which statement best characterizes the relationship between participation and electoral competition?
Answers
In competitive elections, voters are more likely to feel that their participation can make a difference in determining the outcome. Thus, Option (B) is correct.
When there is a close contest between candidates or parties, individual votes become more valuable, leading to a higher motivation to participate in the electoral process. Voters may perceive that their support can sway the results, which encourages them to engage in the election by casting their ballots.
In contrast, in uncompetitive elections where one candidate or party has a clear advantage, some voters may feel discouraged and believe that their participation will not significantly impact the final outcome. As a result, voter turnout tends to be lower in uncompetitive elections.
Also, electoral competition plays a crucial role in driving higher levels of voter participation, as it creates a sense of significance and influence for individual voters.
Thus, Option (B) best characterizes the relationship between participation and electoral competition.
Learn more about the participation here:
https://brainly.com/question/29637406
#SPJ12
Which statement best characterizes the relationship between participation and electoral competition?
Group of answer choices
A) The same number of people are likely to participate in competitive elections as they would in uncompetitive elections.
B) People are more likely to participate in an election if it is competitive.
C)Competitive elections drive down participation.
D)People are more likely to participate in an election if it is uncompetitive
Related Questions
What is the process called that is the increase of the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in society resulting in a move from undeveloped society to a developed?.
Answers
The process that is the increase of the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in society resulting in a move from an undeveloped society to a developed is called modernization.
In the field of sociology, modernization can be described as a process by which people change from an undeveloped phase to a developed phase.
Modernization is the process by which people revolutionize and undergo the phenomenon of development. Such a process is referred to as modernization. Modernization is a specialization by which people upgrade to a higher level in society.
To learn more about modernization, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/28332249
#SPJ4
What are the events that lead up to 9/11 and why were they significant?
Answers
Answer:
Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and had taken flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. Others had slipped into the country in the months before September 11 and acted as the “muscle” in the operation.
The 19 terrorists easily smuggled box-cutters and knives through security at three East Coast airports and boarded four early-morning flights bound for California, chosen because the planes were loaded with fuel for the long transcontinental journey. Soon after takeoff, the terrorists commandeered the four planes and took the controls, transforming ordinary passenger jets into guided missiles.
AND After 9/11, all passengers 18 years or older, must now have valid government-issued identification in order to fly.
Help me please!! 100 points NO COPY AND PASTING!
What new information offered in your building of your understanding of the Reconstruction Era?( list 3 reasons)
Answers
Answer:
well thanks to the Reconstruction era they recovered the union and they also transformed Southern society it also ended slavery.
Explanation:
and these are my three reasons for what understanding I had.
I hope this helps.
What do immigrants in Florida organize to celebrate their culture with others?
Answers
Answer:
Immigrant Hertage Month
Explanation:
Immigrant Heritage Month will consist of hundreds of events in dozens of cities throughout the land, including Florida.
Answer:
Immigrant Hertage Month
Explanation:
discovering a major problem at work, doug called joan and discussed the problem with her at length. a few minutes later, his coworker linda called him, and doug told linda about the problem. later, doug told a friend that joan had said that fixing the problem would cost ten thousand dollars. but later when he looked at his handwritten notes of the two phone conversations, doug discovered that linda, not joan, had actually made the remark. the contradiction between what really happened and doug's memory can best be explained by:
Answers
The contradiction between what really happened and Doug's memory can best be explained by the concept of false memory. The concept of a false memory is the recollection of an event or situation that did not occur or that did not happen in the manner in which it was remembered.
False memories are often caused by external influences that provide incorrect information that affects the perception of an event or situation. The most common causes of false memories include misinformation, suggestion, imagination, and bias, among other factors.Factors that contribute to false memory include imagination, suggestion, and misinformation. Individuals can create false memories of events that did not happen through imagination and suggestion when presented with leading information.
External influences such as the media, friends, or family members may also provide inaccurate information that can distort an individual's perception of an event or situation.Doug's situation can best be explained by the concept of a false memory. It's possible that Linda said something else altogether or nothing at all, but Doug's brain substituted Joann for Linda. This is an example of how false memory can work.
