The nurse would ask to learn more about a Bulimic patient's intake habits and patterns is:
"How frequently do you eat in reaction to moods rather than hunger?"Patterns of eating in Bulimia nervosa:
Over the course of a continuous 24-hour period in a feeding laboratory, we described the naturalistic feeding behaviors of 54 women with bulimia nervosa and 11 matched controls.
In all, bulimic women consumed more calories in a 24-hour period than did controls (1845 +/- 649 kcal; 4446 +/- 584 kcal). In comparison to the range of controls, bulimic women had a wide range of calorie intake, with 44% overeating and 19% undereating.
Bulimics also displayed a disruption in their circadian feeding schedules. The bulk of meals for bulimic women who overeat were typical in size and frequency. The fact that 37% of the meals consumed by the group of overeating bulimic women had more than 1000 calories was the main cause of their increased caloric intake.
To learn more about from Bulimia Nervosa click below–
https://brainly.com/question/13164889
#SPJ4
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that
A) is stimulated to release when blood volume decreases.
B) inhibits the release of renin and aldosterone.
C) raises blood pressure.
D) is released from the adrenal cortex and stimulates atrial hormone.
Answer:
(ANP) is a cardiac hormone. its primary function is to control blood pressure.
for this reason, I believe the answer is B) inhibits the release of renin and aldosterone.
Theory theory refers to the ability to think about other people's thoughts.
True
False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Mark me the brainliest and rate me please
Why & Who is your model teacher in nursing teaching professional subject/s?
Answer:
A role model is a person who inspires and encourages us to strive for greatness, live to our fullest potential and see the best in ourselves. A role model is someone we admire and someone we aspire to be like. We learn through them, through their commitment to excellence and through their ability to make us realize our own personal growth. We look to them for advice and guidance.
A role model can be anybody: a parent, a sibling, a friend but some of our most influential and life-changing role models are teachers.
after a complete description of the surgery, your patient indicates that he is ready to sign consent forms. how would you respond?
I would verify the patient's understanding and address any concerns before proceeding with the consent process.
How to find the appropriate response when a patient indicates readiness to sign consent forms after a complete description of the surgery?As a healthcare professional, it is essential to ensure that the patient fully comprehends the informed consent provided regarding the surgery before proceeding with the consent process.
In response to the patient's readiness to sign consent forms, I would take the following steps:
Firstly, I would engage in a conversation with the patient to verify their understanding of the surgery and address any questions or concerns they may have.
This involves actively listening to the patient, providing clarifications if needed, and encouraging them to express any reservations or uncertainties.
Secondly, I would review the consent forms with the patient, explaining the purpose, risks, benefits, alternatives, and any other relevant information related to the surgery.
This step helps to reinforce the patient's understanding and allows them to make an informed decision regarding their healthcare.
Lastly, I would provide an opportunity for the patient to ask further questions or seek additional information before signing the consent forms.
It is crucial to create an environment where the patient feels comfortable and empowered to make a well-informed decision about their treatment.
By ensuring that the patient fully understands the surgery, addressing their concerns, and allowing them to actively participate in the consent process, healthcare providers promote patient autonomy and foster a collaborative approach to their care.
Learn more about informed consent
brainly.com/question/31666582
#SPJ11
Approximately of psycologists specialize on the clinical/counseling field
Answer:
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION
Child development and counseling.
Adolescent development and counseling.
Marital Relationship Counseling. Counselors are.
Health.
Explanation:
Clinical psychology is a broad branch of psychology that focuses on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Some of the more common disorders that might be treated include learning disabilities, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.Areas of Specialization in Psychology. ...
Clinical Psychology.
Cognitive Psychology.
Counseling Psychology.
Developmental Psychology.
Educational Psychology.
Forensic Psychology.
Health Psychology.
sorry if wrong
Contemporary health condition that is prevalent with First Peoples today in Australia
A contemporary health condition that is prevalent with First Peoples today in Australia is diabetes.
Diabetes is a significant health condition that disproportionately affects Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people compared to non-Indigenous Australians. Additionally, the prevalence of diabetes is more frequent among those living in remote areas than those in urban areas.
As per reports, Indigenous Australians were approximately three times more likely to have diabetes than non-Indigenous Australians as of 2016-17. It is a health concern as it can lead to other complications like blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, and amputation.
