Luney Corporation has been granted permission to sell 100,000 shares. Luney has issued 70000 shares. Luney has 63000 shareholdings in circulation.
What exactly do users mean by "shares"?
Shares are equity ownership units in a corporation. Shares arise as a capital product for some companies, providing for an equitable split of any residue left profits, if any are proclaimed, in the dividend form. Stockholders of a shares that doesn't pay dividends are not entitled to a profit distribution.
What are the various kinds of shares inside a limited partnership?
Ordinary stock.Non-voting stock.Preferences are distributed.Shares that are redeemable.To know more about Shares visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28392295
#SPJ4
A lack of timber caused a shortage of fencing that was finally solved by:
a) Implementing sustainable forestry practices
b) Importing timber from other countries
c) Developing alternative materials for fencing
d) Planting more trees and promoting reforestation
The solution that solved the shortage of fencing due to a lack of timber was planting more trees and promoting reforestation. Option D is correct.
The lack of timber caused a shortage of fencing, which led to problems in agriculture, particularly in the Midwest and Western regions. It was a serious problem, but it was finally solved by planting more trees and promoting reforestation. The government started a movement that encourages farmers and private landowners to plant more trees and turn unused land into forests. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was established to plant trees and restore soil health. Thanks to these measures, the shortage of timber and fencing were solved and it helped agriculture and other industries to thrive.
Know more about timber here:
https://brainly.com/question/17150866
#SPJ11
BOX 2.5 Case Highlight Limiting Imports of Hormone-Treated Beef Case Name and Tribunal European Communities-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) (WTO Appellate Body, 1998)17 Facts In response to concerns of EU citizens about the risks presented by beef injected with natural and synthetic growth hormones, the European Union imposed a ban on the import of such beef. The United States challenged the restriction under the SPS Agreement, claiming that the panel reviewing the issue evalu- ated the risk associated with the use of hormones for growth promotion twice and the only evidence on record showed that the studies looked at a "theoretical framework for the systemic analysis of such problems" but did not actually investigate and evaluate the problems that arise from the use of such hormones. Issue Did the EU's ban on hormone-treated beef comply with the re- quirements of the SPS Agreement? Decision A risk assessment, as required by Article 5.1, is "a scientific process aimed at establishing the scientific basis for the sani- tary measure a Member intends to take." The ban was found not to be based on a risk assessment that followed scientific principles and procedures and, therefore, was in violation of the SPS Agreement. Analysis/Application In order to rely on exceptions to the GATT under the Agree- ment on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement), member states must rely on sound scientific principles and provide evi- dence of such. Aftermath The case raised difficult issues and required a consideration of the uncertainty presented by divisions of scientific opinion. The European Union was unwilling to remove its restrictions on the import of the hormone-treated beef, with the result that the WTO in 1999 authorized the United States and Canada to col- lect penalties of more than $100 million per year in extra duties on European exports. The European Union brought the issue back to the WTO, where unprecedented open hearings were held in 2005. The European Union argued that new scientific evidence showed that the European Union complied with the 1998 WTO judgment. The impasse between the United States and the European Union was settled by way of a negotiated agreement in 2012 in which the European Union kept its ban on importing hormone-treated beef but increased its quota for importing beef from Canada and the United States.
The case mentioned is the European Communities-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) case, which was brought before the WTO Appellate Body in 1998.
The case involved a dispute between the European Union (EU) and the United States regarding the EU's ban on the import of beef treated with growth hormones.
The EU had imposed the ban in response to concerns raised by its citizens regarding the potential risks associated with the consumption of beef injected with natural and synthetic growth hormones. The United States challenged the ban, arguing that the EU had not conducted a proper risk assessment as required under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement).
The Appellate Body, in its decision, determined that the EU's ban on hormone-treated beef did not comply with the requirements of the SPS Agreement. It stated that a risk assessment should be a scientific process aimed at establishing the scientific basis for the sanitary measure, and the EU's ban did not follow scientific principles and procedures.
The case highlighted the importance of relying on sound scientific principles and providing evidence when implementing trade measures that may restrict imports. Under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement), exceptions to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) require adherence to scientific principles.
