To determine the most cost-effective platform, Angel should consider criteria such as initial setup costs, scalability, integration, training, maintenance, security, flexibility, and vendor reputation. Evaluating these factors will help him make an informed decision that minimizes expenses and aligns with the company's goals.
When evaluating the cost-effectiveness of different platforms for Angel's needs, it's important to consider a set of criteria that can help him make an informed decision. While monetary factors like initial costs and ongoing expenses are essential, it's equally crucial to account for qualitative costs and hidden costs that might arise. By considering multiple criteria, Angel can assess the long-term cost-effectiveness of each platform and choose the one that offers the easiest transition with minimal financial burden.
Initial Setup Costs:
The first criterion to consider is the initial setup costs associated with each platform. This includes expenses such as hardware, software licenses, and any necessary infrastructure modifications. Angel should compare the costs involved in implementing each platform to determine the financial impact at the outset.
Scalability and Future Growth:
Another crucial factor is the platform's scalability and its ability to support the company's future growth. Angel should assess whether each platform can accommodate increasing demands and expansion without significant additional costs. Evaluating scalability will ensure that the chosen platform can adapt to the company's evolving needs and minimize the expenses associated with platform transitions in the future.
Integration and Compatibility:
Angel should consider how well each platform integrates with the existing infrastructure and systems in the company. Compatibility issues can lead to additional costs, both in terms of time and money, as customizations or workarounds may be required. Choosing a platform that seamlessly integrates with the current ecosystem can reduce implementation expenses and minimize disruptions to workflow.
Training and User Adoption:
The ease of training and user adoption is another important criterion. Angel should evaluate how quickly the employees can learn to use the platform effectively. Platforms that offer intuitive interfaces, comprehensive training resources, and robust customer support can reduce the time and costs associated with employee onboarding and ongoing training.
Maintenance and Support:
Consideration should be given to the long-term maintenance and support costs of each platform. Angel should evaluate the level of technical support provided, the availability of updates and patches, and the associated costs. A platform with reliable support and regular updates can prevent unexpected expenses related to system failures, security breaches, or compatibility issues.
Data Security and Privacy:
Given the increasing importance of data security and privacy, Angel should assess the security measures provided by each platform. The costs associated with data breaches or non-compliance with privacy regulations can be substantial. Choosing a platform with robust security features and a track record of data protection can mitigate the risk of financial loss due to security incidents.
Flexibility and Customization:
Consider the level of flexibility and customization options offered by each platform. Angel should assess whether the platforms can adapt to specific business requirements without incurring significant development costs. A platform that allows for customization and flexibility can minimize the need for expensive third-party solutions or extensive development efforts.
Vendor Reputation and Longevity:
Lastly, Angel should consider the reputation and longevity of the platform vendors. Evaluating the vendor's track record, customer reviews, and market presence can provide insights into the platform's reliability and future viability. Choosing a platform from a reputable and established vendor reduces the risks associated with unexpected costs, discontinuation of support, or lack of future updates.
By considering these criteria, Angel can evaluate the cost-effectiveness of each platform over time. It's important for him to thoroughly assess both quantitative and qualitative costs, accounting for factors beyond just the initial expenses. A comprehensive evaluation will help Angel make an informed decision that aligns with the company's growth goals and minimizes the total cost of ownership in the long run.
To know more about Cost-effectiveness here
https://brainly.com/question/11333581
#SPJ4
Need help with this one.
Anton's gross monthly pay is $1,058.00. If his employer withholds 11% for the monthly federal income tax, how much will be deducted from his paycheck?
Group of answer choices
$941.62
$11.00
$116.38
$11.64
Anton's gross monthly pay is $1,058.00. If his employer withholds 11% for the monthly federal income tax, $116.38 will be deducted from his paycheck.
Define tax?A tax is a mandatory payment or charge levied on individuals or businesses by local, state, and national governments to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities.It is derived from the Latin taxare, which means 'to assess'. Previously, English used the related word 'task,' which was derived from Old French.For a time, the terms 'task' and 'tax' were interchangeable, with the first requiring labor and the latter requiring money.The term 'tax' then came to mean something tedious or difficult.Governments levy fees on citizens and businesses to generate revenue, which is then used to meet budgetary demands.This includes financing government and public projects as well as improving the country's business environment to promote economic growth.To learn more about tax refer to:
brainly.com/question/26316390
#SPJ1
Tricia listed her assets and liabilities. credit card bill car loan bonds piano bank account bicycle which are tricia’s liabilities? select two choices..