The reason behind the higher rates of diabetes is considered to be the impact of colonization, forced displacement, and other factors that have caused damage to the mental, emotional, and physical well-being of Indigenous Australians, which ultimately affects their lifestyle, diet, and health status.
You can learn more about diabetes at: brainly.com/question/18791386
#SPJ11
When a species cannot respond to environmental changes, members of that species begin to die. When the last member of a species dies, the species becomes
Sally is 55 years old and just been diagnosed with type2 diabetes. She as a family history of diabetes but she thought she was living healthy. She is 5.7 tall and 195 pounds weight. What concerns should she have moving forward? What aspect of lifestyle are going to need to change immediately and long-term
Planning change
Stages change
Risk factors for disease
Lifestyle changes
Rationale for choice making
Answer:
Sally's diagnosis of type 2 diabetes puts her at risk for several complications, such as heart disease, nerve damage, kidney damage, and eye damage. She should be concerned about managing her blood sugar levels to avoid these complications. In the short-term, Sally will need to change her diet and exercise habits to manage her blood sugar levels. Long-term, she will need to maintain a healthy lifestyle and monitor her blood sugar levels regularly.
Explanation:
Lifestyle changes refer to the modifications a person makes to their diet, exercise, and other habits to improve their health. Sally will need to make changes to her lifestyle to manage her diabetes, such as reducing her intake of sugar and refined carbohydrates, increasing her consumption of fruits and vegetables, and engaging in regular physical activity.
the health care provider is educating a 65-year-old patient on a new diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Which statement by the patient shows an understanding of the discussion?
"I will need to follow my treatment plan to prevent damage to the optic nerve."
"Reduce or quit smoking cigars."Smoking is a major risk factor for AMD. Reducing or, ideally, quitting smoking tobacco can reduce the risk.
Correct
"Keep your blood pressure under control."Hypertension is a risk factor for AMD, and keeping blood pressure under control, either through diet and exercise or medication, can lower the risk for AMD.
Answer:
"I will need to follow my treatment plan to prevent damage to the optic nerve."
Explanation:
Which antibiotic is anti-microbial and anti-collagenlyctic? clindamycin, doxycycline
, metronidazole, amoxicillin
Clindamycin is an antibiotic that is both anti-microbial and anti-collagenlytic. It is a lincosamide antibiotic that works by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria, thereby preventing them from reproducing and causing infections. Clindamycin is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including those that are resistant to other antibiotics.
It is commonly used to treat skin and soft tissue infections, dental infections, and bone infections, as well as infections caused by anaerobic bacteria. Clindamycin is also used in combination with other antibiotics, such as metronidazole or amoxicillin, to treat more severe infections. Metronidazole is an antibiotic that is primarily used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, as well as certain parasitic infections. While it is effective against a wide range of bacteria, it is not anti-collagenlytic. Amoxicillin is a penicillin-type antibiotic that is effective against a variety of bacterial infections, but it is also not anti-collagenlytic. Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that is effective against many types of bacteria, but it is also not anti-collagenlytic. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is clindamycin.
To know more about antibiotic
https://brainly.com/question/6970037
#SPJ11
Diagnosis code for elbow pain
Answer:
2021 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code M25. 52: Pain in elbow.
Explanation:
If this is what you mean't
Hope I helped too!
tells us about the relationship between length of time taking drug x and the size of the tumor
The relationship between length of time taking drug x and the size of the tumor In regards to the relationship between length of time taking drug x and the size of the tumor, it’s evident that there is no straight correlation
In a perfect world, the use of a drug to treat any form of cancer should provide results in a linear trend as the amount of treatment increases so should the decrease in tumor size, however, it’s been observed that this isn't always the case. There are instances where even with long-term use of drugs like drug x there may not be any significant reduction in tumor size.This can be due to several factors like the stage of the cancer, how aggressive it is and the type of treatment used. Another significant factor to consider is the quality of the drug. The efficacy of different drugs varies, and this can have an impact on the ability of the drug to decrease the size of the tumor or eliminate the tumor altogether. It is essential that the drug has passed through different phases of clinical trials and has been approved by regulatory agencies. The timing of administering the drug also affects the effectiveness of the drug. Administering the drug at the right time can increase its effectiveness.The size of the tumor can be determined by different factors like the stage of the cancer, the aggressiveness, and the type of cancer. Also, different imaging techniques can be used to measure the size of the tumor. Some of the most commonly used imaging techniques include X-rays, computed tomography (CT), and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In conclusion, the relationship between length of time taking drug x and the size of the tumor is complex and varies depending on different factors like the stage of the cancer, how aggressive it is and the type of treatment used. It’s important to work closely with a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment for each unique case.