For more such questions on false memory
https://brainly.com/question/30909589
#SPJ11
Which Texas interest group specialized in helping to support Mexican American students in public schools?
a.
LULAC
b.
NRA
c.
Sierra Club
d.
National Organization for Women
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
Answers
(I am not sure wich one of this 2 is correct ) LULAC or NRA
Answer: it’s LULAC
Explanation:
In "A Midsummer Night's Dream," after applying juice from the love-in-idleness flower to Titania's eyes, what is the first thing she sees when she wakes up? a) The moon b) A group of fairies c) Bottom with a donkey's head d) The sun
Answers
Titania sees Bottom with a donkey's head as the first thing when she wakes up after applying juice from the love-in-idleness flower to her eyes in "A Midsummer Night's Dream."
This is a significant event in the play as it marks the climax of the plot. The love potion causes Titania to fall in love with Bottom, who is a member of a group of amateur actors rehearsing a play in the woods. Bottom, who has been transformed into a donkey by the mischievous Puck, becomes the object of Titania's affection, much to the confusion and amusement of the other characters.
The appearance of Bottom with a donkey's head also symbolizes the transformative power of love. It represents the idea that love can blind us to the flaws of the people we care about and make us see them in a different light.
The play's themes of love, transformation, and the power of the imagination are all brought to a head in this scene, as Titania and Bottom's unlikely romance becomes the catalyst for the resolution of the play's conflicts.
Know more about the A Midsummer Night's Dream
https://brainly.com/question/448219
#SPJ11
Demographers can compare a choropleth map to a _____________map to understand how geography influences population distribution.
Answers
Answer:
Physical map
Explanation:
Answer:
Physical map
Explanation:
Write a note on current political parties of India
Answers
Current Major political parties in India:
1)All India Trinamool Congress.
2)Bahujan Samaj Party.
3)Bharatiya Janata Party.
4)Communist Party of India.
5)Communist Party of India (Marxist).
6)Indian National Congress.
All India Trinamool Congress:
Founded in January 1998 by Mamata Banerjee, the All India Trinamool Congress (AITMC), popularly called the Trinamool Congress or AITMC, is a National political party. It formed the present government in the 2011 Vidhan Sabha elections in the state of West Bengal, after defeating
the 34-year rule of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPIM. The AITMC which is a breakaway faction of the Indian National Congress has a center-left political position with political ideologies of secularism and populism.
Bahujan Samaj Party:
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), English Majority People’s Party, national political party in India. It was formed in 1984. The BSP states that it represents the people at the lowest levels of the Hindu social system—those officially designated as members of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes—as well as other religious and social minorities. The core support group of the BSP consists primarily of the Dalits (Scheduled Castes, formerly called untouchables). The party espouses no specific ideology, other than its opposition to and outspoken criticism of the inequalities of the caste system, and its main tenets are focused on respecting and upholding the constitutional rights of the lower members of Indian society.
Bharatiya Janata Party:
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), English Indian People’s Party, the pro-Hindu political party of postindependence India was formed in 1980. The party has enjoyed broad support among members of the higher castes and in northern India. It has attempted to attract support from lower castes, particularly through the appointment of several lower-caste members to prominent party positions.
Communist Party of India:
Communist Party of India (CPI), is a national political party in India whose headquarters are in New Delhi. Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy became head of the CPI in 2012, following his election as general secretary.
According to the CPI’s official history, the party was founded in late 1925 in Kanpur (now in Uttar Pradesh state). Earlier in the decade, however, a number of people, both within and outside India, attempted to establish a communist presence on the subcontinent. Notable was a manifesto issued in 1920 in Tashkent (now in Uzbekistan) by Manabendra Nath Roy (who would become the party’s first leader), Abani Mukherji, and Roy’s wife Evelyn that called for the creation of a communist party in India.
