Please help me! I'll give you 15 points. I need this ASAP! I need answers from 1-5. thank you
Solve for x

1. 8(x + 2) = 72

2. 3(x + 5) = 75

3. -2(x + 4) = -2(2x - 12)

4. 10 -5(x - 5) = 100

5. -7(x + 2) = 14

Answers

Answer 1
1. x = 7
2. x = 20
3. x = 16
4. x = -13
5. x = -4/9
Answer 2

Answer:

the answer is D

Step-by-step explanation:


Related Questions

The diagram shows the dimensions of Mr. Green's garden. A bag of fertilizer costs $3 and covers an area of about 50 square feet. What will be the cost for Mr. Green to fertilize his garden?​

The diagram shows the dimensions of Mr. Green's garden. A bag of fertilizer costs $3 and covers an area

Answers

Answer:

just multiply the numbers

Answer:

The area of his garden is  

✔ 84  ft

2.  Mr. Green will need  

✔ 2  bags of fertilizer.

The cost will be $

✔ 6

When bowling, the scoring rule for a spare is 10 points and then the points scored in the next delivery. Group of answer choices True False

Answers

The given statement is True for the scoring rule in bowling.

Scoring Rule in Bowling

The number of frames in a game of bowling is ten. According to the scoring rule in bowling, the bowler will have two opportunities to use their bowling ball to remove as many pins as they can throughout each frame.

Every bowler will complete their frame in a predefined order before the next frame starts in games with more than one bowler, which is typical.

Rule for Spare

A bowler is given a strike if they can remove all 10 pins with their first ball. A spare is achieved when the bowler uses both of the two balls in a frame to remove all 10 pins.

Depending on whether the next two balls (for a strike) or the next ball (for a goal) are scored, bonus points are given for both of these (for a spare), as per the scoring rule.

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The length of a rectangle i 2cm greater than the width of the rectangle. The perimeter of the rectangle i 24cm

Answers

The length of the rectangle is 7 cm and the width is 5 cm.

Perimeter of a rectangle:

The whole distance covered by the rectangle's borders or its sides is known as its perimeter. As we know the rectangle will have 4 sides then the perimeter of the rectangle will be equal to the total of its four sides. And the unit will be in meters, centimeters, inches, feet, etc.        

The formula for the Perimeter of the rectangle is given by

       Perimeter = 2( Length + Width )

Here we have

The length of a rectangle is 2cm greater than the width of the rectangle

And perimeter of the rectangle = 24 cm

Let x be the width of the rectangle

From the given data,

Length of the rectangle = (x + 2) cm  

As we know Perimeter of rectangle = 2(Length+width)

=> Perimeter of rectangle = 2(x+2 + x) = 2(2x +2)

From the given data,

Perimeter of rectangle =  24cm

=> 2(2x +2) = 24 cm

=> (2x +2) = 12     [ Divided by 2 into both sides ]

=>  2x = 12 - 2

=>  2x = 10

=>   x = 5         [ divided by 2 into both sides ]  

Length of rectangle, (x+2) = 5 + 2 = 7 cm

Therefore,

The length of the rectangle is 7 cm and the width is 5 cm.

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FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS 1.1 Give one example of each of the following terms: 1.1.1 Short-term investment 1.1.2 Medium-term investment 1.1.3 Long-term investment 1.1.4 Fixed income (1) (1) 1.1.5 Fixed expense 1.2 Tshepiso buys a laptop priced at R13 495. She takes out a 12-month hire purchase agreement .She pays a deposit of 20% and the interest charged on the balance is 15% per annum simple interest.

Answers

1.1.1 Short-term investment: An example of a short-term investment is investing in a 3-month Treasury bill. These are government-issued debt securities with a maturity of less than one year, providing a relatively low-risk investment option with a fixed interest rate.

1.1.2 Medium-term investment: A medium-term investment example is investing in a corporate bond with a maturity of 5 years. Corporate bonds offer a higher yield compared to government bonds, making them suitable for investors with a moderate risk appetite seeking stable income over a longer time horizon.

