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4. What is the amount of valence electrons in an atom equivalent to?
A) The amount of protons an atom has
B) The group the atom is located
C) The period the atom is located
D) The amount of electrons an atom has


6. How many sodium (Na) and oxygen (O) atoms are needed to form the ionic compound sodium oxide?

A) There needs to be 1 Na atom and 2 O atoms to form Na2O
B) There needs to be 1 Na atom and 1 O atom to form Na2O
C) There needs to be 2 Na atoms and 1O atom to form Na2O
D) There needs to be 2 Na atoms and 2O atoms to form Na2O

The electrons in an atom are depicted in orbital diagrams in visual form. For creating orbital diagrams, three rules are helpful.

Each electron resides in the orbital with the , in accordance with the Auf Bau Principle.

According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, an orbital can hold no more than two electrons. According to Hund's rule, electrons enter various orbitals within a single sub-level before doubling up within orbitals.

We have seen how the quantity and kind of valence electrons play a crucial role in establishing the chemical characteristics of a specific element. Due to their propensity to lose their single valence, Group 1A metals are extremely reactive.

Therefore, The electrons in an atom are depicted in orbital diagrams in visual form. For creating orbital diagrams, three rules are helpful.

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Answer:

the sour food changed

Explanation:

because the molecules were able to move fast enough to overcome the attraction between them, it's molecules now move in place

Answer:

D

Explanation:

I got that right:)

Nonmetal atoms tend to gain  enough electrons to fill their valence shell when forming ions.

An atom is defined as the smallest unit of matter which forms an element. Every form of matter whether solid,liquid , gas consists of atoms . Each atom has a nucleus which is composed of protons and neutrons and shells in which the electrons revolve.

The protons are positively charged and neutrons are neutral and hence the nucleus is positively charged. The electrons which revolve around the nucleus are negatively charged and hence the atom as a whole is neutral and stable due to presence of oppositely charged particles.

Atoms of the same element are similar as they have number of sub- atomic particles which on combination do not alter the chemical properties of the substances.

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Answer:

Chemical formula: HNO₃

Melting point: −42 °C (−44 °F; 231 K)

Molar mass: 63.012 g·mol−1

Solubility in water: Miscible

Explanation:

When Conc HNO3 acid leaks into seawater presumed to be largely consisting of Sodium Chloride and other dissolved salts, I won't consider it as a chemical reaction rather it is a Physical Change. I presume this activity as a mixture when the acid been the solute becomes a contaminants

The appropriate method for removing a solvent depends on several factors. The following answers are correct; volume of solvent being evaporated, volatility of the solvent, the hazards associated with the solvent, and the thermal stability of the product. Option A, C, E, and F are correct.

If a large volume of solvent needs to be removed, then a rotary evaporator or distillation may be necessary. For smaller volumes, a simple evaporation may be sufficient.

Solvents with high volatility can be removed by simple evaporation or with the help of a vacuum. Solvents with low volatility may require techniques such as rotary evaporation or distillation.

If the solvent is hazardous or toxic, special precautions such as fume hoods or closed systems may be necessary.

If the product is sensitive to heat, then techniques such as vacuum or freeze-drying may be necessary to remove the solvent.

Hence, A. C. E. F. is the correct option.

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Answer:

A. 7

(assuming the water is neutral)

Answer:

They have no solid surface.

Explanation:

Many outer planets are actually known as gas giants and don't contain much of a solid surface. hope this helped!

Therefore the first statement is true, second is false, third is true, fourth is true and fifth is false.

The first statement is true. [Ni(en)3]2+ is more stable than [Ni(NH3)6]2+ and [Ni(H2O)6]2+. This is because ethylenediamine (en) is a bidentate ligand and can form a chelate ring with the Ni2+ ion, which increases the stability of the complex. In contrast, NH3 and H2O are monodentate ligands and cannot form such chelate rings.
The second statement is false. The value of the formation constant does not always increase as the number of ligands increases. It depends on the nature of the ligands and the metal ion. For example, [Cu(NH3)4]2+ has a higher formation constant than [Cu(H2O)4]2+, despite having the same number of ligands.
The third statement is true. Steric hindrance of ligands can reduce the value of the formation constant. This is because bulky ligands can make it difficult for other ligands to approach the metal ion, which decreases the stability of the complex.
The fourth statement is true. The coordination number of the central metal ion is related to the formation constant of the complex. This is because the coordination number determines the number of ligands that can bind to the metal ion, which affects the stability of the complex.
The fifth statement is false. Complexes formed with V2+ are generally less stable than complexes formed with V5+. This is because V2+ is a smaller ion with a higher charge density, making it more difficult for ligands to approach the metal ion and form stable complexes. In contrast, V5+ is a larger ion with a lower charge density, making it more accessible to ligands.