Communist Party of India (Marxist):
The CPI(M) was formed at the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of India held in Calcutta from October 31 to November 7, 1964. The CPI(M) was born in the struggle against revisionism and sectarianism in the communist movement at the international and national level, in order to defend the scientific and revolutionary tenets of Marxism-Leninism and its appropriate application in concrete Indian conditions. The CPI(M) combines the fine heritage of the anti-imperialist struggle and the revolutionary legacy of the undivided Communist Party which was founded in 1920. Over the years, the Party has emerged as the foremost Left force in the country. The CPI(M) has grown steadily since its formation in 1964. The membership of the Party, which was 118,683 at the time of its formation, has grown to 985,757 in 2021. The Party has sought to independently apply Marxism-Leninism to Indian conditions and to work out the strategy and tactics for a people's democratic revolution, which can transform the lives of the Indian people. The CPI(M) is engaged in bringing about this basic transformation by carrying out a program to end imperialist, big bourgeois, and landlord exploitation. The CPI(M) as the leading Left party is committed to building a Left and democratic front which can present a real alternative to the existing bourgeois-landlord policies.
Indian National Congress:
The Indian National Congress was established when 72 delegates from all over the country met in Bombay in 1885. Prominent delegates included Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozeshah Mehta W. C. Bonnerjee, S. Ramaswami Mudaliar, S.
A chief minister is the head of government of each of the twenty-eight states and three union territories (UTs) (Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry.
For more information on political parties: https://brainly.com/question/26447179
Following is the list of some current political parties in India :
All India Trinamool Congress. By ECI. All India Trinamool Congress. ...
Bahujan Samaj Party. By ECI. Bahujan Samaj Party. ...
Bharatiya Janata Party. By ECI. Bharatiya Janata Party. ...
Communist Party of India. By ECI. ...
Communist Party of India (Marxist) By ECI. ...
Indian National Congress. By ECI. ...
Nationalist Congress Party. By ECI.
India has a multiparty system. The Election Commission of India (ECI) accords recognition to the national level and the state level political parties based upon objective criteria. A recognized political party enjoys privileges like a reserved party symbol, free broadcast time on state-run television and radio, consultation in the setting of election dates, and giving input in setting electoral rules and regulations. Other political parties that wish to contest local, state, or national elections are required to be registered by the Election Commission of India. Registered Parties are upgraded as recognized National Parties or State Parties by the ECI if they meet the relevant criteria after a Lok Sabha or State legislative assembly election. The Recognised Party status is reviewed periodically by the ECI.
Before the amendment in 2016 (which came into force with effect from 1 January 2014), if a political party failed to fulfill the criteria in the subsequent Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly election, they lost their status as a recognized Party. In 2016, the ECI announced that such a review would take place after two consecutive elections instead of every election. Therefore, a political party shall retain the recognized Party status even if they do not meet the criteria in the next election. However, if they fail to meet the criteria in the subsequent election following the next election, they would lose their status.
As per the latest publication dated 23 September 2021 from the Election Commission of India, the total number of parties registered was 2858, with 8 national parties, 54 state parties, and 2796 unrecognized parties. All registered parties contesting elections need to choose a symbol from a list of available symbols offered by the EC. All 28 states of the country along with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, the National Capital Territory of Delhi, and Puducherry have elected governments
unless President's rule is imposed under certain conditions.
#https://brainly.in/question/6486013
what did not highlight nixon's moderate domestic policy?
Answers
The elimination of several of Johnson’s Great Society programs did not highlight Nixon's moderate domestic policy.
Nixon’s moderate refers to Nixon adopted a policy of monetary restraint to relax what his advisers saw as an overheating economy. "Gradualism,"
This is because it was called, placed its hopes in restricting the expansion of the cash supply to rein within the economic boom that occurred during Lyndon Johnson's last year in office.
Thus, the opposite choices did indeed highlight Nixon's moderate domestic policy.
To know more about Nixon’s moderate, click below-
brainly.com/question/26265213
#SPJ4
Why were the Articles of Confederation weak?
its not b
O A. They did not give the central government enough power to act.
O B. They did not give the states enough power to protect the people.
O C. They gave the people the power to elect three branches of government.
O D. They allowed only the central government to collect taxes.
Answers
Explanation: They had 0 power to enforce laws and congress had no power.
Answer:
it is C
Explanation:
in which part of Africa is mediterranean climate found?