1.1.3 Long-term investment: An example of a long-term investment is investing in a diversified stock portfolio. Stocks represent ownership in a company and have the potential for higher returns over an extended period, although they also involve higher risk.

1.1.4 Fixed income: An example of a fixed income investment is purchasing a 10-year government bond. These bonds pay a fixed interest rate over the bond's duration, providing a predictable stream of income for the investor.

1.1.5 Fixed expense: A fixed expense example is paying a monthly mortgage payment. The mortgage payment remains constant throughout the loan term, typically spanning several years, and includes both the principal repayment and the interest charged by the lender.

1.1.1 Short-term investment: A short-term investment option is the 3-month Treasury bill. Treasury bills are considered low-risk investments issued by the government, and they offer a fixed interest rate that is determined through an auction process. Investors can purchase Treasury bills directly from the government or through a broker.

1.1.2 Medium-term investment: A medium-term investment example is investing in a corporate bond with a 5-year maturity. Corporate bonds are issued by companies to raise funds, and they pay a fixed interest rate to bondholders over the bond's duration. The bond's yield and risk profile depend on the creditworthiness of the issuing company.

1.1.3 Long-term investment: An example of a long-term investment is investing in a diversified stock portfolio. A diversified portfolio consists of a mix of stocks from different sectors and regions, spreading the risk across multiple companies. The goal is to achieve long-term capital appreciation and potentially earn dividends from the stocks held in the portfolio.

1.1.4 Fixed income: An example of a fixed income investment is purchasing a 10-year government bond. Government bonds are issued by national governments to finance their operations. The bond's interest rate is fixed at the time of issuance, and the investor receives periodic interest payments until the bond reaches maturity, at which point the principal amount is returned.

1.1.5 Fixed expense: A fixed expense example is paying a monthly mortgage payment. When purchasing a property with a mortgage loan, the borrower agrees to make fixed monthly payments that include both the principal repayment and the interest charged by the lender. The monthly payment amount remains constant throughout the mortgage term, typically ranging from 15 to 30 years.

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k = at + w
Solve for T
Please helpp

Answers

Answer:

(k-w)/a = t

Step-by-step explanation:

k = at + w

Subtract w from each side

k-w = at + w-w

k-w = at

Divide each side by a

(k-w)/a = at/a

(k-w)/a = t

Andrea has a jug containing 1. 5 liters of chocolate milk. She fills one cup with 250 milliliters and another cup with 0. 6 liters. How much chocolate milk is left in the jug in milliliters? 0. 65 milliliters 249. 1 milliliters 450 milliliters 650 milliliters.

Answers

Answer:

650 milimeters

Step-by-step explanation:

The 16 oz jar costs per oz. and the 12oz. Jar costs per oz. Slgmund should buy the lar of mayonnaise.

Answers

Based on the given information, the cost per ounce of the 16 oz jar and the 12 oz jar is not provided. Therefore, it is not possible to determine which jar of mayonnaise Sigmund should buy.

In order to compare the cost of the two jars of mayonnaise and determine which one Sigmund should buy, we need to know the price per ounce for each jar. Without this information, we cannot make a conclusive decision.

The cost per ounce is essential because it allows us to compare the prices accurately. For example, if the 16 oz jar costs $3 and the 12 oz jar costs $2.50, we can calculate the cost per ounce for each jar. The cost per ounce for the 16 oz jar would be $3 divided by 16 oz, which is $0.1875 per ounce. Similarly, the cost per ounce for the 12 oz jar would be $2.50 divided by 12 oz, which is approximately $0.2083 per ounce.

With this information, we can determine that the 16 oz jar is more cost-effective as it has a lower cost per ounce compared to the 12 oz jar. However, without the specific prices per ounce provided in the given information, it is impossible to determine which jar of mayonnaise Sigmund should buy.