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Answer:

it's esterification reaction

Answer: 4.48 grams of H2

Explanation:

This is a problem of limiting reactants. We will use the given amounts of reactant and see which produces the least amount of H2. This will be the amount of H2 that can actually be produced.

Case 1: All sodium is used

120. g Na

x 1 mol Na / (22.99 g Na)

x 1 mol H2 / (2 mol Na)

x 2.016 g H2 / (1 mol H2)

-------------------------------------

5.26 g H2 produced

Case 2: All water is used

80. g H2O

x 1 mol H2O / (18.016 g H2O)

x 1 mol H2 / (2 mol H2O)

x 2.016 g H2 / (1 mol H2)

---------------------------------------

4.48 g of H2 produced

From these calculations, we see that we can only produce 4.48 g of H2 before we run out of water (if we had excess water, we could have produced 5.26 g of H2 with the amount of sodium we have).

Answer:

The correct answer is (C) 0.2 mole MgCl2

Explanation:

Answer:

answer is here bit.^{}ly/3gVQKw3

The option (1) water supply i.e. the biotic factor that affect the human most.

An ecosystem's overall health is also influenced by biotic factors such as the diversity of consumers and the presence of autotrophs, or self-sustaining organisms like plants. Abiotic variables have an impact on an organism's capacity for survival and reproduction. Abiotic barriers prevent the formation of population .

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Answer:

Fundamental Units:

1) Fundamental units also called base units are used to describe base quantities

2) They cannot be expressed in terms of derived units.

3) Examples : Meter, Ampere, Second etc.

Derived Units:

1) Derived units are used to describe derived quantities.

2) They can be expressed in terms of fundamental units.

3) Examples: Newton, Joule, Hertz, Pascal etc.

Answer:

3diferences

Explanation:

fundamental are independent but derived are dependent

there are 7fundamental units but there are many derived units from fundamental.

meter, second, kilogram, etc are examples of fundamental but m/s^2, newton, joule, etc are derived units

Ni²⁺ is the only ion on the list that can exist as both a high-spin and a low-spin octahedral complex. The correct option is B.

An electrostatic model called the crystal field theory (CFT) assumes that the metal-ligand connection is ionic and results only from electrostatic interactions between the metal ion and the ligand. When dealing with anions, ligands are viewed as point charges, and when dealing with neutral molecules, as dipoles.

The crystal field splitting theory predicts that some transition metal ions can exist as either high-spin or low-spin octahedral complexes, depending on the magnitude of the crystal field splitting parameter (Δ) relative to the pairing energy (P).

Of the ions listed, the only one that could exist as either a high-spin or a low-spin octahedral complex is Ni²⁺ (B).

Mn²⁺ (A) is a d⁵ ion and will always form a high-spin octahedral complex due to its large number of unpaired electrons.

Sc³⁺ (C) is a d⁰ ion and does not form octahedral complexes with ligands.

Cu²⁺ (D) is a d⁹ ion and typically forms a low-spin octahedral complex due to the stability of the half-filled d⁹ configuration.

Zn²⁺ (E) is a d¹⁰ ion and does not have any unpaired electrons to undergo spin pairing, so it will always form a low-spin octahedral complex.

Therefore, the correct answer is B) Ni²⁺.

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The two ions that have the ground-state electron configuration of [Ar] are calcium ion (Ca²⁺) and iron ion (Fe²⁺).

Calcium (Ca²⁺) is a metal ion that has lost two electrons from its neutral state of [Ar] 4s² 3d¹⁰ configuration to achieve a stable noble gas configuration of [Ar]. The loss of electrons results in the removal of the 4s² electrons, leaving the [Ar] configuration.

Iron (Fe) can form different ions with different electron configurations. Fe²⁺ ion has lost two electrons from the neutral atom's [Ar] 4s² 3d⁶ configuration. The two electrons lost are the 4s² electrons, resulting in the [Ar] 3d⁶ configuration.

Therefore, Ca²⁺ and Fe₂⁺ are the two ions that have the ground-state electron configuration of [Ar].

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Full question is given below:

Identify two ions that have the following ground-state electron configurations: [Ar] Check all that apply.