Tricia listed her assets and liabilities which are :
. Credit Card Bill
. Car Loan
What's a Credit Card Billing announcement? A billing assertion is a periodic statement that lists all the purchases, payments, and other debits and credits made for your credit score card account inside the billing cycle. Your credit card provider sends your billing assertion about once a month.
When is a pleasant time to pay your credit card bill? no less than, you should pay your credit card bill by means of its due date every month.
About Car Loan Financing: an automobile may be a good idea, If you want to power a more modern vehicle you would be not able to store up sufficient coins in an inexpensive quantity of time. The hobby price is low, so the more prices won't upload lots to the general fee of the vehicle. The everyday bills might not add stress to your contemporary or upcoming price range.
Learn more about Credit Card Bill and Car Loan here:- https://brainly.com/question/10904776
#SPJ4
The _____ provides individuals the legal right to be forgotten online, under certain circumstances.World Trade Organization
European Economic Community
European Union
World Bank
The European Union provides individuals the legal right to be forgotten online, under certain circumstances.
The "right to be forgotten" is a legal concept in the European Union that allows individuals to request the removal of personal information that is no longer relevant or accurate from search engine results and other online platforms. This right was established in a landmark ruling by the European Court of Justice in 2014, and it is based on the EU's data protection laws, which aim to give individuals more control over their personal data.
Learn more about laws here:
https://brainly.com/question/6590381
#SPJ11
what would happen if no one tried to manage the business cycle?
If no one tried to manage the business cycle, there would likely be significant economic consequences such as increased volatility, more frequent and severe recessions, and slower overall growth.
The management of the business cycle involves implementing monetary and fiscal policies to help stabilize the economy.
Monetary policies, like adjusting interest rates and controlling the money supply, are typically implemented by central banks. Fiscal policies, like government spending and taxation, are implemented by governments.
These measures are designed to help smooth out economic fluctuations, ensuring that periods of expansion and contraction are less extreme and more predictable.
Without these interventions, the economy could experience more frequent and severe booms and busts, which could lead to higher unemployment, inflation, and financial instability. Ultimately, a lack of business cycle management would result in reduced economic growth and a lower overall standard of living.
to know more about business cycle refer here: https://brainly.com/question/30167432#
#SPJ11
A central bank's pursuit of policies that control inflation and reduce business cycle fluctuations best illustrates which core principle? Multiple Choice Markets determine prices and allocate resources. Time has value. Stability improves welfare. Risk requires compensation.
Answer:
Stability improves welfare
Explanation:
In simple words, central banks throughout the world try to cope with instability in their economic systems, in the form of inflation and deflation, by using various monetary and fiscal policies as well as related tools.
This is evidence of the fact that stability in an economy enhances welfare as the money value will not fluctuate continuously. Therefore, government can manage risk, tackle shocks and perform economic processes more efficiently.
npv and irr may disagree about which mutually exclusive project to take if the crossover rate is greater than zero and the required rate of return is:
When the crossover rate is greater than zero and the required rate of return is high, NPV and IRR may disagree on which mutually exclusive project to take.
When the crossover rate is greater than zero, the NPV profile of the two projects intersects, indicating that at this point, the projects have the same NPV value. As a result, the investment decision is determined by the required rate of return.
In some cases, IRR may suggest accepting one project, while NPV may suggest accepting another project. This is because the NPV calculation assumes a reinvestment rate equivalent to the cost of capital, whereas the IRR calculation assumes a reinvestment rate equal to the IRR.
Therefore, when the required rate of return is high, the NPV method may be more reliable than the IRR method, and the investment decision should be based on the project with the highest NPV.
Learn more about crossover rate https://brainly.com/question/31439824
#SPJ11
A dot plot titled Miles Emilia Ran Each Week going from 1 to 6. 1 has 2 dots, 2 has 3 dots, 3 has 2 dots, 4 has 2 dots, 5 has 3 dots, and 6 has 4 dots. The dot plot shows the number of miles Emilia ran each week. Which is true of the data in the dot plot? The data is symmetric. The center of the data is 3.5. There is a peak at 3. The spread is from 1 to 6.