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A recent study reported that 60% of the children in a particular community were overwoight or obese. Suppose a random sample of 200 public school children is taken from this community. Assume the sample was taken in such a way that the conditions for using the Central Limit Theorem are met. We are interested in finding the probability that the proportion of overveightfobese children in the sample will be greater than 0.57. Complete parts (a) and (b) below. a. Before doing any calculations, determine whether this probability is greater than 50% or less than 50%. Why? A. The answer should be less than 50%. because 0.57 is less than the population proportion of 0.60 and because the sampling distribution is approximately Normal. B. The answer should be greater than 50%, because the resulting z-score will be positive and the sampling distribution is approximately Normal. C. The answer should be greater than 50%, because 0.57 is less than the population proportion of 0.60 and because the sampling distribution is approximately Normal. 0. The answer should be less than 50%, because the resulting z-score will be negative and the sampling distribution is approximately Normal.

Answers

The probability that the proportion of overweight or obese children in the sample will be greater than 0.57 is less than 50%.

The first paragraph summarizes the answer, stating that the probability is less than 50% because 0.57 is less than the population proportion of 0.60, and the sampling distribution is approximately normal.

In the second paragraph, we can explain the reasoning behind this conclusion. The Central Limit Theorem states that for a large sample size, the sampling distribution of the sample proportion will be approximately normal, regardless of the shape of the population distribution. In this case, the sample was taken in a way that meets the conditions for using the Central Limit Theorem.

Since the population proportion of overweight or obese children is 0.60, any sample proportion below this value is more likely to occur. Therefore, the probability of obtaining a sample proportion greater than 0.57 would be less than 50%. This is because the resulting z-score, which measures how many standard deviations the sample proportion is away from the population proportion, would be negative.

To summarize, the probability of the proportion of overweight or obese children in the sample being greater than 0.57 is less than 50% because 0.57 is less than the population proportion of 0.60, and the sampling distribution is approximately normal.

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the probability that x is less than 1 when n=4 and p=0.3 using binomial formula

Answers

The probability that x is less than 1 when n=4 and p=0.3 using the binomial formula, the probability that x is less than 1 when n=4 and p=0.3 is 0.2401.

The probability that x is less than 1 when n=4 and p=0.3 using the binomial formula we can follow these steps:
Identify the parameters.
In this case, n = 4 (number of trials), p = 0.3 (probability of success), and x < 1 (number of successes).
Use the binomial formula.
The binomial formula is P(x) = C(n, x) * p^x * (1-p)^(n-x)

where C(n, x) is the number of combinations of n things taken x at a time.
Calculate the probability for x = 0.
For x = 0, the formula becomes P(0) = C(4, 0) * 0.3^0 * (1-0.3)^(4-0).
C(4, 0) = 1, so P(0) = 1 * 1 * 0.7^4 = 1 * 1 * 0.2401 = 0.2401.
Sum the probabilities for all x values less than 1.
Since x < 1, the only possible value is x = 0.

Therefore, the probability that x is less than 1 when n=4 and p=0.3 is 0.2401.

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Given 3x+y=1
Write the equation in general form Ax+By+C =0
3* -y+=0
-3x +y-1=0
3x-y=-1

Answers

QUESTION:- Given 3x+y=1

Write the equation in general form Ax+By+C =0

3x-y+1=0

-3x +y-1=0

3x-y=-1

\(3x + y - 1 = 0 \: \: ✔\)

ANSWER:-

Equation-->

\(3x + y = 1 \)

Form of the given equation->

\(Ax + By = C\)

so we need to change the side of the C !

while changing side of C we need to change the sign of C !

\( \bold{ \red{SO :- }}\)

\(3 x + y = 1 \\ 3x + y - 1 = 0\)

FORM OF THE RESULTED EQUATION:-

\(Ax + By + C = 0 \\

A = 3 \\ B = 1 \\ C = - 1\)

Which of the following describes how the graph of y = |x| transforms to obtain the graph of y = |x + 1| + 4.