Li⁺

Ca²⁺

СІ⁻

Na⁺

Fe²⁺

Answer:

(D) is the correct option.

Explanation:

Molar mass of NO = (14+16) g/mol = 30 g/mol

Molar mass of NO₂ = (14+16×2) g/mol = 46 g/mol

Molar mass of N₂O = (14×2+16) g/mol = 44 g/mol

Molar mass of N₂O₅ = (14×2+16×5) g/mol = 108 g/mol

Number of moles = mass/molar mass

mass = n × M, M = molar mass

n = 1 mol in each case

Higher the molar mass, greater is the mass of the compound. The molar mass of N₂O₅ is greatest of all other cases. It will have greatest mass.

Answer:

Green

Explanation:

Therefore, 9.49 grams of water is expected in the given 3.21 g sample of CuSO4 • 10H2O.

To determine the number of water molecules in the given hydrate, CuSO4 • 10H2O, we'll need to find out the molar mass of the compound and the molar mass of water to make a comparison.

The molar mass of CuSO4 • 10H2O is calculated as:

CuSO4 → 159.6 g/mol10H2O → 180.16 g/mol (18.016 g/mol × 10)CuSO4 • 10H2O → 159.6 g/mol + 180.16 g/mol

= 339.76 g/mol (rounded to three significant figures)

Thus, we can see that the molar mass of CuSO4 • 10H2O is 339.76 g/mol.

We know that this hydrate consists of ten molecules of water, each having a molar mass of 18.016 g/mol (which is the same as the molar mass of water), and one molecule of CuSO4 with a molar mass of 159.6 g/mol.

Therefore, the number of moles of water in the sample is:

(10 × 18.016 g/mol) ÷ 339.76 g/mol = 0.527 moles

So, the mass of water is equal to its molar mass multiplied by the number of moles.

The mass of water is:

0.527 mol × 18.016 g/mol = 9.49 g

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Answer: the answer is D the last one.

Explanation:

hope this helps! have a good day! :) ^-^

The energy difference between reactants and products in a chemical reaction is called the heat of reaction.

In general, the heat of reaction is represented by ΔH and is calculated by taking the difference between the potential energy of the reactants and the potential energy of the products.

Heat of reaction can either be positive or negative. If the heat of reaction is negative, then the products have a lower potential energy than the reactants.

This implies that energy is released when the reactants convert to the products.

On the other hand, if the heat of reaction is positive, then the products have a higher potential energy than the reactants.

This implies that energy is absorbed when the reactants convert to the products.

The heat of reaction is a measure of the amount of energy that is absorbed or released during a chemical reaction.

The energy difference between reactants and products in a chemical reaction is called the heat of reaction.

For example, if the heat of reaction is 150 kJ/mol, it implies that 150 kJ of energy is either absorbed or released for every mole of reactants that are consumed.

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Answer:

R = 8.314 pKa*L/mol*K

The value for the ideal gas constant (R) is approximately 8.314 kPa·L/(mol·K).

To determine the value for the ideal gas constant (R) when pressure (P) is in kilopascals (kPa), temperature (T) is in kelvins (K), volume (V) is in liters (L), and amount of gas (n) is in moles, we need to use the appropriate units for R based on these measurements.

The ideal gas constant, R, can be expressed in various units. The most common units for R are:

R = 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K) (atmospheres, liters, moles, and kelvins)

However, since you provided the measurements in kilopascals, liters, moles, and kelvins, we need to use a different value for R that is consistent with these units:

R = 8.314 kPa·L/(mol·K)

Therefore, when pressure is in kilopascals, volume is in liters, amount of gas is in moles, and temperature is in kelvins, the value for the ideal gas constant (R) is approximately 8.314 kPa·L/(mol·K).

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The pH of the resulting solution is approximately 2.46.

To determine the pH of the resulting solution after Kingsley adds 47.17 mL of NaOH to 250.00 mL of the HCOOH solution, and the neutralization reaction results in 0.09 moles of HCOOH and 0.026 moles of HCOO- left in solution, follow these steps:

1. Calculate the concentrations of HCOOH and HCOO- in the solution by dividing their moles by the total volume of the solution (in liters). The total volume is the sum of the initial HCOOH solution (250 mL) and the added NaOH (47.17 mL), which equals 297.17 mL or 0.29717 L.
  - [HCOOH] = 0.09 moles / 0.29717 L = 0.303 M
  - [HCOO-] = 0.026 moles / 0.29717 L = 0.087 M

2. Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH:
  - pH = pKa + log ([HCOO-] / [HCOOH])
  - The pKa value for HCOOH (formic acid) is approximately 3.75.
  - pH = 3.75 + log (0.087 / 0.303) = 3.75 - 1.29 = 2.46

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we get x = 0.000882 MTherefore, the pH of the solution will be:`pH = -log[H+]``pH = -log(0.000882) = 3.055`Therefore, the pH of the resulting solution is 3.055.