The aftermath of the case resulted in tensions between the United States and the European Union, with the WTO authorizing the United States and Canada to impose extra duties on European exports. Subsequent efforts were made to resolve the dispute, and in 2012, a negotiated agreement was reached. The European Union maintained its ban on importing hormone-treated beef but increased its quota for importing beef from Canada and the United States.
Overall, the case showcased the challenges of balancing trade restrictions based on public health concerns and the need to ensure that such measures are supported by scientific evidence and comply with international trade agreements.
To know more about growth hormones. here
https://brainly.com/question/2485207
#SPJ11
If Japan has a comparative advantage in the production of microchips,how would that affect their international trade?
Answer: countries would purchase microchips from japan because they are cheaper
Explanation:
Answer:
C countries with purchase microchips from Japan because they are cheaper.
Explanation: USATestprep
Because of the contemporary economic issues, what can happen to the investments made of the filipino entrepreneurs to their business?
Because of the contemporary economic issues, what can happen to the investments made of the filipino entrepreneurs to their business are:
inadequate access to technologyfinancing capital,What are the contemporary issues that can have effect on the Filipino entrepreneur?The contemporary issues that can have effect on the Filipino entrepreneur is the unavailable of the financing capital
It should be noted that one of the issue that the Filipino entrepreneurs are encountering today is that they do not have full access to technology , and in today's world, technology is very important in every business.
Read more about entrepreneurs at:
https://brainly.com/question/353543
#SPJ1
In
, people invest money in a company in exchange for the company’s
.
Answer:
In equity crowdfunding, people invest money in a company in exchange for the company’s shares
Explanation:
Equity crowdfunding is the process in which people invest in start up companies and early stage companies that have not been listed on a stock market in exchange for shares in that company. As a result of the investment, the person becomes a shareholder and makes profit when the company do well but if the company fails, shareholders make losses.
Startups and early-stage companies use this method to raise capital.
Donie, CEO of a multinational tourism and leisure company, is researching cross-country differences in demographic, cultural, and market conditions. She would not likely discover that
Nike produces its own line of skate shoes.
Keurig has acquired a large coffee farm in Costa Rica.
Scotland provides low-cost loans to U.S. craft whiskey distillers seeking entry to its markets in order to stimulate competitive rivalry.
Intel's silicon chips are identical across the world.
McDonald's offers 100 percent beef-free products in its outlets in India.
Donie, CEO of a multinational tourism and leisure company, is researching cross-country differences in demographic, cultural, and market conditions. Scotland providing low-cost loans to U.S. craft whiskey distillers seeking entry to its markets to stimulate competitive rivalry, and Intel's silicon chips being identical across the world.
A multinational tourism and leisure company needs to understand the cross-country differences in demographic, cultural, and market conditions because different markets may require different products or services, and different marketing strategies. Therefore, it is important to gather data on demographics such as age, gender, income, and other characteristics that may vary by country. Understanding cultural differences such as religion, language, and social customs is also essential in order to appeal to the local population. Furthermore, market conditions such as regulations, taxes, and competition can significantly impact a company's success in a foreign market. Given the options, McDonald's offers 100 percent beef-free products in its outlets in India is an example of a cross-country difference that Donie would not likely discover. This statement is incorrect as McDonald's has a different menu in India due to cultural and religious factors. India is predominantly Hindu and Muslims, who do not consume beef or pork. Hence, McDonald's outlets in India serve only chicken and vegetarian items and no beef or pork items. The other options in the question are not related to cross-country differences, such as Nike producing its own line of skate shoes, Keurig acquiring a large coffee farm in Costa Rica, Scotland providing low-cost loans to U.S. craft whiskey distillers seeking entry to its markets to stimulate competitive rivalry, and Intel's silicon chips being identical across the world.
learn more about leisure company Refer: https://brainly.com/question/31365585
#SPJ11
The net profit margin is the ratio of net profits to revenues for a company; it reflects how much each dollar of revenue becomes profit.
The net profit margin is an important financial metric that helps to measure the profitability of a company. It is calculated by dividing net profits by revenues. The net profit margin ratio provides insight into how much profit a company is making for every dollar of revenue generated.
A high net profit margin indicates that a company is generating a healthy profit, while a low net profit margin may indicate that the company is struggling to generate a profit.
