty surrounding Brexit and its potential consequences created a volatile environment for the British Pound. The referendum vote in 2016 for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union caused significant uncertainty regarding trade agreements, investment flows, and the overall economic outlook. This uncertainty put pressure on the British Pound, resulting in periods of depreciation and heightened market volatility.

One key difference between these two events is the underlying causes and nature of the crises. The Argentinean currency crisis was primarily a result of domestic economic mismanagement, characterized by unsustainable fiscal policies and a fixed exchange rate system that became unviable.

On the other hand, Brexit was a political decision by the United Kingdom to leave the European Union, driven by concerns over sovereignty, immigration, and economic governance. While the Argentinean crisis was largely self-inflicted, Brexit was a deliberate policy choice with long-term implications.

Additionally, the scale and global impact of these events differ. The Argentinean crisis had a significant impact on the country's economy, leading to a deep recession, mass unemployment, and debt default.

However, its impact on the global economy was relatively contained. In contrast, Brexit has broader implications due to the United Kingdom's role as a major global economy and its integration with the European Union. The uncertainty surrounding Brexit negotiations and its potential consequences had implications for trade, investment, and financial markets not only in the UK but also across Europe and beyond.

In summary, the Argentinean currency crisis of 2001-2002 and the impact of Brexit on the British Pound share a similarity in terms of the economic uncertainty and volatility experienced. However, they differ in their causes, with the Argentinean crisis stemming from domestic mismanagement and the Brexit impact resulting from a deliberate political decision.

Furthermore, the global repercussions of these events varied, with the Argentinean crisis primarily affecting the domestic economy while Brexit had broader implications for the UK, the EU, and the global economy.

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which commodity was not exported out of west africa during the age of the slave trade? group of answer choices gold. manioc. africans. ivory. salt.

Answers

(C) ivory merchandise was not exported outside of West Africa during the slave trade era.

The main items traded were gold and salt. West African gold mines enriched empires like Ghana and Mali.Other commonly traded items included ivory, cloth, slaves, metalware,and beads.The major cities developed as centers of commerce.The commodity that fueled the African slave trade in Brazil and the West Indies in the 17th century was sugar.The climate of Brazil and the Caribbean islands of the West Indies was favorable for the growth of sugarcane,making sugar a highly valuable commodity for plantation owners and merchants in that region, a basis for the prosperous triangular trade in molasses,slaves and rum.Several West African countries generate significant export earnings from cocoa and cotton and are major players in world markets for these commodities.

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Some colonists reacted to the end of salutary neglect by:
A. Refusing to be tried in British courts
B. Shooting and killing 5 British soldiers
C. Forming the Stamp Act Congress
D. Petitioning the British Government

Some colonists reacted to the end of salutary neglect by:A. Refusing to be tried in British courtsB.

Answers

Some colonists reacted to the end of salutary neglect by option  C. Forming the Stamp Act Congress.

What did the colonists do during salutary neglect?

Indeed, benevolent indifference allowed the American colonies to flourish through trade with non-British parties, spend their money on British-made goods, and simultaneously supply Britain with raw resources for manufacturing.

Debts incurred during the French and Indian War forced England to gradually abandon its policy of benevolent neglect toward the colonies, which eventually sparked the American Revolution.

England's participation in the colonies through taxation acts and administrative regulations as it departed from a policy of salutary neglect eventually sparked the American Revolution and the colonies' declaration of independence in 1776.

Lastly, The end of "salutary neglect," the reduction of self-government, and the inability to determine taxation policy ("no taxation without representation") infuriated the colonists.

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What was the problem that the romans never resolved and that held the key to rome’s social and economic health, and wealth of its citizens. it was a major weakness of roman state and society?

Answers

The problem that the Romans never resolved and that held the key to Rome's social and economic health was; The Romans were never able to find a solution to the problem of land ownership, which would have allowed for the citizens' increased financial security and success.

This is further explained below.

What is Rome's social and economic health?

Generally, The system that constituted Ancient Rome was known as a social hierarchy, and it consisted of the separation of individuals into several groups that were rated differently based on their occupations and families. The Emperor had the highest position in this hierarchy, which was followed by the affluent landowners, then the ordinary people, and last the slaves (who were the lowest class).

In conclusion, The Romans were never able to find a solution to the issue that was the source of Rome's social and economic problems, and it was. The Romans were never able to discover a solution to the issue of land ownership, which prevented the population from enjoying the greater financial stability and prosperity that would have been possible with such a solution.

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Organizational behavior emerged as a distinct field? around world war ii in the 1970s. in the early 1900s. around 500 bc in the 1770s.

Answers

Organizational behavior emerged as a distinct field around World War II in the 1970s. The field originated from the need to understand and address the challenges of managing human behavior within organizations.

During this time, researchers and practitioners began to explore various aspects of organizational behavior, such as motivation, leadership, group dynamics, and decision-making processes. The study of organizational behavior gained momentum and recognition due to the increased complexity of work environments, rapid changes in technology, and the growing importance of employee well-being and satisfaction. It has since evolved into a multidisciplinary field that combines insights from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and management. This explanation is approximately 100 words.

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Project: Break Up Letter to King George

can u guys help me write this letter to king gorge

Answers

Dear King George,

It's not me, it's you. We're breaking up. The Revolution is happening.

Break Up Letter to King George:

Dear King George,

I hope this letter finds you well. I regret to inform you that the colonists have decided to break away from your rule and declare their independence. It's been a long time coming, and it's not an easy decision, but we believe it's the right one for us. We can no longer tolerate the injustices and oppression that come with being under your rule. We have tried to reason with you, to no avail. We have exhausted all options for reconciliation. It's time for us to part ways. We wish you all the best in your future endeavors, and we hope that one day we can have a peaceful relationship as two sovereign nations.

Sincerely,

The Colonists.

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business and government leaders reacted to the great railroad strike of 1877 primarily with responses diplomacy. diplomacy. indifference. indifference. violence. violence. acquiescence.

Answers

The most common response to the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was violence. Business and government leaders reacted with a heavy-handed approach, often using military force to break up the strikes and restore order.

Business and government leaders reacted to the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 with violence because it was seen as a threat to their economic and political authority. The strike was a direct challenge to the power structure that had been in place, and the leaders felt they had to take decisive action to prevent further unrest. In addition, the strike was seen as a challenge to the existing labor system, and the leaders wanted to protect the interests of capital and industry. Violence was seen as an effective way to discourage further labor unrest and restore order.

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Please list the Key Events from the settlement of South Carolina and Barbados

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

The development of a plantation economy and African slavery in Carolina began before English colonists even settled Charles Town in 1670. In 1663, eight Lords Proprietors in England received land grants in North America from King Charles II for their loyalty to the monarchy during the English Civil War. The Lords decided to combine their shares to establish a profit-seeking proprietary settlement, Carolina, between the English colony of Virginia and Spanish Florida. To ensure financial success, they sent representatives to study the lucrative sugar plantation system on the Caribbean island of Barbados. They also recruited white settlers from this English West Indian colony to help launch their new North American settlement. These white Barbadians often brought enslaved Africans and African Barbadians with them.

Subject: Coretta Scott king.

3. What evidence does king cute to support her claim of how Reagan's economics policies were like

Answers

Coretta Scott King argued that Reagan's economic policies were detrimental to the poor and minorities by citing evidence of increased income inequality, job losses, and cuts to social welfare programs.

In her critique of Reagan's economic policies, King pointed out that these policies disproportionately benefited the wealthy while leaving the poor and minority populations worse off. One piece of evidence she cited was the growing income inequality during Reagan's tenure. Under his administration, tax cuts and other policy changes led to a significant widening of the income gap between the rich and the poor. This resulted in many low-income families struggling to make ends meet while the wealthy reaped the benefits of these policies.

Additionally, King highlighted the job losses experienced by minority populations as a result of Reagan's policies. Economic changes such as the shift from manufacturing to service industries led to a loss of stable, well-paying jobs that had previously been available to many minority workers. This further exacerbated the economic struggles faced by these communities.

