Which statement is true about mutations?
W
A. Mutations are always beneficial.
В.
Mutations are always harmful in plants.
C.
Mutations only affect humans.
D.
Mutations can be caused by high-energy radiation.

Answer:

The rock containing clinopyroxene and plagioclase (a type of feldspar) is called either basalt (fine grained extrusive rock) or gabbro (coarse grained intrusive rock). The plagioclase is generally calcium rich i.e. anorthite rich. But rock contains sodium rich feldspar. This means the sodium has replaced calcium. This replacement occurs in underwater (in oceans/seas) extrusion of basalt where sodium from seawater replaces the calcium in anorthite rich plagioclase feldspar. The altered basalt due to sodium exchange is called spilite which contains sodium rich feldspar and pyroxene.

Explanation:

Basalt, a fine-grained extrusive rock, or gabbro, a coarse-grained intrusive rock, are the two terms used to describe the rock that contains clinopyroxene and plagioclase, a form of feldspar. The plagioclase is often anorthite and calcium-rich. But feldspar in rock is abundant in sodium. It follows that calcium has been replaced by sodium.

Rocks are mineral aggregates that combine the characteristics of every trace mineral. Rock types can be distinguished by any particular arrangement of their chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, texture, or other distinctive features.

For each significant form of rock, many categorization schemes exist as well. In nature, there are several varieties of rocks. Natural rocks seldom ever display such basic traits, and they typically display some variation in the collection of features when the measuring scale shifts.

One of the three basic varieties of rock is igneous rock. When lava or magma cools and solidifies, igneous rock is created. The deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the earth's surface and in bodies of water results in the formation of sedimentary rocks.

The Earth's crust is mostly made up of metamorphic rocks, which are categorized according to their structure, chemical composition, and mineral assemblage.

Therefore, the plagioclase is often anorthite and calcium-rich. But feldspar in rock is abundant in sodium. It follows that calcium has been replaced by sodium.

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Answer:

Metamorphic rocks are denser than igneous rocks, because of the way they are formed. To explain:

Metamorphic rocks are formed when all types of rocks are compressed under high temperature and pressure. Having been compressed under high pressure, they become denser.

Igneous rocks, however are formed when magma freezes. It could just freeze when it reaches a slightly colder area and is not affected by the pressure at all. Or if it was, it wouldn't be igneous anymore.

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During his pea plant studies, Mendel found that the F2 generation produced a nearly 3:1 ratio of purple to white flowers. The law of segregation is the principle that explains why the ratio is not exactly 3:1.

The law of segregation is the principle that describes how the alleles of a gene are separated during the formation of gametes. Every individual has two copies of each gene, which are called alleles. One allele comes from the mother, and the other comes from the father. During the formation of gametes, the alleles segregate from each other, so that each gamete contains only one allele from each gene.

This explains why the ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the F2 generation is not exactly 3:1. Instead, the ratio is a probabilistic outcome, based on the fact that each individual has two alleles for a particular gene, and each allele has an equal chance of being passed on to the offspring. When the F1 hybrids produce gametes, each allele has a 50% chance of being passed on to the offspring, and the resulting ratio of dominant to recessive traits is determined by probability.

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A shift in the phenotype of individual prey, induced by the presence and activity of a predator, is termed predator-induced phenotype.

Predator-induced phenotype is a phenomenon in which individual prey organisms exhibit changes in their physical or behavioral characteristics in response to the presence and activity of a predator. This type of phenotypic plasticity can have important ecological implications, as it allows prey to adjust their morphology, physiology, or behavior to reduce their risk of predation.

For example, prey may develop larger or tougher shells, become more cryptic or elusive, or alter their foraging or reproductive behaviors. These changes may be adaptive in that they can enhance the survival and reproductive success of prey in predator-rich environments.

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Answer:

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A chromatid is one of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome. During cell division, the chromosomes first replicate so that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.

Explanation:

Answer:

It produces molecules of ATP

Explanation

The electrons transfer their energy to the proteins in the membrane providing the energy for hydrogen ions to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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Answer:

mark me as Brainlist.

Explanation:

A) it's produce molecules of ATP.

Answer:

lipids

Explanation:

have a good day! :)

Upper and lower motor neurons make up the descending pathway. The correct answer consists of upper and lower motor neurons.

The descending pathways that originate from the brainstem and cortex are the source of these modulations of the spinal reflexes, which can be either facilitatory or inhibitory. Intentional development and a few tangible-driven reflex activities are likewise constrained by the plunging pathways.

From the upper motor neurons of cortical structures like the cerebellum and cerebrum, descendent tracts convey motor information to efferent nerves. This information can get to muscles thanks to the descending tracts, which send it to lower motor neurons.

Descending pathways are collections of myelinated nerve fibers that connect the spinal cord and the brain or brainstem, transferring motor information to the muscles of the effector. They can be broken down into two categories: Extrapyramidal and pyramidal tracts, both voluntary and involuntary.

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Attributes of an organism that promote pathogenicity are called: Virulence factors

Virulence factors are specific characteristics or traits of an organism that enable it to cause disease or infection in a host. These attributes may include the organism's ability to produce toxins, evade host defenses, invade host cells or tissues, or manipulate the host immune system.

Virulence factors are often studied in the context of pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, but can also apply to other types of pathogens such as fungi or parasites. Understanding the virulence factors of a particular pathogen can help researchers develop strategies to prevent or treat infections caused by that organism.

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The label match up are:

Part of the nephron are:

Component of Renal vasculature are:

The nephron is known to be a form of a structural and functional component of the kidney.

It functions as it helps one to be able to monitor or regulates the amount of concentration of water and minerals .

Note that in the case above, The label match up are:

Part of the nephron are:

Component of Renal vasculature are:

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The oxidation of 1 molecule of NADH by nitrate (NO3-) would yield approximately 4.3 ATP molecules per NADH molecule due to its reduction potential at 0.54 V.

The standard reduction potential of elemental sulfur (S) is at 0.04 V and therefore in the oxidation of 1 NADH molecule, it would synthesize around 1.2 ATP molecules per NADH molecule. The oxidation of NADH by ½ O2 molecule yields approximately 2.5 ATP molecules per NADH molecule due to the reduction potential of oxygen at 0.82 V.

The amount of ATP molecules generated from each of the terminal electron acceptors in NADH oxidation show the significant influence that the reduction potentials of the different terminal electron acceptors have on the amount of ATP the bacteria can synthesize.

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Answer:

B

Explanation:

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Answer:

Heat is often used in greenhouses and makes plant growth possible when the weather is cold outside. Increased temperatures in greenhouses increase the rate of photosynthesis. Temperature regulation is important – note that cooling may also be required.

Explanation:

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) function to link strands of peptidoglycan together and catalyze controlled degradation so that new units can be inserted during cell growth. The enzymes that hydrolyze peptidoglycan are called autolysins.

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) connect strands of peptidoglycan together and catalyze controlled degradation so that new units can be inserted during cell growth.

Autolysins also hydrolyze existing peptidoglycan in order to make room for new material. These enzymes are important to the process of cell growth and division. They are also important to the effectiveness of antibiotics like penicillin. Penicillin works by preventing PBPs from connecting the peptidoglycan strands.

This leads to uncontrolled degradation of the cell wall and eventual cell death. In short, autolysins are the enzymes responsible for breaking down peptidoglycan during cell growth, while PBPs are responsible for building and connecting strands of peptidoglycan together.

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Answer:

The answer for this question is B Ribosomes

Explanation:

I just took the test on Ed

Answer: The answer is B.

Explanation: Because I got it correct.

N = 1.386 Ne. and the value of N is a little over 100. After 20 generations of random mating, the heterozygosity of the isolated wildflowers is half of what it was at the start. The effective population size formula that can be used is                        N e = (1/2H) 2N / (2NH - H).

According to the given statement, Diploid wildflowers from a large population are transplanted to a location where they are reproductively isolated from the original population. Their heterozygosity is measured each generation. After 20 generations of random mating, their heterozygosity is half of what it was at the start. The value of N must be estimated. We know that the effective population size is the size of the population that would have the same rate of genetic drift as the actual population.

The effective population size (N e) can be expressed as shown below:

Ne = 4N 1 N 2 / (N1 + N 2) In this formula, N 1 and N 2 are the number of organisms in the two populations.