Answers
Answer:
North Africa
Explanation:
The Mediterranean climate of North Africa is characterized by hot dry summers and seasonally restricted rainfall. The western region experiences a subhumid Mediterranean climate with mild, moist winters from October through March/April, and hot, dry summers from May through September.
Answer:
It is generally accepted that the mediterranean climate occurs in southern and southwestern Australia, central Chile, coastal California, the Western Cape of South Africa and around the Mediterranean Basin.
Discuss the major 21st-century trends in multicultural diversity
that are important to public relations practitioners.
Answers
Major 21st-century trends in multicultural diversity that are important to public relations practitioners include increasing cultural globalization, demographic shifts, and the rise of social media as a platform for diverse voices and perspectives.
Additionally, demographic shifts, such as increasing ethnic and racial diversity in many countries, require public relations practitioners to develop inclusive and culturally sensitive approaches to reach and engage diverse audiences. Furthermore, the rise of social media has given a platform to underrepresented and marginalized communities, allowing their voices and perspectives to be heard. Public relations practitioners must adapt to these trends by embracing diversity, promoting inclusivity, and leveraging social media as a means to connect with and understand diverse audiences.
To learn more about Multicultural diversity : brainly.com/question/10845172
#SPJ11
how many state legislatures are controlled by republicans?
Answers
Answer:
30
Explanation:
Travels of a T-Shirt: Define the environmental Kuznets curve. How does the curve relate to the notion of the scale problem? How do free trade advocates propose the free trade contributes to the phenomenon?
Answers
The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) represents the relationship between environmental degradation and economic development. This curve describes a pattern that suggests pollution levels initially increase with income growth but then decrease as income reaches a certain threshold.
The curve is named after Simon Kuznets, who was the first to identify the income inequality curve, which has a similar shape.The EKC suggests that economic development and environmental degradation are positively correlated up to a certain point.
As a country's GDP increases, it first produces more pollution but then levels off and starts to decline.
At the beginning of the development process, pollution rises due to greater industrialization and consumption of energy. However, once per capita income reaches a certain level, consumers can afford to buy more environmentally friendly products, while industries have more financial resources to invest in cleaner technologies.
The scale problem refers to the issue that arises when environmental gains are outpaced by economic growth. In many instances, gains in environmental quality have not kept pace with the growth of economic activities. It occurs when economic growth leads to an increase in pollution and environmental degradation. Economic growth can lead to an increase in the scale of economic activity, which then leads to an increase in environmental degradation, even if emissions or the use of other pollutants per unit of output declines.
Free trade proponents argue that it can lead to greater specialization and comparative advantage, which in turn can lead to efficiency gains and increased economic growth.
The EKC suggests that economic growth can lead to a decline in pollution levels, so proponents of free trade suggest that free trade can help achieve these gains. Free trade can also lead to greater investment in cleaner technologies, which could reduce pollution levels. Additionally, free trade can increase the scale of economic activities, which can then lead to greater environmental gains if these activities are undertaken in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner.
know more about environmental degradation here,
https://brainly.com/question/4930652
#SPJ11
Describe three common issues that affect societies across places and times.
PLEASE HELP ASAP WILL GIVE 20 POINTS! MUST GIVE ATLEAST 2 COMPLEATE SENTENCES AND EXPLAIN WELL!!
Answers
Answer:
environmental sanitation problems
issues on securities
Explanation:
and you can also use outbreak of sickness like new Innocence in the community can affect the community at different times and environmental sanitation problems like dirty got a bad road damage of social amenities
Humanistic therapy attempts to help people __________. A. Understand the link between their hormones and behavior B. Discover their unresolved traumas and conflicts C. Develop their individuality and realize their full potential D. Realize what unconscious motives influence their behavior Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D.
Answers
Answer:
Understand the link between their hormones and behavior B. Discover their unresolved traumas and conflicts
Answer:
c
Explanation:
cause I said so
how can peace be established
Answers
Explanation:
If we are to achieve meaningful peace, the foreign policy of free governments and the cultural export of free societies must: help build civil society, establish rule of law, secure individual freedoms, spark economic development, separate religion and government, secure freedom of thought and belief, and expose human
what is the meaning of decentralized power of the state
Answers
Answer: Decentralized power of the state means to end the control over authorities in a particular region or state level by central government and to give the responsibility to state-level executives.