King also noted the cuts to social welfare programs during Reagan's presidency, which disproportionately affected the poor and minorities. Funding for essential services such as healthcare, education, and housing assistance was reduced, leaving many vulnerable individuals without the support they needed to improve their circumstances.

In conclusion, Coretta Scott King argued that Reagan's economic policies were like a detriment to the poor and minorities by citing evidence such as increased income inequality, job losses, and cuts to social welfare programs. These policies resulted in worsening economic conditions for these communities and widened the gap between the rich and the poor.

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which statement was true about lincoln as commander in chief of the military? he had consistent support by the committee on the conduct of the war in congress. he realized how costly the war would be for the union to gain advantage. he was consistent in his methods to defeat the confederacy. he found a number of the best generals who agreed with his strategy.

Answers

The statement that is true about Lincoln as commander in chief of the military is that he realized how costly the war would be for the Union to gain an advantage.

As the commander in chief of the military during the American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln demonstrated several key traits and understanding of the challenges he faced. Among the options provided, the statement that accurately describes Lincoln's approach is that he realized how costly the war would be for the Union to gain an advantage.

Lincoln recognized the immense human and material costs associated with the war. He understood that achieving victory for the Union would require substantial resources, time, and sacrifice. Lincoln was well aware of the toll the war was taking on the nation and its people, both economically and in terms of lives lost.

Throughout the war, Lincoln displayed a pragmatic and adaptable approach, rather than consistent methods, in his efforts to defeat the Confederacy. He navigated the complexities of military strategy and command, adjusting his approach based on the circumstances and responses of Confederate forces. He encountered challenges in finding effective generals who agreed with his strategies, as not all of his appointed commanders proved successful or aligned with his vision.

In summary, while Lincoln did not consistently have support from the Committee on the Conduct of the War, he demonstrated an understanding of the war's costly nature for the Union. He displayed flexibility in his methods to defeat the Confederacy and faced challenges in finding the best generals who shared his strategic vision.

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John Locke believed that governments rule with the consent of the people they govern. Which principle best represents this idea?

Limited government

Natural rights

Social contract

Rule of law

Answers

Answer:

The principle that best represents John Locke's belief that governments rule with the consent of the people they govern is:

Social contract.

Explanation:

John Locke's principle of the social contract states that legitimate political authority and government derive from the consent of the governed. According to Locke, individuals voluntarily enter into a social contract, whereby they give up some of their natural rights in exchange for the protection of their remaining rights and the establishment of a functioning society.

In Locke's view, government exists to protect the natural rights of individuals, such as life, liberty, and property. The authority of the government is derived from the consent of the people it governs, meaning that individuals agree to be governed and grant power to the government to act on their behalf. Without the consent of the people, the government lacks legitimacy.

This principle highlights the importance of popular sovereignty and the idea that government should serve the interests of the people rather than ruling over them arbitrarily. It emphasizes the notion that governments derive their authority from the consent and agreement of the governed, reflecting a democratic and participatory approach to governance.

John Locke famously held the belief that governments should derive their power from the consent of the people they govern. This idea, known as the Social Contract Theory.

The answer is C.

It asserts that people possess certain natural rights, such as the right to life, liberty and property, which cannot be taken away by a government without the consent of the governed. Therefore, the principle of Limited Government should be established to ensure that all members of society have the ability to protect their natural rights, and the Rule of Law should be implemented to create an equal system of justice that allows the government to make decisions that serve the common good.

This belief in the necessity of the consent of the people is at the core of Locke's philosophy, and its implications on modern society cannot be overstated.

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When each city has its own king, its own government, its own way of doing things.
a
ziggurat
b
civilization
c
city-state
d
empire

Answers

Answer:

b civilization

Explanation:

By the early 1700s, religious influence in the American colonies

Answers

Answer:

By the early 1700s, religious influence in the American colonies begun to decline.

Answer:

begun to decline

Explanation:

ASAP PLS I HAVE 30 MINS

Before helping lead the rebellion in 1786-1787, what were Daniel Shays' achievements?

Answers

Answer:

God bless...have a nice day!!