Answer:
The true statement is " The spread is from 1 to 6."
Explanation:
Consider the provide information.
First we will draw the dot plot as shown in the figure.
Now consider the options.
The data is not symmetric as for the symmetry the dots over 1 should be equal to the dots over 6. i.e 4.
Now find the center of the data by calculation the median of the data.
There are 16 dots in total which is an even number.
So, now we will find the average of the two middle values.
This will be the 8th and 9th value average for the given data set of 16 values.
Count from left to right the 8th and 9th values are both 4.
\(\text{Median}=\frac{4+4}{2}\)
\(\text{Median}=4\)
Hence, the center of the data is 4.
The second statement is false.
The peak of the data is at 6.
The third statement is false.
The spread is from 1 to 6 as we can see in the figure shown below.
Therefore, the true statement is " The spread is from 1 to 6."
Assume every 7-digit whole number is a possible telephone number except those that begin with 0 or 1. What fraction of telephone numbers begin with 9 and end with 0
To determine the fraction of telephone numbers that begin with 9 and end with 0, we need to consider the total number of possible telephone numbers and the number of telephone numbers that meet the given condition.
Total possible telephone numbers:
Since every 7-digit whole number is a possible telephone number except those that begin with 0 or 1, we have 10 choices (0-9) for each of the seven digits, except for the first digit, which cannot be 0 or 1. Therefore, there are 10 choices for the first digit and 10 choices for each of the remaining six digits.
Total possible telephone numbers = 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 = 10^7 = 10,000,000
Telephone numbers that begin with 9 and end with 0:
Since the first digit must be 9 and the last digit must be 0, we have only one choice for each of these digits. For the remaining five digits, we have 10 choices for each digit (0-9).
Telephone numbers that begin with 9 and end with 0 = 1 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 1 = 10^5 = 100,000
Therefore, the fraction of telephone numbers that begin with 9 and end with 0 is:
Fraction = (Telephone numbers that begin with 9 and end with 0) / (Total possible telephone numbers)
Fraction = 100,000 / 10,000,000
Fraction = 1/100
So, the fraction of telephone numbers that begin with 9 and end with 0 is 1/100.
Learn more about Telephone numbers here -: brainly.com/question/23228066
#SPJ11
A customer's confirmation of a municipal securities transaction must include A) the highest potential yield the customer may receive and the amount of markup or markdown in a principal transaction. B) the lowest potential yield the customer may receive and information regarding the catastrophic call provision. C) the highest potential yield the customer may receive and information regarding the catastrophic call provision. D) the lowest potential yield the customer may receive and whether the bond is taxable or subject to the alternative minimum tax.
Answer:
D) the lowest potential yield the customer may receive and whether the bond is taxable or subject to the alternative minimum tax.
Explanation:
All municipal securities are exempted from registration and filing requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
However, a customer's confirmation of a municipal securities transaction must include the lowest potential yield the customer may receive and whether the bond is taxable or subject to the alternative minimum tax.
Commercial hotels are usually in downtown or _____________ districts.
Answer:
buisness
Explanation:
Barry Olson has mastered strong technical skills as the manager of a large toy store. He is very skilled at all the aspects of managing the store and the employees of the store. Soon, he will take a new position as regional manager for several toy stores. His boss remarked to him last week that he will be utilizing his _____ skills to communicate, coach, and motivate managers who have positions similar to his old position.
Answer:
human
Explanation:
Human skills are the skills that can be related to one another. The person who have the strong human skills that could easily engaged with the audience, potential customer. ALso at the same time they would able to connect with the people and those people who feel the individual at personally level
So as per the given situation it is a human skills
True or false: Studying business does NOT offerlany benefits for those who decide to work for a government agency or a nonprofit organization
The following question is : false
The given statement stating that "the study of business would not help in knowing about the advantages of Non-profit organizations or government agencies" would be considered:
b). False
'Non-profit Organizations' are characterized as the 'type of business organizations or set up that does not work with the aim of profit but for social welfare. Similarly, the sole motive of a government agency is also 'social welfare.' However, the workings of both the kinds of organizations(business and NPOs) are similar like the recruitment of staff or volunteers, ensuring productivity, putting the revenue back to the firm for progression of its operations, etc. Both of them have a goal of leaving the maximum impact on the people. Thus, the given statement is false as studying about business would give a very clear idea about the various processes of an organization.Learn more about 'Non-Profit Organization' here:
brainly.com/question/20260237
FILL THE BLANK. a reasonable explanation for why environmental issues like global warming can be labeled as transnational is that ______.
A reasonable explanation for why environmental issues like global warming can be labeled as transnational is that such issues do not adhere to national boundaries and are not limited to a specific region.
Therefore, environmental issues have the potential to affect the environment of the entire planet and, as a result, affect people and societies across the globe. Transnational issues are global in nature, and global warming is a global problem that crosses national boundaries. The effects of global warming are being felt all over the world, and many countries are taking steps to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in an attempt to mitigate its effects. However, since the effects of global warming are not limited to any one country, they can be seen as a transnational problem. Furthermore, environmental issues like global warming often require global cooperation and action to resolve. Environmental problems affect everyone on the planet, and they cannot be resolved by any one country alone. Thus, it requires a collective effort to address these issues, which is why they are transnational problems. In conclusion, environmental issues like global warming can be labeled as transnational because they are not limited to a specific region or country, affect the environment of the entire planet, and require global cooperation and action to resolve.
To know more about global warming click here:
brainly.com/question/3553382
#SPJ11
in which theory do managers set goals for employees?
Why is it important for people to maintain a good credit history?
A. So that it's easier to list the expenses on their personal budget
B. So that the IRS won't investigate them for tax fraud
C. So that they know all of the fees associated with their credit cards
D. So that they have an easier time getting loans and credit cards
Answer:
D. So that they have an easier time getting loans and credit cards
Explanation:
A credit score is a three-digit numerical that communicates reliability in debt repayments. Credit scores range between 300 to 850. Lenders seek to find the credit score for a borrower before advancing credit facilities to them. A higher credit score indicates a borrower is less likely to default on a loan.
Maintaining a high credit score enables one to obtain credit with relatively easy and at lower interest rates. Lenders feel comfortable extending credit to a customer with a high credit score. They consider them a low-risk borrower.
Now suppose that Rowe has an argument with her husband and wants to withdraw, and what effect would it have on the LLC?
A limited liability business enterprise (LLC) is a business structure allowed with the aid of state statutes. every nation might also use exclusive guidelines, you should check with your nation if you are interested in beginning a constrained legal responsibility enterprise. proprietors of an LLC are called contributors
The nation of Oklahoma, like almost every different nation, has an agency earnings tax. In Oklahoma, the corporate tax is a flat 6% of Oklahoma taxable profits. if your LLC is taxed as an employer you may need to pay this tax. The kingdom's company income tax goes back (shape 512) and is filed with the Oklahoma Tax fee.
To begin an Oklahoma LLC you may want to record the Articles of a corporation with the Oklahoma Secretary of state, which costs $one hundred. you could practice online, by way of mail, or in character. The Articles of the corporation is the felony record that officially creates your Oklahoma limited legal responsibility employer.3 days in the past.
Learn more about LLC here:
https://brainly.com/question/9503055
#SPJ9
What is the owner's liability in an LLC?
In an LLC (Limited Liability Company), the owner's liability is generally limited to their investment in the business. This means that personal assets of the owners, also known as members, are typically protected from being seized or used to settle the company's debts and obligations.
This limited liability feature offers a significant advantage for owners, as it separates their personal finances from the business's liabilities. However, there are some situations where an owner's liability may not be completely limited. For instance, if a member personally guarantees a loan for the LLC or engages in illegal, fraudulent, or negligent activities, they may be held personally responsible for any resulting damages or losses. Additionally, if the LLC fails to follow proper legal and operational formalities, the limited liability protection could be at risk.
an LLC provides owners with limited liability protection, shielding personal assets from the company's debts and obligations. This protection is not absolute, as owners may be held personally liable in certain circumstances, such as guaranteeing loans or engaging in unlawful actions.
to know about limited liability company visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29733121
#SPJ11
Each of the following is an example of corporate governance except : a. Adding non-executives to the board of directors b. Properly disclosing financial information C. Ignoring shareholders' rights d. Controlling executives' salaries
Answer:
C. Ignoring shareholders' rights
Explanation:
Corporate governance refers to the way corporate companies are controlled and directed. The board of directors provides corporate governance in a company. Good corporate governance establishes a framework that protects shareholders' rights in the company.