To know more about tumor visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14143650
#SPJ11
1IRB members must:
A. All be physicians who can assess subject safety.
B. Be affiliated with the institute or study site conducting the study.
C. Have the qualifications and experience to review and evaluate the scientific, medical, behavioral, social, legal, ethical, and non-scientific aspects of a proposed study.
D. Be investigators on the study.
2The site staff has prepared a postcard to be sent to past study participants telling them about a new study that they may have an interested in. This postcard does not have to be reviewed by the IRB.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
3A clinical investigator cannot be a member of the IRB.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
4An IRB may perform an expedited review of a protocol or informed consent form change if the change involves no more than minimal risk to study participants.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
5Regulations require IRBs to review ongoing research studies:
A. Every 3 months.
B. Every 6 months.
C. Once a year.
D. Every 2 years.
1. Have the qualifications and experience to review and evaluate the scientific, medical, behavioral, social, legal, ethical, and non-scientific aspects of a proposed study., 2. False, 3. False, 4. True, 5. Every 6 months.
1. IRB members must have the qualifications and experience to review and evaluate various aspects of a proposed study, including scientific, medical, behavioral, social, legal, ethical, and non-scientific aspects. This ensures that the study is safe, ethical, and scientifically sound.
2. This statement is false. Any communication with past study participants about a new study must be reviewed and approved by the IRB to ensure that it is not coercive and provides accurate information.
3. This statement is false. A clinical investigator can be a member of the IRB, but they cannot participate in the IRB's review of their own study.
4. This statement is true. An expedited review may be performed for minor changes to a protocol or informed consent form that pose no more than minimal risk to study participants.
5. This statement is false. Regulations require IRBs to review ongoing research studies at least once a year, but they may choose to review them more frequently if necessary.
Learn more about regulations here:
https://brainly.com/question/31629216
#SPJ11
A nurse is caring for a client who has a prescription for etanercept. The nurse should identify that etanercept treats rheumatoid arthritis by which of the following actions?
Answer: A. inactivation of tumor necrosis factor
Explanation:
The options include:
a. inactivation of tumor necrosis factor
b. inhibition of osteoclast activity
c. decreasing the reuptake of serotonin
d. interference with the production of lymphocytes
Etanercept is simply referred to as a form of drug that's called the biological therapy. It is refered to as an anti-TNF drugs as it helps in the blocking of TNF and also in the reduction of inflammation.
From the question, the nurse should identify that etanercept treats rheumatoid arthritis by the inactivation of the tumor necrosis factor.
Antiulcer agents interact with several other medications (e.g., Phenytoin, Coumadin, Theophylline). What does this interaction result in
When antiulcer agents interact with medications such as Phenytoin, Coumadin, and Theophylline, it can result in changes in the metabolism and effectiveness of these drugs.
The interaction may lead to increased or decreased blood levels of the affected medications, potentially affecting their therapeutic effects or increasing the risk of side effects. For example, if an antiulcer agent inhibits the metabolism of Phenytoin, it can cause an increase in Phenytoin levels, leading to potential toxicity. On the other hand, if an antiulcer agent induces the metabolism of Coumadin, it can decrease its effectiveness, resulting in inadequate blood thinning.
It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of these drug interactions and consider them when prescribing medications. Close monitoring of drug levels, potential side effects, and adjustment of doses may be necessary to ensure the safe and effective use of these medications in combination.
Learn more about Antiulcer agents interact here:
https://brainly.com/question/32920688
#SPJ11
Which teaching will the nurse include in a urinary health promotion webinar for aging clients?
a. foods high in vitamin D
b. adequate rest
c. voiding in an seated position
d. adequate fluid intake
The nursing teaching that the nurse will include in a urinary health promotion webinar for aging clients should consist of the following four aspects:
1. Voiding in a seated position: Nurses should advise elderly patients to void in a seated position instead of standing up to prevent any unnecessary pressure on the bladder, which may result in stress incontinence, also known as "leakage." Patients should be encouraged to sit properly on the toilet seat, with their feet flat on the floor and their knees apart. For men, it may be recommended to sit on the toilet when urinating instead of standing.
