when designing a primer, the primer length is ideally between __________ and __________ base pairs long
Answers
When designing a primer, the ideal length typically falls between a minimum and maximum number of base pairs.
Primers are short DNA sequences that are essential components of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. They serve as starting points for DNA amplification or sequencing by providing a complementary sequence that binds to the target DNA template. The length of a primer is an important factor in primer design, as it affects the specificity and efficiency of the amplification or sequencing process.
The recommended length of a primer generally ranges between 18 and 30 base pairs. Shorter primers may lack specificity and can lead to non-specific amplification, while longer primers may have reduced binding efficiency. The optimal length depends on various factors such as the target sequence, GC content, and the specific application. Additionally, shorter primers are often preferred for PCR, while longer primers may be used in certain sequencing applications.
In conclusion, the ideal primer length typically falls within a range of 18 to 30 base pairs, considering factors such as specificity, binding efficiency, and the intended application of the primer.
Learn more about primer here:
https://brainly.com/question/18645964
#SPJ11
Related Questions
I am a sort of hyperactive organelle. I am full of energy, and I send out energy to all parts of the cell. Breathe, Breathe, What am I?
Answers
The organelle is mitochondria. Mitochondria provides energy in the form of ATP.
What is mitochondria?The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular).
Adenosine triphosphate, a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP). Small chromosomes found in mitochondria are found there.
In most cases, mitochondria and consequently mitochondrial DNA are exclusively passed down from the mother. Organelles that are membrane-bound include mitochondria, however they are membrane-bound with two distinct membranes.
Therefore, The organelle is mitochondria. Mitochondria provides energy in the form of ATP.
To learn more about mitochondria, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/10688306
#SPJ1
A parent cell divides according to the image shown below. What differences in structure and behavior would you expect from Cell A and Cell B?
Answers
The daughter cells have a different number of chromosomes what is an indication of failure in the motitic division, thats because during division the parent cell have to duplicate the genetic material to pass for the next generation in equal number, since this is important to maintain the cellular integrity, as weel as the characteristics of the cellular species. The Cell A is an identical copy of the parent cell (somatic cell), having the same traits and functions, as well as a normal cellular activity, while Cell B have only half of the genetic information of the mother cell, this cell more close to an sex cell than a somatic cell, numerically speaking, since the fact of it having 1/2 of the information makes it more difficult to perform its cellular functions as a somatic cell.
Design Your Offspring:
Create your imaginary offspring. Bring in a picture or drawing of yourself and of your sweetheart, favorite celebrity, or dream girl or guy (these are not included).
1. Attach your picture to your poster (these are not included). Next to each picture, describe the traits and give each a genotype. (Use your imagination)
2. Identify two different possible children. Show and describe the phenotypes and genotypes for each children.
3. Show a monohybrid cross using your trait. (Example. Mm x mm). Show the Punnet and the ratios produced. Include the genotype and phenotype in the punnet square.
Pa help po pls.... I really need help po. I'll mark brainliest who answered po.
Answers
Punnett squares are used to easily represent crosses and interpret possible genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring. 1) Freckles, hairline, tongue rolling, ear free-lobule. 2) Girl: FF Ww tt ee. Boy: ff Ww Tt ee. 3) 50% heterozygous Ff expressing freckles, 50% homozygous recessive with no freckles.
What is a Punnett square?
The Punnett square is a graphic representation that shows the different types of gamete combinations according to the alleles involved in a cross.
Punnett square shows the probabilities of getting offspring with different genotypes and their consequent phenotypes.
1) I will provide a few examples of traits expressed by a brother and sister (offspring).
Freckles (The dominant allele F codes for freckles)Girl ⇒ Has freckles, FF
Boy ⇒ Does not have freckles, ff
Hairline: Widow peak (The dominant allele W codes for widow peak)Girl and Boy ⇒ Both of them have Widow peak, Ww
Tongue's roll trait (the dominant allele T codes for rolling trait)Girl ⇒ Can not roll her tongue, tt
Boy ⇒ Can roll his tongue, Tt
Free-lobule (The dominant allele E codes for free-lobule)Girl and Boy ⇒ Both of them have attached lobule, ee
2)
The girl's phenotype: She has freckles, a widow peak, can not roll her tongue, and has attached earloble
The girl's genotype is FF Ww tt ee
The boy's phenotype: He does not have freckles, he has a widow peak, he can roll his tongue. and he has attached earloble.