Some of the shareholders' rights include
1. Right to vote
2. Right to transfer ownership
3. Right to dividends
4. Right to inspect corporate documents
The board of directors must ensure fair treatment of all shareholders, including the minority. The board has to put in place mechanisms that address shareholders' concerns and offers redress when their rights are violated.
Suppose a company will issue new 20-year debt with a par value of $1,000 and a coupon rate of 8%, paid annually. The issue price will be $1,000. The tax rate is 35%. If the flotation cost is 2% of the issue proceeds, then what is the after-tax cost of debt? Disregard the tax shield from the amortization of flotation costs. Round your answer to two decimal places. % What if the flotation costs were 11% of the bond issue? Round your answer to two decimal places. %
Answer:
if the flotation costs were 2%, the after-tax cost of debt is 5.10%
if the flotation costs were 11%, the after-tax cost of debt is 4.63 %
Explanation:
After-tax cost of debt = Market Interest × ( 1 - tax rate)
Calculation of the Market Interest
Hint : Use the time value of money principles
Pv = -$1,000
Pmt = $1,000 × 8 % = $80
P/yr = 1
N = 20
Fv = $1,000
YTM = ?
Using a financial calculator, the market interest is 8%
After-tax cost of debt = Market Interest × ( 1 - tax rate)
= 0.08 × (1- 0.35)
= 0.052 or 5.20 %
If Flotation cost is 2%
Net Receipts after flotation cost = Cost × ( 1 - flotation rate)
= 5.20 % × (1-0.02)
= 5.096 % or 5.10% (two decimal places)
If Flotation cost is 11%
Net Receipts after flotation cost = Cost × ( 1 - flotation rate)
= 5.20 % × (1-0.11)
= 4.628 % or 4.63 % (two decimal places)
I’LL GIVE 100 POINTS!!
PLZ HELP NEED ANSWERS WITHIN 24 HOURS!!!
UNIT 5
Critical Thinking Questions
Please complete the following questions. Use a word processor to complete your work. Remember to use complete sentences and include both the questions and answers when you submit your work.
Submit your work as a file attachment using the dropbox.
The answers to the Critical Thinking Questions are worth 10 points.
1. Why do professional and ethical standards exist in marketing? Analyze and explain what these standards are and how they impact marketing in business.
2. What role do ethics play in the workplace? Identify and describe several scenarios that illustrate and help to explain the significance of ethics in the workplace.
Answer:
The principle of professionalism is a standard of personal conduct by a professional in his business dealings. While guidelines for acceptable and expected behavior vary from industry to industry, personal principles typically focus on ethics, code of conduct, appropriate personal interactions and workplace integrity.
Explanation:
plz mark me at brainliest
Business is a social process . Discuss
Answer:
Business is a social process. a single person cannot run a business, there are many single owner but they also need other person's help or market help for their business survival. ex help of the resources,if the business is product based or help of customer If it is service based. all this things work together. the whole economy works together. so it is a social process .
Answer:
Technology aligned solutions integrating the functions and processes of hardware , software , telecommunications and networks . From basic internet connectivity to software development , w provide all kind of technological services based on the type of industry.
Explanation:
Hope this help BLINK!
Question 1 of 20: per gallon, the cost of all the ingredients in your stew is $2. 76. you consistently sell 57 gallons of stew per week for
$435. 98 in total sales. what is your food cost percentage?
If per gallon, the cost of all the ingredients in your stew is $2. 76. you consistently sell 57 gallons of stew per week for $435. 98 in total sales. The food cost percentage is 36%.
What is cost in plain English?A cost is defined as an expenditure necessary to create, market, or prepare an asset for regular usage. In other words, it's the cost associated with creating a good, buying supplies, selling goods, or preparing equipment for use in a company operation.