It is important to note, however, that the net profit margin ratio can vary widely across industries and should be analyzed in comparison to other companies in the same industry.
In general, a higher net profit margin is desirable, as it indicates that a company is efficient in managing its costs and generating profits.
A low net profit margin, on the other hand, may suggest that a company needs to improve its operational efficiency, reduce costs, or increase revenues.
In summary, the net profit margin is an important metric that helps to assess a company's profitability.
It reflects how much each dollar of revenue becomes profit and can be used to evaluate a company's financial health and performance.
Know more about net profit margin here:
https://brainly.com/question/28180283
#SPJ11
what is the standard deviation of returns for an investment that is equally likely to return 100% as it is to provide a 100% loss? group of answer choices 71% 100% 0% 50%
The standard deviation of returns for an investment that is equally likely to return 100% as it is to provide a 100% loss is 100%.
The standard deviation measures the degree of variability or dispersion in a set of data. In the case of investment returns, it represents the volatility or risk associated with the investment.
When an investment has an equal probability of returning 100% or experiencing a 100% loss, it implies a highly uncertain and volatile investment. In such a scenario, the standard deviation of returns is calculated as the square root of the average squared deviation from the expected return.
Since the investment has an equal probability of a 100% gain or a 100% loss, the range of possible returns is from -100% to +100%. This wide range of potential outcomes indicates a high degree of variability. Consequently, the standard deviation is equal to the maximum potential return, which is 100%.
Therefore, the correct answer is 100%, indicating that the standard deviation of returns for this investment is 100%, reflecting its high volatility and risk.
to learn more about standard deviation click here:
brainly.com/question/29808998
#SPJ11
Why do promises make a difference in people ives
Answer:
It gives people hope and trust in that person. Promiss are a mere social construct however they add that bit of extra trust to the mix
a quality perspective that focuses on whether or not a product was made or a service was performed as intended is the:
A quality perspective that focuses on whether or not a product was made or a service was performed as intended is the Conformance perspective. It is one of the Eight dimensions of quality.
What is the Eight dimensions of quality?David A. Garvin, formerly the C. Roland Christensen Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School, identified eight aspects of quality that can be utilized strategically to examine the qualities of a product.
Performance, features, dependability, compliance, durability, serviceability, aesthetics, and perceived quality are the eight important characteristics or categories of quality that Garvin suggests might act as a framework for strategic analysis.
The degree to which a product complies with standards in terms of its design and functionality is shown by the conformance perspective or dimension.
Therefore, the conformance dimension or perspective focuses on whether or not a product was made or a service was performed as intended.
To learn more about the Eight dimensions of quality, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/15690006
#SPJ1
why teacher want me to take exam
Answer:
dont know but our state dodge it because we had power and water out so we have about 2 weeks till then i think i know fo sure its in march tho
Explanation:
T/FWhen comparing how the annualizing method is costed versus how the scheduled-position method is costed, one method already has the organization's vacation, holiday, sick pay, and other nonproductive days accounted for in the formula that results in a factor (therefore, this factor is then multiplied times the base hourly rate paid in order to compute cost). The method that already has nonproductive cost accounted for in the formula is the annualizing method.
Answer:
Its True
Explanation:
In trading account freight belongs to which side debit or credit?
Answer:
Explanation:
In trading account, freight belongs to the debit side. It is a direct expenses on purchases and manufacturing operation
Freight is the cost incurred in transporting an item to its final destination when the terms are FOB shipping point. It is treated as part of the cost of merchandise and recorded in the inventory if the merchandise has not been sold.
Increase in the cost of freight are recorded on the debit side while decrease are recorded on the credit side.
Who heads each of the branches of federal reserve banks and looks after their functioning?
Answer: The chair of the board, governors of the federal reserve system is the chief of the federal reserve which is the central banking system of the United States.
Answer:
Board of Governors
Explanation:
Carl’s business insurance costs $3,000 per year. Carl paid for and purchased a 12-month insurance policy on October 1, Year 1. On October 1, Year 2, Carl’s insurance increased to $3,300 per year. A building contract Carl was working on was delayed when they had to obtain additional permitting. Because cash flow was tight, Carl delayed renewing the insurance policy. Instead of making the payment due on October 1, Year 2, Carl paid 3 months of insurance in arrears on January 1, Year 3. Carl is a cash-method taxpayer and took advantage of the 12-month rule in Year 1 for prepayments. What is Carl’s insurance expense deduction for Year 2?