Answers

Answer:

See explanation

Step-by-step explanation:

The graph of y = |x| is a graph of the absolute value function, which is a piecewise defined function. The graph of this function is a V-shaped curve, with the vertex of the V at the origin (0,0). The graph of y = |x + 1| + 4 can be obtained by shifting the graph of y = |x| to the right by 1 unit, and then shifting it up by 4 units.

The resulting graph of y = |x + 1| + 4 will be a V-shaped curve with the vertex at the point (1,4). The curve will be shifted to the right and up compared to the graph of y = |x|, and it will have the same general shape as the original graph.

The length plus the width of a rectangle is 10. Let x represent the length. The equation for the area y of the
rectangle is y= x(10- x). The y value of the vertex gives the
value of the
of the rectangle.

Answers

Answer:

length of rectangle = 5

width of rectangle = 5

Area of rectangle = 25

Step-by-step explanation:

Since the length of the rectangle is "x", and the value of the area is given by the product of the length "x" times the width "10-x", indeed, the area "y" of the rectangle is given by the equation:

\(y=x\,(10-x)=10x-x^2\)

Now, they tell us that the area of the rectangle is such that coincides with the maximum (vertex) of the parabola this quadratic expression represents. So in order to find the dimensions of the rectangle and therefore its area, we find the x-coordinate for the vertex, and from it, the y-coordinate of the vertex, which is the rectangle's actual area.

Recall that the formula for the x of the vertex of a quadratic of the form :

\(y=ax^2+bx+c\)

is given by the formula:

\(x_{vertex}=-\frac{b}{2\,a}\)

which in our case gives:

\(x_{vertex}=-\frac{b}{2\,a}\\x_{vertex}=-\frac{10}{2\,(-1)}\\x_{vertex}=5\)

Therefore, the length of the rectangle is 5, and its width (10-x) is also 5.

The area of the rectangle is therefore the product of these two values: 5 * 5 = 25

Which should coincide with the value we obtain when we replace x by 5 in the area formula:

\(y=10x-x^2\\y=50-(5)^2\\y=50-25\\y=25\)

a common everyday counting unit that is used to mean 12 of an object is a____

Answers

A common everyday counting unit that is used to mean 12 of an object is a Dozen

Dozen is derived from the Old French word "douzaine" which means twelve each. In most situations, a dozen is used to refer to a group of twelve items. The term dozen is also used in informal situations to refer to a very large number of objects. For example, one might say "I have dozens of friends!" to mean that they have a lot of friends.

Dozen is a useful term when counting items. It allows for large numbers to be easily broken down into manageable groups. For example, if you have 120 pencils, you could easily count them by saying that you have 10 dozen pencils. It can also be useful when talking about fractions. For example, instead of saying "one and a half of an item," one could say "one and a half dozen of an item."

Dozen is a common everyday counting unit that is used to mean 12 of an object. It is a useful term when counting items and when talking about fractions, and can be used in both formal and informal settings.

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If u can't see- Use the following table to find the rate of change(just type the number or fraction)


x-20 25 5 10
y-16 18 10 12

If u can't see- Use the following table to find the rate of change(just type the number or fraction)x-20

Answers

Answer:

\(\frac{2}{5}\)

Step-by-step explanation:

the rate of change is calculated as\(\frac{y_{2}-y_{1} }{x_{2}-x_{1} }\)

where (x₁, y₁ ) and (x₂, y₂ ) are any 2 ordered pairs from the table

using (x₁, y₁ ) = (20, 16 ) and (x₂, y₂ ) = (10, 12 ) , then

rate of change = \(\frac{12-16}{10-20}\) = \(\frac{-4}{-10}\) = \(\frac{4}{10}\) = \(\frac{2}{5}\)

I think it’s the first one, am I correct?

Explain!

I think its the first one, am I correct? Explain!

Answers

Answer:

yes by SAS

Step-by-step explanation:

EN = RP

EM = PQ

Angle N = Angle R

Tell whether each figure creates the conditions to form a unique triangle, more than one triangle, or no triangle.