Determine the pH of the resulting solution?

To determine the pH of the resulting solution, first, we need to calculate the concentration of HCOO- and HCOOH using the number of moles and volume of the solution given. Then, we can use the dissociation constant of HCOOH to calculate the concentration of H+ ions and thus the pH of the solution. Let's solve it step by step.Volume of HCOOH solution = 250.00 mlVolume of NaOH solution = 47.17 mlNumber of moles of HCOOH = 0.09 molesNumber of moles of HCOO- = 0.026 molesLet's calculate the molar concentration of HCOOH and HCOO-.

Molar concentration of HCOOH= 0.09 mol/0.250 L = 0.36 MMolar concentration of HCOO-= 0.026 mol/0.250 L = 0.104 M Now, let's calculate the concentration of H+ ions using the dissociation constant of HCOOH.`HCOOH ⇌ H+ + HCOO-``Ka = [H+][HCOO-]/[HCOOH]`Let x be the concentration of H+ ions. Then, the concentration of HCOO- ions will be x and the concentration of HCOOH ions will be 0.36 - x. Now, substituting the values in the above equation, we get:`1.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ = x(0.104)/(0.36 - x)`Solving the above equation.

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When a compound is oxidized, one of its elements may experience a change in oxidation number.

Oxidation is the loss of electrons, so if an element loses electrons, its oxidation number increases. For example, in the compound H2O, the oxidation number of oxygen is -2 and the oxidation number of hydrogen is +1. If H2O is oxidized, the oxygen may gain electrons and its oxidation number will decrease.

At the same time, the hydrogen may lose electrons and its oxidation number will increase. This change in oxidation numbers is important in understanding chemical reactions and the transfer of electrons between molecules.

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If we have 325 g of glucose and 137 g O₂, the limiting reagent is O₂ , and the mass of CO₂ will be produced 188.32 g.

The mass of the glucose = 325 g

The mass of the O₂ = 137 g

The balanced equation is :

C₆H₁₂O₆  +  6O₂   ---->  6CO₂   +   6H₂O

The moles of the glucose = 325 / 180

                                           = 1.80 mol

The moles of the O₂ = mass / molar mass

                                   = 137 / 32

                                   = 4.28 mol

1 mole of C₆H₁₂O₆  react with 6 moles of O₂

Moles of O₂  = 6 × 1.80

                     = 10.8 mol

The O₂  is the limiting reagent.

The moles of the CO₂ = 4.28 mol

The mass of the CO₂ = moles × molar mass

                                   = 4.28 × 44

                                   = 188.32 g

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Answer:

Couldn't figure out how to edit the other one to attach the image, but here is it with the labels. Also put the same explanation down below so you don't have to go to the other if you wanted to look at it in conjunction with the image.

Explanation:

Mass extinctions are periods of time where the organisms are essentially wiped out in an extremely brief period of time. You can see how the species just drops off. Adaptive radiation occurs when there is a diversification of a group of organisms as evident by the rise in the number of marine animal groups shown by the bracketed area.

Answer:

2 mol/L

Explanation:

molarity = moles/litres

NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g/mol

\( ? \: mol \: naoh \: = 8 \: g \: naoh \: \times \\ \frac{1 \: mol \: naoh}{40 \: g \: naoh} = 0.2 \: mol \: naoh\)

molarity = 0.2 mol/0.1 L = 2 mol/L

A container with no insulation has two compartments. the first compartment is evacuated to zero pressure, and the other contains a compressed gas that is not an ideal gas. supposed the separation between the two compartments is removed-Isothermal process

thermodynamic process wherein the temperature of a framework remains unchanged is known as an isothermal process. Heat is transferred into and out of the system at such a slow rate that thermal equilibrium is retained. The formula gives the value of work done either by gas in an isothermal process. W=−nRTln(V2V1) Isothermal, named after the region's consistent climate, is a two-year comprehensive public institution that is part of the North Carolina Community College System. The primary goal of Isothermal is to improve people's lives through education. Spindale's main campus spans 181 acres.

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Answer:

A

Explanation: