why are much shorter output lengths of e.g. 80 bits sufficient for macs
Answers
MACs (Message Authentication Codes) are cryptographic techniques that are used to provide integrity and authenticity to messages. They allow the recipient of a message to verify that it has not been tampered with and that it has indeed come from the sender it claims to be from.
MACs are created using a combination of a secret key and a message. The output of a MAC is a fixed-length code that is added to the message, known as the authentication tag. The length of the authentication tag is important, as it determines the level of security provided by the MAC. While longer authentication tags provide a higher level of security, they also require more resources to generate and verify. This can be a problem in situations where resources are limited, such as in embedded systems or low-power devices. This is where shorter output lengths come into play. By using a shorter output length, the resources required to generate and verify the MAC can be reduced.
This allows MACs to be used in a wider range of applications, including those with limited resources. It is worth noting that shorter output lengths do not provide the same level of security as longer ones. Attackers may be able to find collisions (different messages that produce the same authentication tag) more easily with shorter MACs. However, as long as the output length is sufficient for the specific use case, shorter MACs can still provide a good level of security. In summary, much shorter output lengths of 80 bits are sufficient for MACs in situations where resources are limited and where the level of security provided by the MAC is still acceptable.
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Related Questions
PLS HELP) Early word processors ran on devices that looked like digital _______?
Answers
Answer: Typewriter
Explanation:
Electronic typewriters enhanced with embedded software became known as word processors. The Brother-EP20, an early word processor. One example of those machines is the Brother EP-20, which was introduced in 1983. This electronic typewriter featured a small dot matrix display on which typed text appeared.
These statements describe a network server.
assigns MACs
manages network resources
provides network security
translates data sent between networks
Answers
Answer:
The statement that describes a network server is:
manages network resources
Explanation:
A server is a computer built and programmed to fulfill network needs. They might be able to perform regular computer tasks, but they are designed specially to connect several computers, create a space those computers can share, provide connectivity management to them and be able to receive, send, create, and copy data inside that network. In other words, it creates a space of interaction, allows interaction, and transfer data from this network to other networks and from other networks for its managed network.
What are some innovative research ideas for Onshore/Offshore hybrid wind turbines?
I was thinking whether it could be integrated with AI technologies, Pv Cells, thermoelectric plates, piezoelectric etc etc
please give me some inspirations
Answers
Some innovative research ideas for onshore/offshore hybrid wind turbines include integrating AI technologies for advanced control and optimization, incorporating PV cells for hybrid energy generation, utilizing thermoelectric plates for waste heat recovery, and exploring the potential of piezoelectric materials for vibration energy harvesting.
One innovative research idea is to integrate AI technologies into onshore/offshore hybrid wind turbines. AI algorithms can be used to optimize turbine performance by analyzing real-time data and making adjustments to maximize energy production and efficiency. AI can also enable predictive maintenance, allowing for proactive identification of potential issues and minimizing downtime.
Another idea is to incorporate photovoltaic (PV) cells into the hybrid wind turbines. By combining wind and solar energy generation, these turbines can generate power from both sources, maximizing energy output and improving the overall reliability and stability of the system.
Additionally, exploring the use of thermoelectric plates in hybrid wind turbines can enable the recovery of waste heat generated by the turbine. This waste heat can be converted into electricity, enhancing the overall energy efficiency of the system.
Furthermore, researchers can investigate the application of piezoelectric materials in hybrid wind turbines for vibration energy harvesting. These materials can convert mechanical vibrations caused by wind turbulence into electrical energy, supplementing the power output of the turbine.
These innovative research ideas highlight the potential for integrating AI technologies, PV cells, thermoelectric plates, and piezoelectric materials into onshore/offshore hybrid wind turbines to enhance their performance, energy generation capabilities, and efficiency.
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70s music or russian music
Answers
Explanation:
BB cgbfyhcthcfgvxdrgjyfddg
100 POINTS FOR ANYONE WHO CAN DO THIS!
Make the following modifications to the original sentence-generator program:
The prepositional phrase is optional. (It can appear with a certain probability.)
A conjunction and a second independent clause are optional: "The boy took a drink and the girl played baseball".
An adjective is optional, it may or may not be added to the sentence to describe a noun: "The girl kicked the red ball with a sore foot".
"Optional" is implying that the program should include these elements in a semi-random frequency.
You should add new variables for the sets of adjectives and conjunctions.