What is the economic definition of cost?In ordinary parlance, cost is the monetary worth of the products and services that producers and customers buy. Cost, in a fundamental definition of the word, is the measurement of the alternative opportunities given up when choosing one good or activity over another.
To know more about Cost visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30045916
#SPJ4
The United States enjoys a free market economy in which _____. most economic decisions are made by the central government the states have all of the authority to make economic decisions regarding businesses that do not operate across state lines most economic decisions are allowed to occur naturally as a result of market changes made by government intervention none of the above all of the above
Answer:
none of the above
Explanation:
I think its none of the above because in free economy the businesses basically do whatever they want and government/state has little to no interference.
what is the value of ln(-1)
which is a form of Malware?
a :clickjacking
b: spam
c:cookies
d: trojan horse
Answer:
D. Trojan Horse, nice to know some computer lab info of mine didn't go to waste
Explanation:
Which company provides business credit rating services for businesses looking o finance loan through bank????? I put the picture with the answer choices.
Please help due in 30 minutes!!!!
Answer:
B . Moody's
Explanation:
There are three major companies that provide credit rating services in the US. They are
Standard and Poor (S&P) Moody’s Investor ServicesThe Fitch GroupEach agency uses unique letter-based scores to indicate if a debt has a low or high default risk and the financial stability of its issuer.
According to the video, which factors often affect Government and Public Administration? Check all that apply. O world events O product sales O political changes O new employees
Answer: world events, political changes
world events and political changes. i answered it and got it right.
Explanation:
Answer:
world events and political changes
Explanation: he literally said it
Match the job titles with career clusters executive secretary survey researcher Storage and distribution manager loan officer cargo and freight agent general manager
Answer:
Accountant - Finance
Survey Researcher - Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Loan Officer - Finance
Cargo and Freight Agent - Transportation, Distribution and Logistics
General Manager - Business Management and Administration
Executive Secretary - Business Management and Administration
Storage and Distribution Manager - Transportation Distribution and Logistics
Purchasing Agent - Manufacturing
Explanation: i took the test and got 100
Matching the job titles with career clusters are Executive Secretary in Business Management and Administration, Survey Researcher in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.
What are career clusters?Career Clusters provide students with a context for studying traditional academics and learning the skills specific to a career, and provide U.S. schools with a structure for organizing or restructuring curriculum offerings and focusing class make-up by a common theme such as interest.
In the U.S. Department of Education model, 17 Career Clusters link to 70+ more specific Career Pathways each having its knowledge and skills requirements. Within the 70+ career pathways, 1800 Career Specialties are defined. The structure has evolved and may vary by state. Matching more job titles with career clusters are Storage and Distribution Manager - Transportation Distribution and Logistics, Loan Officer Finance, and Cargo and Freight Agent - Transportation.
Further, Distribution and Logistics, General Manager - Business Management and Administration.
Learn more about career, here:
https://brainly.com/question/30040900
#SPJ6
How to calculate Net Working Capital (NWC)?
To calculate Net Working Capital, start by taking the current assets of a company and subtracting the current liabilities. Current assets include items such as cash, accounts receivable, inventory and other liquid assets that can be quickly turned into cash.
Current liabilities include things such as accounts payable, short-term debt and other debts due within one year. The resulting number is the company's Net Working Capital.
Net Working Capital (NWC) is an important concept to understand for any business finance class. It is a measure of a company's liquidity, and it tells you how much of their resources a company is holding in cash or are readily available to pay off their short-term liabilities. Calculating Net Working Capital is an important task for any financial analyst.
know more about NWC here
https://brainly.com/question/28320555#
#SPJ11
You are concerned that wireless access points may have been deployed within your organization without authorization. What should you do?
You are worried that unauthorized wireless access points may have been set up inside your company. then you must Examine the MAC addresses of the gadgets plugged into your wired switch and perform a site inspection.
A network interface controller (NIC) is given a media access control address (MAC address), which it can use as a network address in communications inside a network segment. Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth are just a few of the IEEE \(802\) networking technologies that frequently employ this application. MAC addresses are employed in the data link layer's medium access control protocol sublayer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network model. MAC addresses of the gadgets can be recognized as six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by colons, hyphens, or neither.
Learn more about MAC addresses of the gadgets here
brainly.com/question/28188399
#SPJ4