_________3 in.
________6 in. ___
________10 in. _____________

Answers

From the figure we see that by the conditions , the figure does not form any Triangle .

A Triangle is defined as the three sided closed figure made up of line segments .

In the figure , the two lines forms a right angle at the base , that means both the line segments are perpendicular ,

and if the two line are perpendicular to the same base then the two line will be called as parallel lines and we know that parallel lines do not intersect .

Therefore , The triangle will form No Triangle as the lines do not meet .

The given question is incomplete , the complete question is

Tell whether the figure given below creates the conditions to form a unique triangle, more than one triangle, or no triangle.

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Tell whether each figure creates the conditions to form a unique triangle, more than one triangle, or

Which number d forces a row exchange, and what is the triangular system (not singular) for that d? Which d makes this system singular (no third pivot)? 2x + 5y + z = 0 4x + dy + z = 2 y -z = 3.

Answers

The number d that forces a row exchange is 10, and the triangular system for that d is:

2x + 5y + z = 0
y - z = 3
4x + 20y + 4z = 8

This system is not singular because it has a third pivot.

The number d that makes this system singular (no third pivot) is 10, as shown below:

2x + 5y + z = 0
4x + 10y + z = 2
y - z = 3

In this case, the third row can be obtained by subtracting the first row from the second row, so there is no third pivot. This means that the system is singular and there are infinitely many solutions.

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Water goes over a waterfall at a rate of 162 1/2 gallons every 15 minutes. Which would not be a proportional you could use to solve for the gallons of water going over the waterfall in 2 2/3 hours? *more then one answer*

Water goes over a waterfall at a rate of 162 1/2 gallons every 15 minutes. Which would not be a proportional

Answers

Answer:

look below

Step-by-step explanation

First, we need to convert 2 2/3 hours to minutes. This would be:

= 2 2/3 × 60 minutes

= 8/3 × 60 minutes

= 160 minutes

Since water goes over a waterfall at a rate of 162 1/2 gallons every 15 minutes. The the gallons of water going over the waterfall in 2 2/3 hours would be:

= (162 1/2 × 2 2/3hours) / 15 minutes

= (162 1/2 × 160) / 15

= 1733 1/3 gallon

In an archery competition, scores for each round are calculated by averaging the distance of 3 arrows from the center of the target.


An archer has a mean distance of 1.6 inches and a MAD distance of 1.3 inches in the first round. In the second round, the archers arrows are farther from the center but are more consistent. What values for the mean and MAD would fit this description for the second round? Explain your reasoning.

Answers

For the second round, the archer's mean distance from the center of the target will be greater than 1.6 inches. However, the MAD distance will be smaller than 1.3 inches.

The mean distance of 1.6 inches in the first round indicates that, on average, the archer's arrows were 1.6 inches away from the center of the target. The MAD distance of 1.3 inches shows that the distances of the arrows from the center varied widely. In contrast, a smaller MAD distance would suggest that the arrows were more consistent in their distance from the center.

In the second round, the archer's arrows were farther from the center of the target than in the first round. This means that the mean distance will be greater than 1.6 inches.

However, the arrows were more consistent in their distance from the center, which means that the MAD distance will be smaller than 1.3 inches. This is because a larger mean distance indicates that the arrows were farther from the center, while a smaller MAD distance implies that the arrows were closer together, resulting in a more consistent grouping.

In conclusion, the archer's mean distance from the center of the target will be greater in the second round, but their arrows will be more consistent, resulting in a smaller MAD distance.

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rip me forgot how to solve this

rip me forgot how to solve this

Answers

Answer:

area = 14.28 cm²

Step-by-step explanation:

area of semi circle = 1/2(3.14)(2²) = 6.28 cm²

area of triangle = 1/2(4)(4) = 8 cm²

6.28 + 8 = 14.28 cm²

Answer:

14.28 cm^2

Explanation: have a good day

Please Answer ASAP
Evaluate the expression for m = 8, n = 11, and p = –3.
what is mp − m − n =

Answers

Answer:

-43

Step-by-step explanation:

m=8, n=11, and p=-3

mp=8x-3=-24

-24-m=-24-8=-32

-32-n=-32-11=-43

Find the value of x.
a
x = [?]
x

Find the value of x.ax = [?]x

Answers

In the given circle the length of the chord marked x is

We know that the length of the chord is bisected by the perpendicular from the center of the circle.