Thus, after 20 generations of random mating, the heterozygosity of the isolated wildflowers is half of what it was at the start, indicating that: Heterozygosity after 20 generations = 1/2

Heterozygosity at the start or Heterozygosity at the start = 2 (Heterozygosity after 20 generations). The effective population size formula that can be used here is:

Ne = (1/2H) 2N / (2NH - H) Where H is the heterozygosity at the beginning and N is the effective population size.

We can use the Hint given in the question to find that the above equation is approximately:

Ne = (1/4) N/ ln (2) So, N/ ln (2) = 4Ne or N = 4Ne ln (2) ≈ 1.386NeThus, N ≈ 1.386Ne.

The value of N is a little over 100, which is what we can expect.

After 20 generations of random mating, the heterozygosity of the isolated wildflowers is half of what it was at the start. Therefore, the effective population size formula that can be used is N e= (1/2H) 2N / (2NH - H).

Thus, N ≈ 1.386 Ne. and the value of N is a little over 100.

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Answer:

no pics

Explanation:

Answer:

Where is the image?

Explanation:

Answer:

Большая часть энергии, необходимой человеческому организму, обеспечивается углеводами и липидами; Фактически, 30-70% энергии, используемой во время отдыха, поступает из жира. Как обсуждалось ранее, глюкоза хранится в

Explanation:

hope it helps

Question:

In the picture below, the alleles are different. As a result, the proteins formed would differ because different __________ __________ would be coded for.

Answer:

amino acids

Explanation:

Different alleles contain a different sequence of DNA.

This sequence codes for different mRNA codons during transcription. The two mRNAs are therefore different. These mRNAs code for different amino acids.

The sequence of amino acids determines the sequence/structure of the final protein.

The missing words are the amino acids that is shown in the image above.

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The most resilient structure seen in bacteria is thought to be the endospore. Most substances that would typically kill the vegetative cells they came from do not affect them. Treatment for mycobacterial infections is notoriously challenging. Protozoa cysts are also quite challenging to get rid of.

Endospores can exist without food. They are resistant to chemical disinfectants, desiccation, high temperatures, extreme cold, and UV light. Endospores can be eliminated by burning or autoclaving even though they are resistant to extremely high heat and radiation.

Because bacterial endospores can survive temperatures as high as 150°C and as low as almost absolute zero, spore forms of bacteria are difficult to eradicate. Additionally, endospores are resistant to a variety of chemicals, including alcohol, ultraviolet light, sharp pH differences, drought, and nutrient shortages.

Endospores are particularly significant due to their exceptional resistance characteristics, which prevent them from being easily destroyed by conventional antimicrobial treatments.

A range of extreme circumstances, including heat, dryness, radiation, and chemicals, are not fatal to endospore bacteria. While other species also produce spores, bacterial spores are typically more heat-resistant and challenging to denature. The endospore's inherent structure conceals the higher heat resistance.

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Answer:

Chemical energy changes into thermal energy and light energy

Answer:

chemical energy changes into thermal energy and light energy

Renaissance women had less freedom than men ↔ Low class women were expected to be housewives and take care of everything to do with the house. Working-class women were expected to help their husbands run their business. They were denied all political rights and considered legally subject to their husbands.

The plague nearly destroyed Italy's economy ↔ It became harder and harder to find people to plow fields, harvest crops, and produce other goods because of the amount of people dying. Peasants also began to demand higher wages. Lasted from 1629 to 1631 and killed more than 45,000 people in Venice alone. It wiped out over half the population.

Answer:

Explanation:

To determine whether the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for the Ab locus, we need to compare the observed genotype frequencies with the expected frequencies under HWE assumptions. The expected genotype frequencies under HWE can be calculated using the allele frequencies observed in the population.

Let's assume that the Ab locus has two alleles, A and B. We'll denote the allele frequencies as p and q, respectively, and the expected genotype frequencies under HWE as p^2 (AA), 2pq (AB), and q^2 (BB).

Given the genotyping data, we can analyze the observed genotype frequencies and calculate the expected frequencies. Let's say we obtained the following counts:

AA: 45 individuals

AB: 60 individuals

BB: 15 individuals

To determine the allele frequencies, we can calculate the allele counts. Let's denote the frequency of allele A as p and allele B as q.