Answer:
Carl's Insurance Expense Deduction for Year 2
Since he took advantage of the 12-month prepayments rule, his Year 2 Insurance deduction was deducted in Year 1.
While his deduction should have been equal to
= Annual Insurance Expense/12 x 9 = $3,300/12 x 9 = $2,475
In Year 2, it is equal to $0 since he did not make any payment for Insurance.
Explanation:
Under the cash method of accounting, two rules govern how someone can deduct prepaid expenses:
1. The General Rule
2. The 12-Month Rule
1. The General Rule
Under the general rule, you cannot deduct the full amount of an advance payment covering more than 12 months. You must deduct a portion of the payment in the year to which it applies.
Example: The General Rule.
Carl is a cash method taxpayer on a calendar year.
On October 1, 2018 Carl pays $3,600 in advance for business insurance covering three years.
Coverage begins October 1, 2018.
Coverage ends September 30, 2021.
Result:
The general rule applies.
The advance payment covers more than 12 months (36 months).
A portion of the $3,600 must be deducted ratably over the three-year period.
To find the portion of the $3,600 Carl deduct each tax year:
First, divide the $3,600 by 36 (months) to find the monthly premium amount.
Then, multiply the number of months remaining in each tax year by the monthly premium
Monthly premium: $3,600 / 36 = $100 per month.
Oct. 1, 2018 - Dec. 31, 2018: 3 x $100 = $300 deduction for 2018
Jan. 1, 2019 - Dec. 31, 2019: 12 x $100 = $1,200 deduction for 2019
Jan .1, 2020 - Dec. 31, 2020: 12 x $100 = $1,200 deduction for 2020
Jan. 1, 2021 - Sep. 30, 2021: 9 x $100 = $900 deduction for 2021
The 12-Month Rule
The 12-month rule says that Carl may deduct the full amount of an advance payment in the year the payment is made if it creates rights or benefits for the taxpayer that do not extend beyond the earlier of:
12 months after the right or benefit begins, or
The end of the tax year after the tax year in which payment is made.
Example 1: The 12-Month Rule.
Carl is a cash basis taxpayer on a calendar year.
On October 1, 2018 he pays $2,000 for business insurance covering one year.
The policy begins October 1, 2018 and ends September 30, 2019.
Result:
The 12-month rule applies.
Deduct the full $2,000 in 2018
The benefit does not extend beyond 12 months after the right to receive the benefit begins - October 1, 2018.
In a graph, ____ lines can be added to compare performance of competing products.
Marketers often make product adjustments in order to keep the product competitive and continue to provide satisfaction to the buyer. Hence, they make use of product line.
In a graph, product lines can be added to compare performance of competing products.
Product linesA product line can contain one product or hundreds. The number of products in a product line refer to its product line depth, while the number of separate product lines owned by a company is the product line width (or breadth).
learn more about product lines: https://brainly.com/question/14308690
Please help in this question asap
Answer:
All of these
Explanation:
do I need to explain lol?? :]
Outline why it is important for a business owner to respond to technological and global issues when establishing a business?
Technology enables an increase in the efficiency of systems, products, and services. It helps track and streamline strategies, hold records go with the flow, and control contacts and employee records.
In reality, this expanded efficiency in operation enables lessened costs as well as allows the commercial enterprise to develop swiftly.
Technology has vital consequences on commercial enterprise operations. Irrespective of the scale of your business enterprise, technology has both tangible and intangible advantages that will help you make money and produce the results your customers demand. Technological infrastructure affects the subculture, performance, and relationships of a business.
The use of technology has made commercial enterprises and clients closer in many areas. E-mail and Social Media are getting used for answering queries related to products and services with clients. Giving customers all feasible methods to contact the agency is simple with the latest technology and packages over the internet.
Learn more about Technology here: https://brainly.com/question/25110079
#SPJ1
Please help me I don't really understand
Answer:
the crust is the one on the outside, the inner core is the middle, the the after the crust is outer core,
In which market would a producer sell bicycles to consumers?
