which action must take place before transcription can begin?
Answers
Before transcription can begin, a process known as DNA unwinding and unzipping must take place.
Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule. However, before transcription can occur, the DNA double helix must undergo unwinding and unzipping.
During DNA unwinding, the hydrogen bonds between the complementary nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) are broken, causing the DNA double helix to separate into two strands. This separation exposes the DNA template strand, which serves as a template for RNA synthesis.
Once the DNA strands are unwound, the process of DNA unzipping occurs. Enzymes, such as helicase, help in separating the DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.
As a result, the DNA molecule is "unzipped" into two separate strands, with the template strand serving as a template for RNA synthesis.
After DNA unwinding and unzipping, the stage is set for transcription to begin. The RNA polymerase enzyme can then bind to the DNA template strand and initiate the synthesis of an RNA molecule using complementary RNA nucleotides.
Thus, DNA unwinding and unzipping are essential steps that precede the initiation of transcription.
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Related Questions
Which intestinal layer accounts for the action of the peristaltic waves?
A) serosa
B) muscularis
C) submucosa
D) mucous
Answers
The layer that accounts for the action of the peristaltic waves is the muscularis. These muscles contract rhythmically, causing the peristaltic waves that propel the food through the digestive tract.
Correct option is, B. muscularis.
Peristaltic waves are waves of muscular contractions that propel the food through the digestive tract. These waves occur in the layer of the digestive tract known as the muscularis. The muscularis is composed of two layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer.
The other layers of the intestine are: Serosa, Submucosa, and Mucous: Serosa: It is the outermost layer of the intestine and is made up of connective tissue and epithelial cells. Submucosa: The submucosa is a layer of tissue beneath the mucous membrane of the digestive tract. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands. Mucous: It is the innermost layer of the intestine. It secretes mucus which lubricates the walls of the intestine and protects it from damage.
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How long has Earth been in its current era?
A. 1.8 million years
B. 65 million years
C. 5 billion years
D. 200,000 years
Science A P E X
Answers
The correct answer is B. 65 million years.
Earth has been in its current era, known as the Cenozoic Era, for approximately 65 million years.
The Cenozoic Era is the most recent geologic era and is characterized by the diversification and dominance of mammals, including the emergence of human beings. It is divided into three periods: the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary.
The Cenozoic Era followed the Mesozoic Era, which ended with the mass extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs.
The Cenozoic Era has witnessed significant geological, climatic, and biological changes, shaping the Earth's current state and providing the foundation for the development of modern ecosystems.
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What happens during translation?
Answers
Answer:
B
Explanation:
in translation, DNA is translated into RNA
How would a forensic scientist MOST accurately describe the chemical properties of a cup of gasoline?
OA. It is liquid and weighs two pounds.
OB.
It catches fires when lit with a match.
OC. It is slightly brownish in color.
OD. It is not very dense.
Answers
Answer: A. It is liquid and weighs two pounds.
Explanation:
A provides the most details and includes a quantitative measurement however an actual cup of gasoline does not weigh 2 pounds.
PLEASE HELP!!!!!
Part 1: Name two elements that have the same properties as magnesium (Mg). (4 points)
Part 2: Determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons present in an atom of potassium (K). Explain how you determined your answer using complete sentences. (6 points)
Answers
Answer:
PART1: Calcium: Magnesium belongs to a group two element and its valency is two so as Calcium
Beryllium:SAME Explanation
PART 2:Potassium :Number of protons equals atomic Number ,and atomic number of
Potassium equals 19
protons =19
ELECTRONS: equals number of protons
electrons=19
NEUTRONS= mass number - protons
=39 - 19
= 20
: protons =19, electrons =19, neutrons =20
What are 2-3 ways that pollen can travel from one flower to another? Why do you think many plants produce sweet nectar?
Answers
Answer:
wind, water, birds, insects, butterflies, bats, and other animals that visit flowers.
Explanation:
How does pollen get from one flower to another? Flowers must rely on vectors to move pollen. These vectors can include wind, water, birds, insects, butterflies, bats, and other animals that visit flowers. We call animals or insects that transfer pollen from plant to plant “pollinators
Flowers produce nectar as a reward for pollination
• Biology
1. (a) In a tabular form represent test for protein, starch, glucose and fats and oil
using any method that you have been taught (b) What is adequate diet?