Explanation:

Daniel Shays (c. 1747 – September 29, 1825) was an American soldier, revolutionary and farmer famous for being one of the leaders and namesake of Shays' Rebellion, a populist uprising against controversial debt collection and tax policies in Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787.

A group of protestors, led by Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays, began a 6 month rebellion by taking over the Court of Common Pleas in Northampton; the goal was to prevent the trial and imprisonment of debt-ridden citizens. James Bowdoin, the governor of Massachusetts, was clearly in the latter group.

Why didn't the Dutch colonized Australia?

Answers

Answer:

Most of the explorers of this period concluded that the apparent lack of water and fertile soil made the region unsuitable for colonisation.

SOMEONE HELP ME PLEASE ILL GIVE BRAINLY

What overall trend do these maps show?

growth in population, concentrated in cities (urban areas)

decline in immigration, especially from Asia

decline in the population of rural areas (country side)

SOMEONE HELP ME PLEASE ILL GIVE BRAINLY What overall trend do these maps show?growth in population, concentrated

Answers

Answer:

A) growth in population, concentrated in cities (urban areas)

Explanation:

Hope this helps!

It would be A) growth in population, concentrated in cites(urban areas)
Can u give me Brainiest!!!

Based on the Vin diagram, how did the 14 points differ from the treaty of Versailles

Based on the Vin diagram, how did the 14 points differ from the treaty of Versailles

Answers

Answer:

B!

Explanation:

The Fourteen Points was definitely trying to take a more passive route of resolve. As where as The Treaty of Versailles was penalizing the Central Powers (ex

reparations, reducation of military, division of nations, etc...)

Venn diagram, they differ from the Treaty of Versailles are the Fourteen Points, sought to create a lasting peace without penalizing the Central powers. Thus, option (b) is correct.

What is diagram?

The term diagram refers to the part of the visual communication. They are the based on the shown the details in the short way. The diagrams are the helpful to the learning. There was the based on the two-dimentional and the 3-dimentional. There was the attracting with the light colors.

The specifics, according to the Venn diagram, are in the short details. They are the fourteen points on which they are built, and they are clearly attempting to pursue a more passive method of resolution. There was a representation of military reduction, compensation, and national division on the Central Power.

As a result, the Venn diagram, they differ from the Treaty of Versailles are the Fourteen Points, sought to create a lasting peace without penalizing the Central powers. Therefore, option (b) is correct.

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Although President Wilson wanted the negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to work from the Fourteen Points, members of the other delegations wanted to _______________________. [choose all that apply]

Answers

Although President Wilson wanted the negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to work from the Fourteen Points, members of the other delegations wanted to include national interest, obtain reparations, and protect themselves from Germany's aggression.

What were the delegations that disagreed with the President Wilson's idea of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference?

The delegations that disagreed with President Wilson's idea of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference wanted to include national interest, obtain reparations, and protect themselves from Germany's aggression. Therefore, members of the other delegations wanted to include national interest, obtain reparations, and protect themselves from Germany's aggression.

The negotiations aimed to resolve the disputes between countries that were involved in World War I. Hence, the members of the delegations who opposed Wilson's idea of negotiations were looking for reparations. They also sought to protect themselves from any aggression from Germany.

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between 1865 and 1900, immigrants to the united states who settled on the great plains

Answers

Answer:

"- came largely from Germany, the British Isles, and Canada. In the years following the Civil War, weekly and monthly magazines: soared in number as illiteracy decreased and the publishing industry advanced."

Not sure what the question was but i hope the helps?

Uniform circular motion requires (a) centripetal acceleration, (b) angular speed, (c) tangential velocity, (d) all of the preceding.

Answers

Uniform circular motion requires (d) all of the preceding: centripetal acceleration, angular speed, and tangential velocity.

In uniform circular motion, an object moves in a circular path at a constant speed. Let's break down the components:

(a) Centripetal acceleration: Centripetal acceleration is the acceleration directed toward the center of the circular path. It keeps the object moving in a curved trajectory and is always perpendicular to the object's velocity. It is given by the equation a = v^2/r, where v is the magnitude of the object's velocity and r is the radius of the circular path.