Therefore the length of the chord is 7 × 2 = 14 units.

Again from the chord properties of a circle we know that, chords that are equidistant from the center are equal.

Since both the chords are at a distance of 9 units hence both chord lengths

Hence the length of the other chord = 14 units.

∴ x = 14

The segment of a line that joins any two points on a circle's circumference is known as the chord. It must be emphasized that its longest chord is its diameter, which runs through the center of the circle.

The circle and its chord are depicted in the diagram below. In the center of the circle, equal-length chords subtend equal angles.

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#8. The half-life of a radioactive kind of tellurium
is 3 hours. How much will be left after 15 hours,
if you start with 60 grams of it?

Answers

After 15 hours there will be 1.875 grams of the radioactive tellurium.

How much will be left after 15 hours?

We know that the half-life of a radioactive kind of tellurium is 3 hours.

This means that for any quantity A of that radioinuclei, after 3 hours we will have half of that amount.

Then we can write the exponential equation:

M(x) = A*(1/2)^(x/3h)

Here we start with A= 60 grams, and after 15 hours we will have:

M(15h) = 60g*(1/2)^(15h/3h)

M(15h) = 60g*(1/2)^(5) = 1.875 g

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A triangular prism is 12 meters long and has a triangular face with a base of 8 meters and a height of 9 meters. What is the volume of the triangular prism?

Answers

The volume of the triangular prism is 216 cubic meters.

To find the volume of a triangular prism, we need to multiply the area of the triangular base by the length of the prism.

Calculate the area of the triangular base.

The base of the triangular face is given as 8 meters, and the height is 9 meters. We can use the formula for the area of a triangle: area = (1/2) * base * height.

Plugging in the values, we get:

Area = (1/2) * 8 meters * 9 meters = 36 square meters.

Multiply the area of the base by the length of the prism.

The length of the prism is given as 12 meters.

Volume = area of base * length of prism = 36 square meters * 12 meters = 432 cubic meters.

Adjust for the shape of the prism.

Since the prism is a triangular prism, we need to divide the volume by 2.

Adjusted Volume = (1/2) * 432 cubic meters = 216 cubic meters.

Therefore, the volume of the triangular prism is 216 cubic meters.

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The approximate length of side XY is a: 3b: 3.16c: 4d: 4.24 units.

The approximate length of side XY is a: 3b: 3.16c: 4d: 4.24 units.

Answers

Solution

Given a triangle XYZ on the graph

The coordinates of points X, Y and Z are

\(\begin{gathered} X\Rightarrow(-3,-1) \\ Y\Rightarrow(-2,-4) \\ Z\Rightarrow(-6,-4) \end{gathered}\)

To find the approximate length of the sides, we apply the formula to find the distance, d, between two points which is

\(d=\sqrt{(x_2-x_2)^2+(y_2-y_1)^2}\)

To find the approximate length of side XY, substitute the coordinates of points X and Y into the formula to find the distance, d, between two points

\(\begin{gathered} XY=\sqrt{(-3-(-2))^2+(-4-(-1))^2} \\ XY=\sqrt{(-1)^2+(-3)^2} \\ XY=\sqrt{1+9}=\sqrt{10}=3.16\text{ units} \\ XY=3.16\text{ units} \end{gathered}\)

Hence, the approximate length of side XY is 3.16 units (option b)

Algebra 1 need help ASAP

Algebra 1 need help ASAP

Answers

Answer:

Step 1: 12-2a=3a-18

Step 2: 12-5a=-18

Step 3: -5a=-30

Step 4: a=6

I hope this helps!

pls ❤ and give brainliest pls

she bought 9 gallons of milk and no toilet tissue

Use the change-of-base formula and a calculator to evaluate the logarithm. log₂10

Answers

The answer is that log₂10 is approximately 3.32193. To evaluate this logarithm, we can use the change-of-base formula and a calculator.