2. Adequate fluid intake: Elderly people frequently consume insufficient amounts of fluid, resulting in decreased urinary output. Nurses should instruct elderly clients to drink enough fluids, preferably water, to keep themselves hydrated. This will help to flush out their urinary system and decrease the possibility of urinary tract infections.
3. Adequate rest: Nurses should encourage elderly people to get adequate rest and avoid staying up late at night. Resting allows the body to regenerate and repair itself, leading to a stronger immune system, making it less susceptible to infections and diseases.
4. Foods high in vitamin D: Elderly people should be advised to consume foods high in vitamin D, such as fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified foods. Vitamin D helps maintain bone health, lowers inflammation, and has been found to lower the risk of developing a urinary tract infection.
In summary, teaching clients how to void correctly, increasing fluid intake, maintaining adequate rest, and consuming foods high in vitamin D will help improve urinary health.
Learn more about urinary health
https://brainly.com/question/30694245
#SPJ11
which would the nurse teach the client about dinoprostone suppository before having a vacuum curettage
The nurse would likely teach the client about the purpose of dinoprostone suppository, which is to soften and dilate the cervix in preparation for the vacuum curettage procedure. The nurse may also explain the potential side effects of the medication, such as cramping and vaginal bleeding, and instruct the client on how to properly insert the suppository. It is important for the client to follow all instructions provided by the healthcare team in order to ensure a successful and safe procedure.
The nurse would teach the client that dinoprostone suppository is a medication used to soften and dilate the cervix before vacuum curettage. It is important to follow the healthcare provider's instructions for the proper use and timing of the suppository.
The client should be aware of potential side effects, such as abdominal cramps or vaginal bleeding, and report any concerns to the healthcare provider. Lastly, the client should understand that vacuum curettage is a procedure used to remove tissue from the uterus and that the softened cervix allows for a smoother and safer process.
To know more about dinoprostone visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/30453815
#SPJ11
a woman calls the prenatal clinic and says that she thinks she might be in labor. she shares her symptoms over the phone with the nurse and asks what to do. the nurse determines that she is likely in true labor and that she should head to the hospital. which symptom is an indicator of true labor?
Contractions beginning in the back and sweeping forward across the abdomen is the symptom that is indicator.
Can the back trigger contractions?In most of the cases, these types of contractions begin from the lower back and progress to the front of the abdomen.
Do you get back or abdominal cramps?In case of cramps, back and lower abdomen may get to feel uncomfortable or achy, and even your pelvis may feel compressed during labor contractions.
What are three indications that labor is on its way?The indications include Strong, regular contractions, lower back and tummy pain, a bloody mucus discharge, and your water breaking are all indications that you are in labor. You must Call your healthcare provider if you believe you are in labor.
How can you tell if the pains you feel are contractions or the baby trying to move?
Place your hand on your uterus while lying down. When your
To know more about labor visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14348614
#SPJ4
The resulting pain due to pleural fluid being unable to prevent friction between opposing pleura surfaces is known as
The resulting pain due to pleural fluid being unable to prevent friction between opposing pleura surfaces is known as pleurisy or pleuritic pain.
What is the pain called?Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, a thin membrane that covers the inside of the chest cavity and the outside of the lungs. A small amount of pleural fluid normally lubricates the pleura, enabling the lungs to move freely and painlessly during breathing.
However, pleural inflammation can disrupt or limit the generation of pleural fluid, which causes the inflamed pleural surfaces to rub against one another.
Learn more about pleural fluid:https://brainly.com/question/31477257
#SPJ1
who must be notified when a person in your care has a suspected or confirmed case of active pulmonary tuberculosis (tb)?
When a person has a suspected or confirmed case of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), it is important to notify the appropriate healthcare authorities and follow the established reporting protocols.
In the case of a suspected or confirmed case of active pulmonary tuberculosis, it is crucial to inform the relevant healthcare authorities to ensure appropriate measures are taken to prevent the spread of the disease.
The specific authorities to be notified may vary depending on the country or region, but generally, it includes local public health departments or tuberculosis control programs. These agencies have the expertise and resources to manage and control the spread of tuberculosis within the community.
Notifying the healthcare authorities serves several purposes. Firstly, it allows for prompt contact tracing and identification of individuals who may have been exposed to the disease. This enables timely screening, testing, and treatment of those at risk.