(b) Angular speed: Angular speed is the rate at which an object rotates around the center of the circular path. It is usually measured in radians per second (rad/s) and represents the angle covered per unit of time. It is denoted by the symbol ω (omega).

(c) Tangential velocity: Tangential velocity is the linear velocity of an object at any given point on the circular path. It is tangent to the circular path and represents the speed and direction of the object's motion along the circumference of the circle. The tangential velocity is directly related to the angular speed and the radius of the circular path, given by the equation v = ω * r.

In uniform circular motion, all three components (centripetal acceleration, angular speed, and tangential velocity) are necessary and interrelated. The centripetal acceleration provides the inward force required to keep the object moving in a circular path, while the angular speed determines the rate of rotation, and the tangential velocity determines the object's linear speed along the circular path.

Therefore, all of the preceding components are required for an object to undergo uniform circular motion.

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Which of the following responsibilities is ONLY given to the House of Representatives?
A.
making laws
B.
creating revenue bills
C.
approving treaties
D.
trying impeached officials

Answers

Answer:

creating revenue bills

Explanation:

Answer:

B. creating revenue bills

Explanation:

development in hydroelectricity can help Nepal be a developed country justify the statement in your own words

can anyone plz say it​

Answers

Explanation:

It represents a clean and renewable source

General Lee’s surrender in 1865 marked

Answers

Answer:

C

Explanation:on edg

What is symbolic about the piece of the iron that Iron Shell keeps in his medicine bag?

It represents a mixing of two cultures.
It explains how Iron Shell became a blacksmith.
It represents a young man giving up on his traditions.
It explains the history of the reservation.

Answers

Answer:

It explains the history of the reservation.

Explanation:

The question above is related to the story entitled, "The Medicine Bag." The story is stated in a first-person point-of-view with the narrator being proud of his Sioux grandpa, Iron Shell. While Iron Shell was in the house, he told them a story about his father when they were pushed to live in the reservation areas by the white people. His father followed a quest in order to search for his vision, instead of dwelling on hatred for the whites. He was able to find a broken shell that came from an iron kettle. He placed this in his medicine bag. After they were taken from his home, he realized that the iron brought him to the reservation and that was his vision. It showed him that the Native Americans were to live in the reservation area. He believed that the iron was a form of good luck.

who fought in the crusades

Answers

Answer:

Christians and Muslims

Explanation:

your welcome

The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups.

Explanation:

There were at least eight Crusades. The First Crusade lasted from 1096 to 1099. The Second Crusade began in 1147 and ended in 1149. The Third Crusade started in 1189 and was concluded in 1192. The Fourth Crusade got underway in 1202 and ended in 1204. The Fifth Crusade lasted from 1217 until 1221. The Sixth Crusade occurred in 1228–29. The Seventh Crusade began in 1248 and ended in 1254. And the Eighth Crusade took place in 1270. There were also smaller Crusades against dissident Christian sects within Europe, including the Albigensian Crusade (1209–29). The so-called People’s Crusade occurred in response to Pope Urban II’s call for the First Crusade, and the Children’s Crusade took place in 1212.

Crusades, military expeditions, beginning in the late 11th century, that were organized by western European Christians in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion. Their objectives were to check the spread of Islam, to retake control of the Holy Land in the eastern Mediterranean, to conquer pagan areas, and to recapture formerly Christian territories; they were seen by many of their participants as a means of redemption and expiation for sins. Between 1095, when the First Crusade was launched, and 1291, when the Latin Christians were finally expelled from their kingdom in Syria, there were numerous expeditions to the Holy Land, to Spain, and even to the Baltic; the Crusades continued for several centuries after 1291. Crusading declined rapidly during the 16th century with the advent of the Protestant Reformation and the decline of papal authority.

Approximately two-thirds of the ancient Christian world had been conquered by Muslims by the end of the 11th century, including the important regions of Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia. The Crusades, attempting to check this advance, initially enjoyed success, founding a Christian state in Palestine and Syria, but the continued growth of Islamic states ultimately reversed those gains. By the 14th century the Ottoman Turks had established themselves in the Balkans and would penetrate deeper into Europe despite repeated efforts to repulse them.

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