The boy's genotype is ff Ww Tt ee
3) Monohybrid cross
Parentals) Ff x ff
Gametes) F f f f
Punnett square) F f
f Ff ff
f Ff ff
F1)
Genotype
50% of the offspring is expected to be heterozygous Ff
50% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous recessive ff
Genotypic ratio ⇒ 1:1
Phenotype
50% of the progeny is expected to have freckles
50% of the offspring is not expected to express freckles
Phenotypic ratio ⇒ 1:1
You can learn more about punnett squares at
https://brainly.com/question/10253374
#SPJ1
67. Match the scenario to the correct mechanism of Evolution:
A. Changes in the DNA for a gene that codes for mouse fur
color
B. Female peahens select male peacocks based on the beauty
of their tails
C.
The founder of a small population has a rare genetic trait
that is passed down to the majority of the population
the wind blows pollen from one population of plants to
another
D.
E. Giraffes with longer necks can get more food, survive and
pass down the trait
Natural Selection
Gene Flow
Mutation
Sexual Selection
Genetic Drift
Answers
B. Sexual selection
C. Genetic drift
D. Gene flow
E. Natural selection
<3
if all cells contain the exact same copy of DNA, how do they become specialized?
Answers
Even if all the cells have the same DNA they biochemical function are different, that's because differents sets of genes must be turned on and off in each cell type by the action of enzymes and other molecules. Each cell have the same 20,000 or so genes but they are biochemically selected by the action of molecules as hormones and chemical signaling. Therefore, different cells use different parts of the DNA code as directions.
plz, help me!
when a population splits into two subgroups, what is the likely to cause the subgroups to develop different traits
a.the occurrence of natural selection in both subgroups at the same time
b.the occurrence of the divergence in one subgroup but not the other
c.the occurrence in one subgroup of mutations that are not passed to the other through reproduction
d.an increase in gene flow in the two subgroups that are formed
Answers
Answer:
its The occurrence of genetic drift in only one of the subgroups
Explanation:
i just took the 4.2.2 quiz i got a 80 and don't get upset if you get it wrong you are either doing a different quiz or the answer is spelled different
bwt quiz 4.2.2 speciation
What is known as the highest point
which separates areas?
A. stream
B. divide
C. floodplain
D. drainage basin
Answers
Answer:
stream
Explanation:
stream divides area's
What is the purpose of each class of macromolecules?
Answers
Macromolecules are massive molecules that populate cells and provide vital functions for life.
What are the different macromolecules and its function?These are organic molecules with a high molecular weight that are polymeric in nature.
The following are four macromolecules and their functions:
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are energy-producing compounds that also serve as structural elements.The nucleic acid
It is a nucleotide polymer that serves as an organism's genetic material.It is in charge of the transmission of genetic material from parents to offspring.Lipids:
Lipids are the primary constituents of bio-membranes and are composed of fatty acids and glycerol.For instance, plasma membranes, nuclear membranes, and so on.When carbohydrates are scarce, they are also used as a substrate for energy production.Some of these lipids also function as hormones.Proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids that serve a variety of functions.Enzymes and hormones, for example, are required for immunity and are also responsible for growth and maintenance.To learn more about macromolecules refer to :
https://brainly.com/question/5246898
#SPJ1
What is an autotroph? How does it obtain food?
Answers
Most autotrophs use a process called photosynthesis to make their food. In photosynthesis, autotrophs use energy from the sun to convert water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air into a nutrient called glucose.