Answers
Let's check what can be modified
Before calling def we need adjective and conjunctions stored inside variables
Store them(You may change according to your choice)
\(\tt adjectives=("foolish","bad","long","hard")\)
\(\tt conjunctions=("and","but","for","after")\)
We have to make optional ,easy way ask the user to do instead of yourself .
\(\tt con=input("Enter\: yes\: if \:you \:want \:to \:use \:conjunctions:")\)
\(\tt adj=input("Enter\:yes\:if\:you\:want\:to\:use\: adjectives:")\)
If they click then we can proceed else no problem let the program run
\(\tt def\: conjunctionPhrase():\)
\(\quad\tt if\: con=="yes":\)
\(\quad\quad\tt return\:random.choice(conjunctions)+"\:"+nounPhrase()\)
\(\quad\tt else:\)
\(\quad\quad\tt continue\)
You may use pass also\(\tt def\: adjectivePhrase():\)
\(\quad\tt if\:adj=="yes":\)
\(\quad\quad\tt return\:random.choice(adjectives)+"\:"+nounPhrase()\)
\(\quad\tt else:\)
\(\quad\quad\tt continue\)
S Points
What phrase describes businesses who develop a positive relationship to
society?
A. Eco-corporations
B. Greening the office
c. Social responsibility
O D. Social behavior
SUBMIT
Answers
Answer:
Option(c) i.e "Social responsibility " is the correct answer.
Explanation:
The main objective of the social responsibility organization or the company that providing the profit to the society in addition to enhancing the value for the shareholders it gives profitability to the business as well as developed the positive relationship between the society in point of the business .
The social accountability giving the highly prevalent environment for the clients as well as for the stakeholders for there value management also it leading the environmental sustainability.All the other option is not developed the positive relationship to the society that's why these are incorrect option.Answer: Social Responsibility
Explanation: APEX
Help please!
Will give brainliest!
Answers
The answer to your question is the letter B.
which method of the usermanager class can you use to create a user in the aspnetusers table?
Answers
The UserManager class in ASP.NET provides the CreateAsync method to create a user in the AspNetUsers table.
To create a user in the AspNetUsers table using the UserManager class, you can use the CreateAsync method. This method is typically used in conjunction with the User class, which represents a user entity in the application.
The CreateAsync method takes the User object as a parameter, which contains the necessary information to create a new user. This information usually includes properties such as username, email, password, and any additional custom properties defined for the user entity.
The method performs the necessary operations to persist the user data into the AspNetUsers table, including hashing the password and generating a unique identifier for the user.
By utilizing the CreateAsync method, you can easily create new users in the AspNetUsers table within your ASP.NET application. This method abstracts away the underlying database operations, making it convenient to handle user creation and data persistence in a standardized and secure manner.
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yall please help me in online school i only have 1 week to do it
its online by the way which is why it says computers and technology
Answers
Answer:
we cant see anything
Explanation:
Answer:
add meh back
Explanation:
pls
one phd student has approached you for getting references on the topic
Answers
Sure! Here's an answer for you.
When a PhD student approaches me for references on a particular topic, there are a few things I take into consideration before providing them with sources.
Firstly, I ask them to provide me with a brief summary of their research topic and what specific areas they are interested in. This helps me narrow down the most relevant sources to provide them with.
Next, I make sure to recommend sources that are credible and reliable. This means looking for peer-reviewed articles, books, and research papers from reputable sources such as academic journals, conferences, and university databases. It is also important to consider the publication date and whether the sources are up to date and relevant to the current research on the topic.
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Question # 3
Fill in the Blank
What is the output?