Explanation: In a region, various responsibilities are handled by state and central-level government authorities. Under any situation, it may fall back by the central government due to underlying issues such as administrative reasons or any other matters, where the responsibilities were handled only by state-level executives and state-level authorities. If I talk about an example of a decentralized system, it would be cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, and Ethereum which are not controlled with a single hand. If I talk about the state level I would come up with many examples. This is a proper explanation of the decentralized power of the state.
Answer: Decentralized power of the state is reorganizing and restructuring the government.
Explanation: Decentralized - the word itself defines that something which is not centralized or works from the center.
Decentralized power of the state is defined as a state in which some of the power by the central government is passed on to local/ regional authorities so that they can take decisions in accordance with the welfare of the public.
They are of different types:
1. Political decentralization.
2. Administrative decentralization.
Delegation DevolutionDeconcentration3. Fiscal decentralization
4. Economic decentralization
Privitazation Deregulation.Some advantages of decentralized power of the state are:
1. Easy management
2. Provides flexibility
3. Democratic participation
4. Reduced cost and time
Decentralization of power is necessary for transparency in governing systems with the public.
#decentralization #Democracy #power #restructuring #reorgainzing #public
“Belief in God is the most important Muslim belief.” Discuss this statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (You must refer to religion and belief in your answer). [15]
Answers
Answer:
As it is truth.
Explanation:They belief on their god Allah which is known as the god of Islam religion. They follow the rules made by their founder which are so important to them .The belief in god is also one of the rules of them.
in this view, individuals who experience various kinds of problems become frustrated and tend to blame their troubles on groups that are often disliked in the real world.
Answers
Thus, the underlying causes of people's problems are covered up by these minorities. (Racial, ethnic, and religious minorities, for instance).
Mass scapegoating has been a common occurrence in the actual world. When the economy deteriorated or when war attempts failed in middle Ages, Jews were frequently held accountable and subjected to punishment. Jews were accused of intentionally causing the bubonic plague to spread in 1348, which ultimately killed and over one-third of all Europeans. They were also accused of offending God as they were not Christians. The frustration theory, sometimes known as the scapegoat theory, is another early and still widely used social psychological explanation (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, & Sears, 1939). According to this perspective, people who experience a variety of issues grow irritated and frequently attribute their difficulties to social groupings that are despised in the actual world (e.g., racial, ethnic, and religious minorities). Thus, the underlying causes of people's problems are covered up by these minorities. Numerous psychological studies reveal that people do in fact become more prejudiced when they are frustrated.
Learn more about frustration here:
https://brainly.com/question/12999520
#SPJ4
Nicole interviewed dozens of potential customers and learned that people hate being placed on hold when contacting customer service. Thus, she determined that the primary value proposition for her artificial intelligence customer support software platform would be to help people:.
Answers
Answer:
'Would be to help people' ... avoid something bad
Explanation:
What is development?
Answers
Answer:
the process of developing or being developed.Explanation:
Development is a broad term which includes increase in real per capita income, improvement in living standard of people, reduction in poverty, illiteracy, crime rate, etc
Hope This Helps You ❤️a sociologist uses a survey to study the attitudes of adults in the united states concerning premarital sex among teenagers. in this study, the target population consists of all and the group that is asked the survey questions is called the . a. teenagers in the united states; reference group b. teenagers in the united states who have engaged in premarital sex; experimental group c. adults in the united states; sample d. adults in the united states who have teenage children; units of analysis
Answers
Overviews gather information from members that answer questions ordinarily about conduct and suppositions. Overviews are for the most part a survey. The correct option(C).
An examination technique wherein specialists utilize existing material and investigate information that was initially gathered by others. The auxiliary investigation is alluded to as an inconspicuous examination since it does not affect individuals being contemplated.
Overview. gathering data using a survey or interview. autonomous factors. not controlled, however, connected with an adjustment of another variable. subordinate variable.