Answer:
answer below
Explanation:
An autotroph produces it own food. For example, Plants take sunlight and Water, and make their own food :)
the big bang theory of the formation and expansion of the universe is supported by the observed ___
Answers
Answer:
Universe
Explanation:
This should go to physics category
The big bang theory is derived from the observed universe, and the microwave background signal that arrived to earth...
draw a typical bacterial cell and label: capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, plasmid, flagella, pilli, nucleoid region. 5. what are heterocysts? 6. what are endospores? 7. list the 3 groups of archaea and where you would find them. 8. discuss cyanobacteria. why were the important in the evolution of eukaryotes? 9. how are gram and gram - bacteria different? explain. 25
Answers
A typical bacterial cell has several components, including a capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, plasmid, flagella, pili, and nucleoid region, which serve different functions such as protection, movement, and genetic exchange.
5. Heterocysts are specialized cells found in some filamentous cyanobacteria that are capable of nitrogen fixation. Heterocysts are important because they allow cyanobacteria to grow in nitrogen-limited environments by converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by other cells in the filament.
6. Endospores are dormant, highly-resistant structures formed by some bacteria, such as Bacillus and Clostridium. These spores are formed under unfavorable conditions and allow the bacteria to survive in a dormant state until conditions become more favorable for growth and reproduction.
7. The three groups of archaea are the Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, and Thaumarchaeota. Crenarchaeota is often found in extreme environments such as hot springs and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Euryarchaeota are found in a variety of environments including the human gut, marine sediments, and hypersaline lakes. Thaumarchaeota are often found in soil and water and are important for their role in the nitrogen cycle.
8. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic bacteria that played a critical role in the evolution of eukaryotes. They are thought to have given rise to the chloroplasts found in modern-day plants and algae through a process called endosymbiosis.
9. Gram-positive bacterial cells have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains a crystal violet stain and appears purple under a microscope. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, as well as an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides.
To learn more about bacterial follow the link:
https://brainly.com/question/21141798
#SPJ4
The correct question is:
Draw a typical bacterial cell and label: capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, plasmid, flagella, pili, and nucleoid region. Explain
5. What are heterocysts?
6. What are endospores?
7. List the 3 groups of archaea and where you would find them.
8. Discuss cyanobacteria. why were they important in the evolution of eukaryotes?
9. How are gram and gram-bacteria different? explain.
explain how ionic balance is maintained in the human body
Answers
Answer:
ion balance is maintain in the body by its ph balance
When a person inherits two sickle-shaped red blood cell genes, the disease will
When a person inherits one sickle-shaped red blood cell gene and one normal red
blood cell gene, the disease will?
Answers
Answer:
have the sickle cell trait
Explanation:
Answer:
This is commonly called sickle cell anemia and is usually the most severe form of the disease.
Which statement accurately describes runners?
A runner is a small underground stem that sprouts new buds.
A runner is a series of underground leaves that contain stored food.
A runner is a horizontal stem that grows along the ground.
A runner is a horizontal stem that grows underground.
Answers
Answer:
C✌
A runner is a small underground stem that sprouts new buds.
A runner is a series of underground leaves that contain stored food.
A runner is a horizontal stem that grows along the ground.<--THIS ONE
A runner is a horizontal stem that grows underground.
describe the movement of material during active transport
Answers
Active transport is the transport of molecules from the region of lower concentration to the region of higher concentration against the concentration gradient.
_____________________________________Requirement of Energy:Energy is required in this type of movement which is provided in the currency of energy i.e. ATP
_________________________________________________________
Q. Why is Energy Required?
A. Energy is required in this type of movement, because the molecules are moving from less crowded region of the molecules to the more crowded region of the molecule, so the energy is required to get into the crowdy region the molecules require energy to kind of PUSH the molecules and get into that region.
_________________________________________________________
Q. Where does ATP come from?
A. Free energy obtained from hydrolysis of ATP is used for the movement of the solutes against the concentration gradient across the plasma. The transmembrane protein which is also called pump is used in this process, The transmembrane protein is the type of integral protein which provides gateways to permit the transport of specific substances across the membrane.
_____________________________________Best Regards,'Borz'What is DNA and why is it such a big deal to change an organism’s DNA?
Answers
Answer:
DNA Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid and is the bodys' chemical blueprint. Changeing an organisms DNA can make the organism produce too much or too little protiens and can be fatal if the mutation/chance is significant enough.