answer = "Hi mom"
print(answer.lower())
Answers
what not understanding
Summarized from the lecture, the Gradient Descent algorithm is as follow, while stop criteria is not met: Gradient a=−2×∑i(yi−(a+bxi)) Gradient b=−2×∑i(yi−(a+bxi))⋅xi StepSize S a= Gradient a⋅ LearningRate StepS [eb= Gradient b - LearningRate a←a StepSize b←b− StepSize b - standardize(data) - Min-max normalization performs a linear transformation on the original data. This technique gets all the scaled data in the range (0,1) and preserves the relationships among the original data values. - The formula is: xi,std=xmax−xminxi−xmin - Takes a list of numbers as input - Returns a list of floating numbers as output - Uses min-max standardization - gradient_descent(x, y, Ir, a=0,b=0 ) - Works for simple linear regression (only one input variable is needed) - Takes 5 arguments: - x: List[float]. Input variable. - Y: List[float]. Target variable. - Ir: float. Learning rate. - a: float. Initial guess of a. Default is 0. - b: float. Initial guess of b. Default is 0. - Returns 2 values: - a: float. Estimates of intercept. - b: float. Estimates of coefficient - Stop criteria to be used in this function: the absolute value of both step sizes are smaller than 0.0001 Start your work with the script below. Note that all the necessary libraries have been imported in this starter script and you should not import any additional libraries for this assignment. If the dataset and your program are saved in the same folder, the expected result will be The GD estimate of regression of Price on Size is price =0.0310+0.9180∗ size. def read_column(filename, col): with open(filename) as file: result = [ ] next (file) for line in file: row = line.strip ().split(s,c) result.append ( int ( row [col])) return result def standardize(data): # your code def gradienst_descent (x,y,1r,a,b) : # your code return a,b sizes = read_column ('portland_housing_full.csv', θ ) prices = read_column ('portland_housing_full.csv', 2) prices_std = standardize(prices) sizes_std = standardize(sizes) a,b = gradient_descent(sizes_std, prices_std, 0.01) print(f'The GD estimate of regression of Price on size is price ={a:,4f}+{b:,4f}∗ size.')
Answers
The provided script utilizes the Gradient Descent algorithm to predict house prices from a data set using linear regression.
The algorithm is explained, and a Python implementation is partially provided, with the reader's task to fill in the standardize and gradient_descent functions. The Gradient Descent algorithm iteratively updates the parameters of the linear regression model, trying to find the minimum of the cost function. The algorithm uses the gradients (or derivatives) of the cost function to guide the updating process. The standardized function uses min-max normalization to scale the data to the range (0,1), preserving the relationships among the original data values. This helps the algorithm converge more quickly and prevents certain features from dominating others due to their scale. The gradient_descent function implements the core algorithm, which iteratively updates the parameters until a stopping criterion is met. Here, the stopping criterion is when the absolute values of both step sizes are smaller than 0.0001.
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Which of the following is an example of gameplay in a video game
A: the art of a game
B: the player interacting with the game world and game mechanics
C: the personalities of all the characters
D:all of the above
Answers
Answer:
the correct answer is B. the player interacting with the game world and game mechanics
what are the maintenance of soldering iron
Answers
1. Clean the tip: The tip of the soldering iron should be cleaned regularly to remove any built-up residue or oxidation. This can be done by wiping the tip with a damp sponge or cloth while the iron is hot.
2. Tin the tip: After cleaning the tip, it's important to "tin" it by applying a small amount of solder to the tip while it's hot. This helps to protect the tip from oxidation and ensures good heat transfer.
3. Store properly: When not in use, the soldering iron should be stored in a clean, dry place. Many soldering irons come with a stand or holder that can be used to store the iron safely.
4. Replace worn tips: Over time, the tip of the soldering iron will wear down and may need to be replaced. It's important to use the correct replacement tip for your soldering iron and to follow the manufacturer's instructions for installation.
5. Use distilled water: If you use a sponge to clean the tip of your soldering iron, be sure to use distilled water rather than tap water. Tap water can contain minerals and other impurities that can damage the tip.
By following these maintenance tips, you can keep your soldering iron in good working condition and ensure that it lasts for years to come.
1. Keep the tip clean: The tip of the soldering iron should be kept clean and free of oxidation. You can use a damp sponge or brass wire cleaner to clean the tip while it's hot.
2. Use the right temperature: Using the right temperature for the soldering iron can help prevent damage to the tip and the components being soldered. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for the recommended temperature settings.
3. Replace the tip when necessary: Over time, the tip of the soldering iron may become worn or damaged. Replace the tip as needed to ensure proper functioning.
4. Store properly: Store the soldering iron in a dry and safe place when not in use. Consider using a stand to hold the iron and keep it from touching any surfaces.
5. Check the power cord: Make sure the power cord is not damaged or frayed. If it is, replace the cord or the entire soldering iron to avoid any electrical hazards.
By following these maintenance tips, you can ensure that your soldering iron remains in good condition and functions properly for all your soldering needs.
Need help plz 100 POINTS
Answers
Answer:
1. 12 anything below that looks like a slideshow presentation lol
2. False I dont think so.
3. Length X Width
4. Almost all news programs are close up.
5. True
a data model is the diagrammatic representation of a database that clearly defines a database’s
Answers
A data model is the diagrammatic representation of a database that clearly defines a database’s Entities, Attributes,& relationships
What is a data model ?A data model is an all-encompassing framework that presents a graphical portrayal of a database system. It assumes the form of a diagrammatic representation meticulously outlining the core elements of the database, namely entities, attributes, and relationships, with unparalleled clarity and precision.