(c) Mention 4 importance of protein.
2. (a) (i) Define dentition (ii) Describe briefly the modifications and mechanisms
associated with the following feeding habits.
(b) (i) Filter feeding in mosquito (ii) Parasitic feeding in tapeworm.
Answers
Answer:
1 ma /b/ correct answer 2 ma /a/ correct answer
I need help filling in rest of blanks
Answers
The correct answer to the events of meiosis are:
Anaphase I of meiosis I.prophase I of meiosis I.telophase II of meiosis II.metaphase II of meiosis II.metaphase I of meiosis I.anaphase I of meiosis I.anaphase II of meiosis II.prophase II of meiosis II.What are the correct answers to the events in meiosis?The name of each event in meiosis is given below:
The stage in which the chromosome number is reduced from 2n to n is called meiosis I.The stage in which crossing over produces an exchange of genetic information is called prophase I of meiosis I.The stage in which four nuclei form around the chromosomes is called telophase II of meiosis II.The stage in which sister chromatids line up at the equator is called metaphase II of meiosis II.The stage in which homologous chromosomes line up at the equator is called metaphase I of meiosis I.The stage in which each pole contains only one member of the original pair of homologous chromosomes is called anaphase I of meiosis I.The stage in which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles is called anaphase II of meiosis II.The stage in which the spindle apparatus forms and chromosomes condense a second time is called prophase II of meiosis II.Learn more about meiosis at: https://brainly.com/question/25995456
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what find of spider of this kind of spider is this?
Answers
Answer:
Fishing Spider
Explanation:
Dolomedes is a genus of large spiders of the family Pisauridae. They are also known as fishing spiders, raft spiders, dock spiders or wharf spiders
What kind of organisms do not have organs or organ systems?
Answers
Answer:
A good example of organisms without organs or an organ system would be sponges.
Explanation:
Brainliest please! I am so close to getting my next rating! I would really appreciate it, and it would make my day! Thank you so much, and have a wonderful rest of your day!
Species more likely to become endangered require A. pristine habitats
B. late successional ecosystems. C. A and B only D. A, B and C E. ecosystems found on the right hand side of the logistic curve describing ecological development over time.
Answers
Species more likely to become endangered require pristine habitats and late successional ecosystems. The correct option is C. A and B only.
An endangered species is a species that is at risk of extinction or is declining rapidly in population. Endangered species are those that have been classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as at risk of extinction in the wild.
A pristine habitat is a habitat that has never been impacted or damaged by human activity. These habitats are free of human-caused disturbances, such as habitat destruction, pollution, or invasive species.
Late-successional ecosystems are those that have reached a climax or stable state. These ecosystems are the most mature and diverse, with a wide range of species. The ecosystems that have been undisturbed for a long period of time are those that are late-successional ecosystems. Species that are more likely to become endangered require pristine habitats and late-successional ecosystems. These types of ecosystems are rare and fragile and are easily impacted by human activities. Therefore, conservation measures must be taken to ensure that these ecosystems are protected from human disturbance and other forms of damage.
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As used in the passage, the word “collaborators” (line 65) is closest in meaning to
A performers B partners
C writers
D guests
Answer: B
Answers
Answer:
You are correct, the answer is B).
Tigers and crocodiles are more closely related than tigers and sharks.
Which statement about shared characteristics best supports this statement?
Crocodiles and sharks both live in water.
Crocodiles and tigers are both made of cells.
Crocodiles and tigers both have four legs.
Sharks and tigers are both meat eaters.
Answers
Answer:
Crocodiles and tigers both have 4 legs :) answer: C
Explanation:
Got 100% on my test :D
Answer:
Your answer would be:
C.) Crocodiles and tigers both have four legs.
C is the most suitable answer because both animals have four legs, which means that they belong to the group of quadrupeds species.
Explanation:
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A patient is given a β1 receptor agonist. what would you expect to find?
Answers
If a patient is given a β1 receptor agonist then it is expected to find increased heart rate and increased cardiac output.