To evaluate the logarithm log₂10 using the change-of-base formula and a calculator, we can convert it to a different base, such as the natural logarithm (base e) or the common logarithm (base 10).

The change-of-base formula states that for any positive real numbers a, b, and c, the logarithm of c with respect to base a can be calculated as the logarithm of c with respect to base b divided by the logarithm of a with respect to base b.

In this case, we want to evaluate log₂10. Let's use the common logarithm (base 10) to do so.

Step-by-step solution:

1. Using the change-of-base formula, we can express log₂10 as log₁₀10 divided by log₁₀2.

2. Now, using a calculator, evaluate log₁₀10. The value of log₁₀10 is approximately 1.

3. Next, calculate log₁₀2 using the calculator. The value of log₁₀2 is approximately 0.301.

4. Apply the formula: log₁₀10 / log₁₀2 = 1 / 0.301 ≈ 3.32193.

Therefore, log₂10 is approximately 3.32193.

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PLease help me on this

PLease help me on this

Answers

Answer:

C. \(2^{3} x3^{2}\)

Step-by-step explanation:

\(2^{3} x3^{2}\)

\(2^{3} =8\)

\(=8x\)·\(3x^{2}\)

\(3^{2} =9\)

\(=8x\)·\(9\)


Then multiply 8 · 9 = 72


\(=72\)


hopefully this helps you !

solve this equation -x/3 = 15

Answers

Answer:

x=-45

Step-by-step explanation:

-x/3=15

-x=15×3

=45

Hence, x=-45.

Answer:

x = -45

Step-by-step explanation:

-x/3 = 15

Multiply each side by -3

-x /3 * -3 = 15 *-3

x = -45

Supppose that we want to solve the Travelling Salesman Problem
(TSP) which is represented as a weighted graph G. Given a vertex
v, we can nd the 1-tree lower bound for the TSP by computing
a minimum spanning tree T on the graph G n v, then adding the
two shortest edges from v to T. Explain why the 1-tree lower
bound is indeed a lower bound on the solution to the TSP.

Answers

The 1-tree lower bound is a valid lower bound on the solution to the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) because it provides a lower limit on the optimal solution's cost.

To understand why the 1-tree lower bound is valid, let's consider the definition of the TSP. In the TSP, we are given a complete graph with vertices representing cities and edges representing the distances between the cities. The goal is to find the shortest Hamiltonian cycle that visits each city exactly once and returns to the starting city.

In the context of the 1-tree lower bound, we start with a given vertex v and compute a minimum spanning tree (MST) T on the graph G excluding the vertex v. An MST is a tree that spans all the vertices with the minimum total edge weight. It ensures that we have a connected subgraph that visits each vertex exactly once.

Adding the two shortest edges from v to T creates a 1-tree. This 1-tree connects the vertex v to the MST T. By construction, the 1-tree includes all the vertices of the original graph G and has a total weight that is at least as large as the weight of the optimal solution.

Now, let's consider the Hamiltonian cycle of the TSP. Any Hamiltonian cycle must contain an edge that connects the vertex v to the MST T because we need to return to the starting vertex after visiting all other cities. Therefore, the optimal solution must have a cost that is at least as large as the cost of the 1-tree.

By using the 1-tree lower bound, we have effectively obtained a lower limit on the optimal solution's cost. If we find a better solution with a smaller cost, it means that the 1-tree lower bound was not tight for that particular instance of the TSP.

In summary, the 1-tree lower bound is a valid lower bound on the TSP because it constructs a subgraph that includes all the vertices and has a cost that is at least as large as the optimal solution. It provides a useful estimate for evaluating the quality of potential solutions and can guide the search for an optimal solution in solving the TSP.

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