Explanation:
Explain why the null hypothesis Upper H 0 : mu 1 equals mu 2 is equivalent to the null hypothesis Upper H 0 : mu 1 minus mu 2 equals 0. Choose the correct answer below. A. They are equivalent through algebraic manipulation. B. They are equivalent because the null hypothesis, Upper H 0, is always assumed to be true. C. Bydefinition, the null hypothesis is always equal to 0. Therefore, these hypotheses are equivalent. D. The values of mu 1 and mu 2 are equivalent in every population. Therefore, these hypotheses are equivalent.
Answers
The null hypothesis Upper H0: μ1 = μ2 is equivalent to the null hypothesis Upper H0: μ1 − μ2 = 0 because they are equivalent through algebraic manipulation (Option A).
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true. It is generally denoted by H0. A null hypothesis usually states that the two populations under consideration are the same or equal.
Algebraic manipulation is the technique of manipulating algebraic expressions to simplify or prove a mathematical relationship. The null hypothesis Upper H0: μ1 = μ2 can be transformed by subtracting one population mean from the other to get H0: μ1 − μ2 = 0. So the null hypothesis Upper H0: μ1 = μ2 is equivalent to the null hypothesis Upper H0: μ1 − μ2 = 0.
Thus, the correct option is A.
Learn more about null hypothesis: https://brainly.com/question/19263925
#SPJ11
____________________ is a series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. Photoperiodism Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Pollination
Answers
Answer:
Photosynthesis
Explanation:
How are earthworms and fish similar?
Answers
Answer:
cc
Explanation:
_______ are present in prokaryotes, and bind to and direct the polymerase to specific promoters. 1.Proteases 2.Ribosomes 3.Reverse transcriptatses 4.Sporulation proteins 5.Sigma factors
Answers
5. Sigma factors are present in prokaryotes, and bind to and direct the polymerase to specific promoters. Sigma factors are a type of transcription factor that play a critical role in gene expression in prokaryotes. They bind to the RNA polymerase enzyme and guide it to specific regions of DNA, known as promoters, where transcription can begin.
Sigma factors are diverse and specialized, each recognizing different promoter sequences and regulating the transcription of different sets of genes. For example, some sigma factors are involved in the expression of genes related to stress response, while others are responsible for the expression of genes involved in nutrient uptake or virulence. The specificity of sigma factors allows bacteria to rapidly respond to changes in their environment by quickly turning on or off the expression of specific genes.
In summary, sigma factors are an important component of prokaryotic gene regulation, helping to direct the RNA polymerase enzyme to specific promoters and thereby controlling gene expression.
To know more about prokaryotes, refer
https://brainly.com/question/1288013
#SPJ11
Which term describes the relationship in which one organism lives inside the other one. Check ih correct answer
Answers
Answer:
The term that describes the relationship in which one organism lives inside the other one is endosymbiosis.
Explanation:
When a gardener crosses a plant with red flowers with a plant with yellow flowers, orange-flowered offspring result. what mode of inheritance is exemplified by these flowers?
Answers
Incomplete dominance mode of inheritance is exemplified by these flowers.
Incomplete Dominance- When both alleles of a gene are only partially expressed at a locus, a phenomenon known as incomplete dominance occurs, which frequently produces an intermediate or distinct phenotype. As partial domination, it is also known. For instance, the red allele is dominant over the white allele in roses.
Phenotype- An observable characteristic is simply referred to as a "phenotype." Pheno, which has the same origin as the term "phenomenon," simply means "observe." It may therefore refer to anything from a common attribute, like height or hair color, to the presence or absence of a disease. It is also an observable kind of an organism.
To know more about Incomplete Dominance, click on the below link,
https://brainly.com/question/13402032
#SPJ4
Fungi are closer to animals than plants.
O True
O False
Answers
Answer:
true
Explanation: Fungi and animals are more closely related to one another than either group is to plants. This has been determined through molecular phylogenetic analyses. Fungal cells are organized into tube-like filaments called hyphae.