What are the consequences in the body of β1 receptor agonists?The consequence in the body of β1 receptor agonists is to stimulate the activity of adenyl cyclase by opening calcium channels thereby leading to an increased heart rate and increased cardiac output.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the consequences in the body of β1 receptor agonists include an increased pumping of blood by the heart.
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how does histone modification alter gene expression? a. in areas where histones are modified, the dna is more tightly wound, and genes are not transcribed. b. histone modification results in an increase in microrna production, which promotes gene expression by enhancing translation. c. histone modification results in an increase in microrna production, which inhibits gene expression by preventing translation. d. modified histones result in increased dna methylation, which increases the transcription of genes in that area
Answers
Although histone modification can affect gene expression in a number of ways, the most frequent one involves alterations in chromatin structure.
How do histone modifications affect the expression of genes?Whereas acetylation is only connected with histones, methylation affects both DNA and histone proteins. Activation and repression of transcription are routinely switched between by these two changes, which frequently control the pattern of gene expression in a cell.
What changes to the histones' chemistry can influence how genes are expressed?Hexamethylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, and sumoylation are examples of the covalent post-translational modifications (PTMs) that histone proteins can undergo. The PTMs applied to histones can affect gene expression by modifying the chromatin structure or enlisting histone modifiers.
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How do cells depend on diffusion and osmosis?
Answers
Answer:
Cell are cool
Explanation:
I like brainly cells
A group of muscle cells stimulated by a single motor neuron is known as a.
Answers
Answer:
motor unit
The impulses that initiate muscle contraction originates in the. brain or spinal cord. A group of muscle cells stimulated by a single motor neuron is known as a. motor unit
A single motor neuron, however, can innervate many muscle fibers. The combination of an individual motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates is called a motor unit. The number of fibers innervated by a motor unit is called its innervation ratio.
10.
1. Protein Synthesis
9.
sem
2. DNA
3.M-RN
А A
8.
4. Translation
7. Replication
5. Transcription
11.
12
T-RNA
0000
6. Nucleus
Answers
Answer:
1234
Explanation:
12345
Which of the following organisms is a tertiary consumer?
O frog
O redwood tree
O great white shark
athlete's foot fungus
Answers
Answer:
Great White Shark
Explanation:
The great white shark is top of the food chain. The fungus is the bottom of the food chain with the decomposers. The redwood tree is the Primary consumer sense it gets its needs from the sun and the nutrients from the ground. Lastly, the frog is the fourth of the food chain with the Carnivores, secondary consumers.
Which of the following best describes how the cells formed during mitosis compare to the cells formed during meiosis? (1 point)
A)Mitosis produces four genetically identical cells, while meiosis produces two genetically different cells.
B)Mitosis produces two genetically different cells, while meiosis produces four genetically identical cells.
C)Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells, while meiosis produces four genetically different cells.
D)Mitosis produces four genetically different cells, while meiosis produces two genetically identical cells.
Answers
C
Because yes meiosis produces four genetically different cells (this cells are gametes or sex cells)
Help please this is my last question it’s question 4
Answers
Help please this is my last question it’s question 4
Answer:
C. Allele
If you use the letter E for this gene. what is the genotype of the offspring if the parents were EE x ee
Answers
ANSWER: Ee
This is because if we had a punnett square one box would be EE another would be the recessive ee and the last two for hybrids Ee meaning two traits will mix or most likely be dominant
Which cell can survive without the help of other cells?
leaf cell
yeast cell
onion cell
muscle cell
Answers
Answer:
given below:
Explanation:
Q. A single cell organism can do everything a cell from a multi-cellular organism can do EXCEPT
answer choices
specialize
reproduce
use energy
make protein
which type of orchid is the best for houseplant beginners?
Answers
Answer:
For those who are new to growing orchids or those who love the beautiful blooms, the Phalaenopsis orchid is considered to be the best orchid for beginners. Our online video will help you pick the perfect orchid for your home. Phalaenopsis orchids are also known as “moth orchids” for the shape of their petals.
I have a Phalaenopsis Orchid in my house, it's very easy to take care of. Like a fish, but fish cost more money.
Explanation:
Water and sun, that's all there is to it.
n archaeologist graduate student found a leg bone of a large animal during the building of a new science building. the bone had a carbon-14 decay rate of 14.8 disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon. living organisms have a decay rate of 15.3 disintegrations per minute. how old is the bone? the half-life of c-14 is 5730 years.