Field studies are best utilized when communication should be seen in a characteristic setting, and when top to bottom examination is required.
To learn more about sociologists here
https://brainly.com/question/28499072
#SPJ4
What did European policy makers realize about pollution in the 1970s?
Answers
European policymakers realize that, in the 1970s, there was a component part of diminishing returns when it came to labeling pollution.
What is pollution?The subdivision of harmful materials into the environment is referred to as pollution. Determining the point of diminishing returns, or when policymakers receive less in return than they put into programs.
Therefore, When policymakers make pollution regulations, this is the most commonly used economical method.
Learn more about the pollution, refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/23857736
#SPJ1
Which was the main food of the peoples of the northwestern coast?
Answers
Suppose it is widely believed that the price of flat-screen, high-definition televisions will be lower next year. what will happen as a result of such beliefs?
Answers
Suppose it is widely believed that the price of flat-screen, high-definition televisions will be lower next year. The most likely result of such beliefs is that the demand for flat-screen TVs will decrease now. Thus, option C is correct.
When consumers anticipate a future decrease in prices, they tend to delay their purchases in order to take advantage of the expected price drop. This phenomenon is known as the "wait-and-see" effect. In this case, consumers may choose to postpone their purchase of flat-screen TVs until prices are lower, leading to a decrease in current demand.
Option A, suggesting that the demand for flat-screen TVs will increase now, is less likely because consumers would typically wait for the expected price drop before making their purchase. Option B, indicating an increase in demand next year when prices fall, is more plausible as consumers would be more inclined to buy when prices are lower.
Option D, stating that the demand for flat-screen TVs will not change, is less likely as consumers are generally sensitive to price changes, especially in the context of consumer electronics.
In conclusion, the belief that the price of flat-screen, high-definition televisions will be lower next year is likely to result in a decrease in current demand for these televisions as consumers choose to wait for the expected price drop before making their purchase. Thus, option C is correct.
To know more about demand refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/31773903#
#SPJ11
Complete Question:
Suppose it is widely believed that the price of flat-screen, high-definition televisions will be lower next year. What will happen as a result of such beliefs?
A. The demand for flat-screen TVs will increase now.
B. The demand for flat-screen TVs will increase next year when the prices fall.
C. The demand for flat-screen TVs will decrease now.
D. The demand for flat-screen TVs will not change.
Which of the following is true concerning natural resources?
a.
Natural resources are not recycled.
b.
Natural resources are only inorganic.
c.
They are part of natural processes.
d.
They only incorporate one form of matter.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
Answers
Answer: C
Explanation: Natural resources are integrated into the workings of the environment, including water and nutrient cycles, as well as geological activities. As a result, they are naturally replenished over time through these processes. It is incorrect to say that natural resources cannot be recycled, is only inorganic, or consist of only one type of substance. Natural resources can be reused, either organic or inorganic, and can consist of various forms of matter.
The following that is true concerning natural resources are that they are part of natural processes. The correct option is d.
What are natural resources?Natural resources are resources that are drawn from nature and used with few modifications. This includes the sources of valued characteristics such as commercial and industrial use, aesthetic value, scientific interest, and cultural value. On Earth, it includes sunlight, atmosphere, water, land, all minerals along with all vegetation, and wildlife.
Natural resources are part of humanity's natural heritage or protected in nature reserves. Particular areas such as the rainforest in Fatu-Hiva often feature biodiversity and geodiversity in their ecosystems. Natural resources may be classified in different ways. Natural resources are materials and components something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources at its fundamental level.
A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, air, or any living organism such as a fish, or it may be transformed by extractivist industries into an economically useful form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, rare-earth elements, petroleum, timber and most forms of energy.
Learn more about natural resources, here:
https://brainly.com/question/31275228
#SPJ5
Why does the word slave not appear in the Constitution? *
Answers
Answer:the Constitution only very obliquely referred to slavery and never used the words slave or slavery because the Framers were embarrassed by the institution.
Explanation:
They believed that slavery was morally wrong and would die out, and they did not want that permanent moral stain on the document.
Brainliest involved
Answers
Answer:
The answer is A. The leaders had written a constitution that forbade slavery.