Entities, the vital constituents of the data model, embody distinct real-world objects or concepts of significance, such as customers, products, or orders. Rendered as rectangles or boxes in the diagram, each entity possesses its own unique collection of attributes, which capture the intrinsic qualities and descriptors associated with the respective entity.
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Which command must be performed on the firewall to activate any changes?
A. commit
B. save
C. load
D. save named
E. import
F. copy
Answers
The correct answer is A. commit. In the context of firewall configuration management, the "commit" command is typically used to activate any changes made to the firewall configuration and apply them .
the running configuration. This ensures that the changes take effect and are enforced by the firewall in its active state.
After making changes to the firewall configuration, such as adding or modifying rules, policies, or settings, the changes are typically in a "pending" or "candidate" configuration state until they are committed. Once the changes are committed, they are saved to the running configuration and become active.
It's important to note that different firewall vendors or models may have slightly different syntax or commands for committing changes, so it's always recommended to refer to the specific documentation or guidelines provided by the firewall manufacturer for proper configuration management practices.
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PHOTOGRAPHY: In 200 words or more explain the difference between deep and shallow depth field and when would you use either technique when taking a photograph?
Answers
The differences are:
A shallow depth of field is said to be a small area in view and its background is always blurred but a A deep depth of field is known to be one that captures a bigger area in view and its image are said to be sharp and clear.What is the difference between deep and shallow focus?The Images gotten in shallow focus is one that needs little or shallow depths of field, and its lenses also needs long focal lengths, and big apertures. But Deep focus images needs small focal lengths and long depths of field.
In the case above i recommend deep depth field and therefore, The differences are:
A shallow depth of field is said to be a small area in view and its background is always blurred but a A deep depth of field is known to be one that captures a bigger area in view and its image are said to be sharp and clear.Learn more about photograph from
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Which policy or legislation gives detailed instructions to commanders on requirements to appoint.
Answers
The policy or legislation which gives detailed instructions to commanders on requirements to appoint is known as:
SHARP recertificationPolicy
This refers to the system of guidelines which are taken by a person or group of persons to achieve a rational outcome.
With this in mind, we can see that the SHARP recertification is one example of a training which tells commanders what to do in the process of s.exu.al assault among both genders and ways to prevent it.
This also gives the commanders the requirements on which officers to appoint to take care of the SHARP recertification.
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Once the BIOS program is activated, what happens next?
- The BIOS loads the operating system into RAM.
- The BIOS makes sure that all your computer's peripheral devices are attached and working.
- The BIOS verifies your login name and password.
- The BIOS checks the kernel is loaded.
Answers
Once the BIOS program is activated, it loads the operating system into RAM and checks peripheral devices, login credentials, and the presence of the kernel.
When the BIOS program is activated, the first step it typically performs is loading the operating system into RAM. This process involves transferring the necessary files and data from the computer's storage devices, such as the hard drive or solid-state drive, into the Random Access Memory (RAM). RAM is a type of memory that allows the computer to quickly access and manipulate data, making it an ideal location for the operating system to reside during its execution.
After loading the operating system, the BIOS proceeds to ensure that all peripheral devices connected to the computer are properly attached and functioning. It checks devices such as the keyboard, mouse, monitor, storage drives, and other hardware components to ensure they are detected and operational. This step is vital as it guarantees that the computer can interact with and utilize these devices throughout its operation.
Furthermore, the BIOS may also verify the user's login name and password, depending on the system's configuration. This security measure helps protect the computer's data and restricts unauthorized access. By validating the login credentials, the BIOS ensures that only authorized users can gain access to the system and its resources.
Finally, the BIOS checks if the kernel, the core of the operating system, is loaded. The kernel is responsible for managing the computer's resources, facilitating communication between hardware and software components, and providing essential services to other parts of the operating system. Verifying the kernel's presence is crucial for the system's stability and functionality.
In summary, after the BIOS program is activated, it performs essential tasks including loading the operating system into RAM, checking peripheral devices, verifying login credentials, and confirming the presence of the kernel. These steps are vital in initializing the computer's boot process and ensuring its proper functioning.
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val = 50
def example():
val = 15
print (val)
print (val)
example()
print (val)
Answers
Answer:50
15
i dont know the 3rd number but hope it helped
Explanation:
Based on the given scenario above, the output will be 50, 15, 50. Check more about output below.
What are computer outputs?An output is known to be a kind of data that a computer is said to bring out after processing.