Secondly, it helps in implementing necessary infection control measures to minimize further transmission. Healthcare authorities can provide guidance on isolation protocols, treatment options, and monitoring of the affected individual and those in close contact with them.
By promptly notifying the appropriate healthcare authorities, healthcare providers can contribute to the overall management and control of tuberculosis, safeguarding the health and well-being of both the individual in their care and the community at large.
Learn more about tuberculosis here:
https://brainly.com/question/33645964
#SPJ11
What is a novel coronavirus?
Answer:
A novel coronavirus is a new coronavirus that has not been previously identified.
Explanation:
Is this statement true or false?
Behavioral risk factors for health include eating a high-fat diet, not exercising, and using illegal drugs.
What condition refers to non-growing bacteria in the blood?
Which sentences make correct use of adverbs and adjectives? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Alma scored highest in the customer feedback table. b. Alma’s customers responded more enthusiastically than Tom’s. c. Tom’s sales pitch was received good. d. Tom was really pleased with his results.
The sentences that make correct use of adverbs and adjectives are as follows:option a ) Alma scored highest in the customer feedback table. option b) Alma’s customers responded more enthusiastically than Tom’s. option d) Tom was really pleased with his results.
The correct use of the adverbs and adjectives are as follows:The sentence “Alma scored highest in the customer feedback table” uses the adjective "highest" to describe Alma’s score. In this sentence, the adjective is modifying the noun "score".
The sentence “Alma’s customers responded more enthusiastically than Tom’s” uses the adverb "enthusiastically" to modify the verb "responded". The sentence compares Alma’s customer response with that of Tom’s.The sentence “Tom was really pleased with his results” uses the adverb "really" to modify the adjective "pleased".
The adverb "really" is used to intensify the meaning of the adjective "pleased". Hence the correct sentences are:A. Alma scored highest in the customer feedback table.B. Alma’s customers responded more enthusiastically than Tom’s.D. Tom was really pleased with his results.
Know more about enthusiastically here:
https://brainly.com/question/12926576
#SPJ8
For Type A individuals, exposure to stress is especially likely to inhibit organ activity, such as the ________ removing cholesterol and fat from the blood.
Select one:
a. liver
b. thyroid gland
c. pancreas
d. adrenal glands
For Type A people, exposure to stress is most likely to inhibit organ activity, such as the: (liver) removing cholesterol and fat. Hence, the correct answer is option A.
What is Type A in psychology?In psychology, human personality is classified into four categories:
Type A individuals have a behavior pattern associated with high achievement, impatience, and competitiveness.Type B individuals are associated with patient, laid-back, and flexible behavior.Type C individuals are associated with accuracy, rationality, and logic.Type D individuals are associated with security, repetitiveness, and longevity.As mentioned above, Type A individuals have high competitiveness and are impatient. It makes them more prone to stress-related illnesses such as high blood pressure, inhibition in organ activity such as liver, etc.
Learn more about personality psychology here https://brainly.com/question/29507926
#SPJ4
How did john watson have different view from sigmund freud
Explanation:
John Watson was fascinated by the discoveries of psychoanalysis, but he rejected Freud's central concept of the unconscious as incompatible with behaviorism.
Freud incorporated the concept of the unconscious to explain transference. Watson understood and was intrigued by Freud's definition of sexual transference, but he was searching for an explanation of transference that did not involve the unconscious (Watson & Morgan, 1917)
Answer:
John Watson was fascinated by the discoveries of psychoanalysis, but he rejected Freud's central concept of the unconscious as incompatible with behaviorism. After failing to explain psychoanalysis in terms of William James's concept of habit, Watson borrowed concepts from classical conditioning to explain Freud's discoveries. Watson's famous experiment with Little Albert is interpreted not only in the context of Pavlovian conditioning but also as a psychoanalytically inspired attempt to capture simplified analogues of adult phobic behavior, including the "transference" of emotion in an infant. Watson used his behavioristic concept of conditioned emotional responses to compete with Freud's concepts of displacement and the unconscious transference of emotion. Behind a mask of anti-Freudian bias, Watson surprisingly emerges as a psychologist who popularized Freud and pioneered the scientific appraisal of his ideas in the laboratory.
Explanation:
set as brainliest
The ability for a muscle to work against a resistance for an extended period of time is.
A muscle's endurance is its capacity to contract repeatedly against a fixed resistance over an extended length of time.