Answers
An archaeologist graduate student discovered a large animal's leg bone with a carbon-14 decay rate of 14.8 disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon while living organisms have a decay rate of 15.3 disintegrations per minute. The leg bone is approximately 853 years old.
To determine the age of the bone, we'll use the half-life of carbon-14, which is 5730 years. The decay rate of the bone can be represented as a percentage of the decay rate of living organisms:
Decay rate percentage = (14.8 / 15.3) * 100 ≈ 96.73%
Now, we'll use the half-life formula: N = N0 * (1/2)^(t / T)
Where N is the current decay rate percentage, N0 is the initial decay rate (100% for a living organism), t is the age of the sample, and T is the half-life of carbon-14. Rearrange the formula to solve for t:
t = T * (log(N / N0) / log(1/2))
Substitute the values:
t = 5730 * (log(96.73 / 100) / log(1/2))
t ≈ 853.32 years
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the end result of photosynthesis is the product of _____ to build grow and survive and ____ which is a waste product.
Correctly fill in the missing spots.
Answers
The end result of photosynthesis is the product of oxygen to build grow and survive and glucose which is a waste product.
Is CO2 produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis?Carbon dioxide is a waste product produced by plants during aerobic respiration, whereas oxygen is a waste product produced during photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process through which plants absorb light and transform it into chemical energy to suit their nutritional needs.
Sugar is the initial product of photosynthesis, and it is transformed into starch by all plants. The first step of photosynthesis is the breakdown of water into oxygen, which is then released, and hydrogen.
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The creation of a genetic test for hereditary forms of breast cancer was a direct result of what?
A) the Arabidopsis genome project
B) the discovery of the mitochondrial genome
C) the Human Genome Project
D) the discovery of restriction enzymes
Answers
The creation of a genetic test for hereditary forms of breast cancer was a direct result of the Human Genome Project.
Here, correct option is C.
This comprehensive project, which began in 1990, was an international effort to map out the entire human genome and identify the estimated 20,000-25,000 genes that make up a human being. The project enabled researchers to identify genetic mutations that can cause certain diseases, including hereditary forms of breast cancer.
Researchers used the information obtained from the Human Genome Project to develop genetic tests that can detect the presence of these mutations in an individual’s genes. This knowledge has enabled doctors to identify individuals at a greater risk of developing breast cancer and to design better treatments and preventive measures.
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The progeny cells of a B-cell clones that secrete IgM initially are called Group of answer choices antibodies sensitized T cells plasma cells activated macrophages
Answers
The progeny cells of a B-cell clones that secrete IgM initially are called plasma cells.
The progeny cells of a B-cell clones that secrete IgM initially are called plasma cells. They are a group of cells that result from B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. When B cells are stimulated by antigens, they differentiate into plasma cells. These cells can release large amounts of antibody and have a lifespan of approximately three to four days. Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the bloodstream, where they circulate to bind with antigens and inactivate them. They are essential for the body's immune response to infection. The secreted IgM antibodies produced by these plasma cells are specific to the antigen that initially triggered their production, and they bind to it tightly and effectively. Therefore, plasma cells are an integral part of the adaptive immune system's ability to recognize and neutralize foreign pathogens.
Antibodies are proteins that are produced by B cells, and they play a crucial role in the immune system's ability to defend against invading pathogens. Antibodies are produced by plasma cells, which are the progeny cells of B-cell clones that secrete IgM initially. Sensitized T cells and activated macrophages are not progeny cells of B-cell clones that secrete IgM initially, and thus, they are not the correct answer to the given question.
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The top sequence is A G C T G T.
The bottom sequence is A G C T G A T. A G C T G A T.
- insertion
- deletion
- substitution
Answers
Answer:
substitution
Explanation:
Answer:✔ insertion
Explanation:
FILL IN THE BLANKS: Gametes are produced by meiosis, which are either __________ or _________.
Answers
Explanation:
Meiosis produces haploid gametes (ova or sperm) that contain one set of 23 chromosomes. When two gametes (an egg and a sperm) fuse, the resulting zygote is once again diploid, with the mother and father each contributing 23 chromosomes.