Based on the above, conclusively, looking at the programming code, we can say that the output will be 50, 15, 50.
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error handling python
Answers
You can check for mistakes in a block of code using the try block. You may deal with the error in Python using the except block.
How do you deal with Python's many errors?Capturing every exception using a try-and-except statement
Python uses the try and except statements to catch and manage errors. The statements that manage the exception are written inside the except clause, but the sentences that potentially raise exceptions are retained inside the try clause.
What is Python's approach to value errors?A try-except block can be used to fix the ValueError in Python programs. Try blocks should contain any lines of code that could potentially throw a ValueError, and except blocks can catch and handle errors.
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Question:
What is error handling in Python?
In Python: Write a program to input 6 numbers. After each number is input, print the smallest of the numbers entered so far.
Sample Run:
Enter a number: 9
Smallest: 9
Enter a number: 4
Smallest: 4
Enter a number: 10
Smallest: 4
Enter a number: 5
Smallest: 4
Enter a number: 3
Smallest: 3
Enter a number: 6
Smallest: 3
Answers
Answer:
python
Explanation:
list_of_numbers = []
count = 0
while count < 6:
added_number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
list_of_numbers.append(added_number)
list_of_numbers.sort()
print(f"Smallest: {list_of_numbers[0]}")
count += 1
what are the three main desktop operating systems used today
Answers
Answer:The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Explanation:
What is the output for the following portion of a program? Assume the user enters 162.5.
strWeight = input("Enter your weight in pounds: ")
weight = float(strWeight)
print (weight)
162.5
O 162
O 163
O An error occurs.
Answers
If the user enters 162.5, the output will be 162.5
Answer:
162.5
Explanation:
just took this on edge. have a good one!
This action allows workflow items to automatically reroute to a selected Member based on the process ID and transaction type.
Answers
The action you're referring to is called "Automatic Routing." It enables workflow items to be efficiently rerouted to a designated member based on the process ID and transaction type, streamlining the workflow process and increasing overall productivity.
The action you are referring to is called "Dynamic Routing." This feature enables the system to automatically reroute workflow items to a specific member based on the process ID and transaction type. With Dynamic Routing, organizations can streamline their workflow processes and ensure that the right people are handling the appropriate tasks at the right time. This can help to improve efficiency and reduce errors in the workflow process.
The action you're referring to is called "Automatic Routing." It enables workflow items to be efficiently rerouted to a designated member based on the process ID and transaction type, streamlining the workflow process and increasing overall productivity.
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An instance of ________ describes programming errors, such as bad casting, accessing an out-of-bounds array, and numeric errors. RuntimeException Exception Error Throwable NumberFormatException
Answers
An instance of Runtime Exception describes programming errors, such as bad casting, accessing an out-of-bounds array, and numeric errors.
What is a runtime exception?The Runtime Exception is known to be the parent class that is often seen in all exceptions of the Java programming language that are known to crash or break down the program or application when they happen.
Therefore, An instance of Runtime Exception describes programming errors, such as bad casting, accessing an out-of-bounds array, and numeric errors.
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Assume there is an interactive math tutor. Many students take the math lessons online. At the end of each lesson, students have to attempt a test. What is the performance measure of this agent?
A.
count the number of students
B.
display suggestions for solving problems
C.
take input from the keyboard
D.
enable the student to attain maximum marks
Answers
Answer:
I think it is D
Explanation:
This is the goal, or the requirement for success.
Answer:
D. Enable the student to attain maximum marks
Explanation:
Correct on Clever
You are troubleshooting a computer system and want to review some of the motherboard configuration settings. Where is most of this data stored?
BIOS/UEFI ROM
CMOS RAM
DIMM RAM
HDD
Answers
Based on data on the EEPROM chip, the majority of systems will automatically establish storage settings (speed, voltage, and timing, including latency).
What is computer ?A computer is a device that may be configured to automatically perform series of mathematical or logical operations (computation). Modern digital computers are capable of running programmes, which are generalised sets of operations. These apps give computers the ability to carry out a variety of tasks. A computer is a minimally functional computer that contains the peripheral devices, system software (primary software), and hardware required for proper operation. This phrase may also apply to a collection of connected computers that work as a unit, such as a network or group of computers. The sole purpose of early computers was to perform computations. Since ancient times, simple manual tools like the calculator have supported humans in performing computations.
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analog computer are general purpose computer true or false
Answers
Answer:
false
Explanation:
Analog computers were widely used in scientific and industrial applications even after the advent of digital computers