True or false? Neutrons do not have an electrical charge:
Answers
100 points and will mark brainliest
Answers
Answer:
offspring are identical to the parents
extremely efficient
The transfer of antibodies or immunoglobulins from one person to another produces _____ immunity.
Answers
The transfer of antibodies or immunoglobulins from one person to another produces passive immunity.
Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies. Pooled gamma globulin immediately recognizes and neutralizes an antigen to provide immediate protection. However, this passive form of protection bypasses the steps in primary exposure, and it does not produce immunologic memory.
Passive immunity can occur naturally, when a person receives antibodies in the form of an injection (gamma globulin injection).
The major advantage to passive immunity is that protection is immediate, However, passive immunity lasts only for a few weeks or months.
To learn more about passive immunity, here
brainly.com/question/3499531
#SPJ4
Archaeologists study settlement patterns primarily to reveal what kinds of information about prehistoric communities?
Answers
Archaeologists study settlement patterns primarily to reveal population estimates and degrees of social complexity that is a kinds of information about prehistoric communities.
The Prehistoric Communities or Society is an international learned society which devoted to the study of the human past from the earliest times.
Population estimates can describe the size of the total population as well as demographical characteristics such as age, education level, or sex. Population estimates are completely dependent on the demographical components of change, i.e. migration, mortality and fertility.
Social complexity is a kind of conceptual framework which is mainly used in the analysis of society. Contemporary definitions of the complexity in the sciences are generally found in relation to systems theory where a phenomenon under study has multiple parts and multiple possible arrangements of the relationships between those.
Learn more about archaeologists here
brainly.com/question/28209452
#SPJ4
The image shows an energy pyramid.
Only a portion of the energy in each trophic level is available to the next level.
Rabbits are part of the second trophic level. Which statement is true about
the energy stored in the tissues of rabbits?
A. Some of it will flow to the trophic level that includes plants.
B. Some of it will flow to the trophic level that includes foxes.
C. All of it will flow to the trophic level that includes plants.
O D. All of it will flow to the trophic level that includes mountain lions.
Answers
According to the 10% rule of energy transfer, some of the energy will flow from rabbits at second trophic level to the trophic level that includes foxes.
The 10% rule of energy transfer states that when energy has to be passed from a lower trophic level to a higher trophic level i.e., from producers to consumers or from primary consumers to secondary consumers, only 10 % of the total energy is transferred. The rest is utilized by the organism itself or lost during respiration and other processes.
Trophic level is the hierarchical position of an organism in the food chain or ecological pyramids. In a food chain, the lower most trophic level can only be of producers or detritivores.
To know more about trophic level, here
brainly.com/question/9636698
#SPJ1
what on the blood determine a person’s blood type.
Answers
Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens – substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body. Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood, safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and cross-matching.
(hope this helps ^^)
Thus, the blank can be filled as
antigens.
Mentors are often a very important part of a hero’s journey. Who are our mentors today? How has a mentor helped motivate you or shared important knowledge with you? Who have you mentored?
- mythology
Answers
A mentor is a person who plays the important role of helping another individual to become great person and achieve their potential.
Who is a mentor?A mentor is an individual or person who plays the role of a guide and tutor to another individual in order to help this person to into a great person.
The individual mentored by a mentor is called a mentee.
Mentors are important in the lives of their mentees and to the society at large, as they help build responsible individuals in the society.
A teacher can serve as a mentor to his/her students.
A religious leader can serve as a mentor to their congregants.
Parents can serve as mentors to their children.
Therefore, a mentor is a person who plays the important role of helping another individual to become great person and achieve their potential.
Learn more about mentors at: https://brainly.com/question/26289842
A mentor is a person who helps another individual to get success in life.
Who is a mentor?A mentor is a person who guides another individual in order to help him to get success in life and achieve their goals. Teaches, parents and leaders are our mentors in this modern world which guides and helps in achieving our goals.
Mentor helped by motivating the person as well as by sharing important knowledge with him which helps him in achieving his goal so we can conclude that a mentor is a person who helps another individual to get success in life.
Learn more about mentors here: https://brainly.com/question/14327481