In the markets for goods and services, a producer would sell his bike for purchase by customers.
What is the market for goods and services?Consumers buy consumables on the products and services market, and firms sell their commodities there. The market encompasses physical stores, the Internet, and any other location where consumers can exchange products and services.
The trading of finished goods takes place here. Businesses receive payment from customers in exchange for goods. The consumer gives money to the business in a flow. In contrast to this, enterprises can buy the materials they need on the factor market to make an item.
The rule of supply and demand governs how much is produced and at what price in the market for products and services.
Learn more about the goods and services market, from:
brainly.com/question/17078982
#SPJ1
catherine is an assistant trainer at smartproof inc. she is working on a training manual to help new users learn how to operate the company's editing platform. employees will use the manual as a learning tool in training seminars. the manual will also serve as an on-the-job reference. the senior trainers and system analysts who designed the editing platform are expected to offer their comments on catherine's draft. in this scenario, the system analysts represent the
The analysist done by Catheine represents the Secondary Audience system analysist.
Secondary audience refers the to gous of people who are not directly related to the object of analysist but can influence the behaviour of the primary audience. Secondary audience is different from the primary audience because the primary audience is the audience with the decision making ability over an object.
In this case, the primary audience of the training manual is the employees who will use the manual as their learning tools. Hence, the senior trainers and system analysts who will not use the manual as their learning tools are the secondary audience. Any decision made by senior trainers and system analysts could influence the behavior of employees related to the new manual.
Learn more about Secondary Audiences here: brainly.com/question/24153249
#SPJ4
One of your customers, Margaret Port, has referred you to a friend who needs your Hercules Shelving for a storage warehouse. Port recently purchased your heavy-duty. 18-gauge steel shelving and is pleased with it. She said. "This will be an easy sale for you. My friend really needs shelving and I told him about yours." Port's information is correct and your presentation to her friend goes smoothly. The customer has asked numerous questions and seems ready to buy. Just before you ask for the order, the customer says. "Looks like your product is exactly what I need. I'd like to think this over. Could you call me next week? Which of the following would you do? Why? 4. Follow the suggestion and call next week 5. Go ahead and ask for the order c. Ask questions about the reason for the delay.
The most appropriate action in this situation would be option 3: Ask questions about the reason for the delay.
By asking questions about the reason for the delay, you can gain insights into the customer's hesitation or concerns. This information will help you address any potential objections or misunderstandings, and provide appropriate solutions or reassurances. It allows you to understand the customer's perspective and tailor your approach accordingly.
Some questions you could ask might include:
- "I'm glad to hear that our product meets your needs. Can you share what specifically you'd like to think over?"
- "Is there anything in particular that you need more information about or any concerns that I can address?"
- "What factors are important for you in making a decision about purchasing our shelving?"
These questions allow you to engage in a productive conversation with the customer, address any potential reservations, and potentially overcome any obstacles preventing them from making a purchase decision. It demonstrates your willingness to understand their needs and ensures that you have the opportunity to address any lingering doubts before asking for the order.
Learn more about customer service desk, visit:
brainly.com/question/14569242
#SPJ11
The Finley Company plans to produce 25,000 units during July. It plans to sell 26,000 units in July. Each unit of finished product requires 2 pounds of direct material X. This direct material costs $4 per pound. The July 1 inventory of X is 2,000 pounds, and the desired July 31 inventory of X is 1,000 pounds. The cost of material X purchases in July is planned to be: Group of answer choices
The cost of the material X purchased in July should be $196,000.
The cost of material X purchased be:Material required for production (25,000 units × 2 pound per unit) 50,000 pounds
Add: Desired closing inventory 1,000 pounds
Total requirement 51,000 pounds
Less: Opening inventory - 2,000 pounds
Material to be purchased 49,000 pounds
Multiply with Cost of material $4 per pound
Total cost of purchases $196,000
Therefore we can conclude that the cost of the material X purchased in July should be $196,000.
Learn more about the material here: brainly.com/question/9176437
who buys and sells stocks on the exchange
Answer:
i do
Explanation:
Why are entrepreneurs essential to the success of a free enterprise economy?
Answer:
they help the market respond to changing prices and consumer preferences.