Count(A) = 2 * AA + AB = 2 * 45 + 60 = 150

Count(B) = 2 * BB + AB = 2 * 15 + 60 = 90

Total count = Count(A) + Count(B) = 150 + 90 = 240

p = Count(A) / Total count = 150 / 240 = 0.625

q = Count(B) / Total count = 90 / 240 = 0.375

Now, we can calculate the expected genotype frequencies under HWE:

p^2 = (0.625)^2 = 0.390625

2pq = 2 * 0.625 * 0.375 = 0.46875

q^2 = (0.375)^2 = 0.140625

To determine whether the population is in HWE, we can perform a chi-square test using the observed and expected genotype frequencies.

Observed:

AA: 45 individuals

AB: 60 individuals

BB: 15 individuals

Expected (calculated above):

AA: (0.390625) * 120 = 46.875

AB: (0.46875) * 120 = 56.25

BB: (0.140625) * 120 = 16.875

To conduct the chi-square test, we compare the observed and expected frequencies for each genotype and calculate the chi-square statistic:

Chi-square = Σ [(Observed - Expected)^2 / Expected]

Calculating for each genotype:

AA: [(45 - 46.875)^2 / 46.875] = 0.07602

AB: [(60 - 56.25)^2 / 56.25] = 0.26765

BB: [(15 - 16.875)^2 / 16.875] = 0.10741

Summing the values:

Chi-square = 0.07602 + 0.26765 + 0.10741 = 0.45108

Degrees of freedom (df) = Number of genotypes - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2

To determine whether the population is in HWE, we compare the chi-square statistic with the critical value from the chi-square distribution table for the given significance level and degrees of freedom. If the calculated chi-square value exceeds the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis of HWE.

Alternatively, we can use statistical software or an online chi-square calculator to obtain the p-value associated with the calculated chi-square value. If the p-value is below the chosen significance level (e.g., 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis.

Further analysis:

If the population is not in HWE, it suggests that there are deviations from the expected genotype frequencies. The deviations could indicate factors such as non-random mating, genetic drift, selection, mutation, or migration.

To explore the deviations further and understand the factors contributing to the population's deviation from HWE, additional investigations can be conducted. These might include:

1.  Investigating mating patterns: Assessing whether individuals are preferentially mating with individuals of certain genotypes or from specific breeding units.

2.  Genetic drift: Analyzing the population size and potential bottlenecks or founder effects that could contribute to deviations from HWE.

3.  Selection: Examining whether natural selection is acting on the Ab locus, leading to deviations from expected genotype frequencies.

4.  Mutation and migration: Assessing the potential impact of new mutations or migration from other populations on the observed genotype frequencies.

By conducting these additional investigations, we can gain a better understanding of the factors influencing the population's deviation from HWE and further test the original hypothesis.

Answer:

Viruses can use energy of living cells that they infect.

Explanation:

Answer:

Viruses can replicate inside a host that they infect this is the reason why viruses do not have special structure or enzymes that allows them to make their own food. They just replicate and infect but they never make their own food.

Explanation:

Viruses depend on the host cells that they affect to reproduce. When found outside of host cells, viruses live as a protein coat or capsid, sometimes contained within a membrane. The capsid surrounds either DNA or RNA which codes for the virus elements.

Answer:

D. They both contain carbon, but only nucleic acids contain phosphorous.

Explanation:

Answer:

Menstruation is a time in a young-women's life where she starts to bleed from her ding-dong. This happens because when an egg in her uterus is not fertilized by a sperm, the lining of the uterus breaks itself down and passes out through the uterus opening, including the egg.

The mushroom when in the presence of living matter such as living plant  doesn't feed on it.

This is a type of fungi which acts as a saprophyte and feeds on non living organic matter which was why it wasn't broken down in the test result.

They are known to feed on non living matter and converts them to the nutrients needed for them to grow and survive in the ecosystem.

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Answer:

B) NaF

Explanation:

Na looses one valance electron to form Na+, whereas F gains one electron to form F-, making an ionic compound. Ionic compounds must contain a metal + nonmetal. In this case, Na is a metal and F is a nonmetal.