Tearm endurance:
The capacity for enduring difficulty or adversity, especially the capacity for long-term stress-inducing effort or exercise, such as a marathon runner's endurance. 2: the act of enduring many sufferings or an instance of doing so. 3: persistence of the play's significance, permanency.
Types:
The types of endurance are aerobic endurance,
anaerobic endurance : Anaerobic exercise is a type of exercise that breaks down glucose in the body without using oxygen; anaerobic means "without oxygen".
speed endurance :is the ability to prolong the amount of time where a near maximal speed can be maintained.
strength endurance :Strength endurance is the specific form of strength displayed in activities which require a relatively long duration of muscle tension with minimal decrease in efficiency"
To learn more about endurance refer : https://brainly.com/question/26241848
#SPJ4
David decided to modulate his blood glucose level by increasing fiber intake. What will be the least cflective food?a Apples b.Com lakes c. Oat bran cereal d Black-eyed peas e Young green peus
Since David wants to modulate the blood glucose level by increasing the amount of fiber intake, cornflakes will be the least effective.
The correct option is option b.
David is aiming to modulate his blood sugar by taking in more fiber as fibers control the blood sugar level and this because our body is not able to absorb and also not able to break down fiber, and therefore it does not cause a rise in the blood sugar like the other carbohydrates. This basically helps keep your blood glucose or our blood sugar in your target range.
Since among the given food times corn flakes are the ones which are low on fiber, they will be the least effective in helping to control blood sugar level.
Hence, the correct option is b.
To know more about blood glucose level
https://brainly.com/question/8394646
#SPJ4
What does this statement mean to you and why is it important? “I began to view clients differently, not as cases with things to fix, but as people with concerns and I had the ability to change their experience.” (Diary of a Medical Assistant, 2014).
The Diary of a Medical Assistant
This week is Medical Assistant Recognition week and my thoughts are directed back to when I was a new medical assistant graduate and what valuable experience I might like to share with new MA graduates – or those considering a career as a medical assistant. I thought about all the really cool cases I have seen, all the amazing doctors I have worked with, and all of the technical skills and neat equipment. None of these seemed to do the trick. What I have decided to share is an early personal revelation and one that affirms for me that I made the right choice for my career.
If you have ever seen an episode of Grey’s Anatomy or its ilk, you see anxious young surgeons eager to get involved with every extreme or unusual case that comes in the door. They want to learn all that they can and have as many and varied experiences as possible. The hope is that all this exposure will eventually make them better doctors. When entering the field of medical assisting the tendency is the same. Medical assistant extern students and new graduates want to get involved in all the crazy, gruesome, messy cases in order become the best medical assistant they can be. I was no exception.
In normal healthy adult, Calculate the Gain of control system of cold temperature if A cold exposure is expected to bring the body temperature down to 20°C but brings it down only to 36.5°C?
Answer:
Increased intraluminal pressure may help maintain vasodilation in a dependent arm even after hypothermia triggers centrally mediated thermoregulatory vasoconstriction. We therefore tested the hypotheses that the threshold (triggering core temperature) and gain (increase in vasoconstriction per degree centigrade) of cold-induced vasoconstriction is reduced in the dependent arm during anesthesia. Anesthesia was maintained with 0.4 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of desflurane in 10 volunteers in the left-lateral position. Mean skin temperature was reduced to 31 degrees C to decrease core body temperature. Fingertip blood flow in both arms was measured, as was core body temperature. The vasoconstriction threshold was slightly, but significantly, less in the dependent arm (36.2 degrees C +/- 0.3 degrees C, mean +/- SD) than in the upper arm (36.5 degrees C +/- 0.3 degrees C). However, the gain of vasoconstriction in the dependent arm was 2.3-fold greater than in the upper arm. Consequently, intense vasoconstriction (i.e., a fingertip blood flow of 0.15 mL/min) occurred at similar core temperatures. In the lateral position, the vasoconstriction threshold was reduced in the dependent arm; however, gain was also increased in the dependent arm. The thermoregulatory system may thus recognize that hydrostatic forces reduce the vasoconstriction threshold and may compensate by sufficiently augmenting gain.
Implications: The threshold for cold-induced vasoconstriction is reduced in the dependent arm, but the gain of vasoconstriction is increased. Consequently, the core temperature triggering intense vasoconstriction was similar in each arm, suggesting that the thermoregulatory system compensates for the hydrostatic effects of the lateral position.