Explanation:
Entrepreneurs are themselves an important ‘factor of production’ and an essential aspect of a functioning free market economy. Importance of entrepreneurs Free market evolution. Entrepreneurs are important in a free market because they help the market respond to changing prices and consumer preferences.
Match the action needed to increase profits with the reason a business might fail.
Advertising the company to potential customers would match with_____.
a) finances
b) poor management
c) bad location
d) competition
15 POINTS AND BRAINLIEST GOES TO FIRST ANSWER ;)
Advertising the company to potential customers would match with competition .Thus the correct answer is option D.
What is advertising?The practice and techniques used to draw attention to a product or service are referred to as advertising. Advertising seeks to draw attention to a product or service by putting it in the spotlight. It is typically used to promote a specific product or service, but it has a wide range of applications, the most common being commercial advertising.
Through "branding," which associates a product name or image with certain qualities in the minds of consumers, commercial advertisements frequently seek to increase consumption of their products or services. Direct-response advertising, on the other hand, is intended to elicit an immediate sale.
Therefore, advertising helps to create a image of the company and increase its competitiveness.
To learn more about advertising, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/3163475
#SPJ2
What is added to the price of goods and services at the time of purchase?
Answer:
VAT
Value Added Tax
______________'_''
has the development of the shadow banking sector, the increase in the size of the financial sector, the breaking of glass-steagall, worsened conflicts of interest and increased asymmetric information?
The development of the shadow banking sector, the increase in the size of the financial sector, and the breaking of Glass-Steagall Act have the potential to worsen conflicts of interest and increase asymmetric information in the financial system.
Shadow Banking Sector: The shadow banking sector refers to a system of non-bank financial intermediaries that perform banking-like activities, such as lending and borrowing, outside the realm of traditional banking regulations. The growth of the shadow banking sector can introduce additional complexity and opacity into the financial system. As a result, it may lead to increased conflicts of interest and asymmetric information.
Within the shadow banking sector, various entities may engage in riskier practices or take on higher levels of leverage, which can amplify systemic risks. Additionally, the interconnectedness between traditional banks and shadow banks can create potential conflicts of interest and information asymmetry. For instance, banks may have incentives to engage in transactions with shadow banks to move risky assets off their balance sheets, which can obscure the true risks they hold.
To learn more about financial sector follow:
https://brainly.com/question/14423154
#SPJ11
When an audit team traces a sample of shipping documents to the related sales invoice copies, they are trying to find relevant evidence that____
When an audit team links a sample of shipping paperwork to the corresponding copies of sales invoices, they are looking for pertinent evidence to verify the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the sales transactions listed in the company's financial statements.
This proof can be used by the auditors to check for anomalies or mistakes in the way the company has documented its sales, revenue, and accounts receivable balances. The audit process includes this kind of testing in order to evaluate how well the business' internal controls over revenue recognition are working.
Who Are the Auditors?
An auditor is someone who has the training and experience necessary to analyse financial records, verify their authenticity, and ensure that companies are adhering to tax laws.
What exactly is tax regulation?
There are numerous sources for tax laws. They are based on the laws, rules, and constitutions of the federal and state governments. Understanding, carrying out, and defending the payment or non-payment of taxes are all part of tax law. The central government and the state governments impose taxes in India.
To know more about Auditors:
https://brainly.com/question/28457117
#SPJ11
... is called a ______ influence tactic. A)Persuasion; hard B)Coalition formation; soft C)Information control; soft D)Silent authority; soft E)Exchange; soft.
_____ is called a ______ influence tactic. - EXCHANGE; SOFT (E)
EXCHANGE is called a SOFT influence tactic.
Exchange is an influence tactic in which one party offers something of value to the other in order to gain support for their objectives. This is considered a soft influence tactic because it does not involve any direct coercion or pressure.
Exchange is a soft influence tactic because it involves trading resources, favours, and information between two parties in order to achieve mutual gain. Exchange does not involve imposing one’s will or power over another, but rather is a mutually beneficial agreement between two parties. This makes it a soft influence tactic, as opposed to a hard influence tactic such as persuasion, which involves trying to convince others to do something in order to benefit the persuader.
To learn more about Influence Tactic, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/29844393
#SPJ4